Emperor Ōjin (応神天皇, Ōjin-tennō), also known as Hondawake no Mikoto (誉田別尊) (alternatively spelled 譽田別命, 誉田別命, 品陀和気命, 譽田分命, 誉田別尊, 品陀別命) or Homuta no Sumeramikoto (譽田天皇), was the 15th (possibly legendary) Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.[3][4]
No firm dates can be assigned to Ōjin's life or reign, but he is traditionally considered to have reigned from 270 to 310.[5] According to the Shinto religion and Buddhism in Japan, Emperor Ōjin is the divine spirit of the deity Hachiman (八幡神).
The Japanese have traditionally accepted this sovereign's historical existence, and a mausoleum (misasagi) for Ōjin is currently maintained. The following information available is taken from the pseudo-historicalKojiki and Nihon Shoki, which are collectively known as Kiki (記紀) or Japanese chronicles. These chronicles include legends and myths, as well as potential historical facts that have since been exaggerated and/or distorted over time. The circumstances surrounding the future emperor's birth are controversial as they allegedly involve the invasion of the Korean Peninsula. It is said by the Kiki that Ōjin was conceived but unborn when his father Emperor Chūai died. Empress Jingū then became a de facto ruler who allegedly invaded a "promised land" (Korea) out of revenge, then returned three years later to the Japanese mainland to give birth. The records state that Ōjin was born to Empress Jingū in Tsukushi Province sometime in 201 AD, and was given the name Homutawake (誉田別尊). He became the crown prince at the age of four, but was not crowned Emperor until 270 AD at the age of 70. Emperor Ōjin supposedly lived in two palaces which are now located in present-day Osaka. His reign lasted 40 years until his death in 310 AD, in all he fathered 28 children with one spouse and ten consorts. His fourth son Ōosazaki was later enthroned as the next emperor in 313 AD.[6]
Known informationEdit
Memorial Shinto shrine and mausoleum honoring Emperor Ōjin.
While the historical existence of Emperor Ōjin is debated among historians, there is a general consensus that he was "probably real". There is also an agreement that Ojin's three year conception period is mythical and symbolic, rather than realistic. William George Aston has suggested that this can be interpreted as a period of less than nine months containing three "years" (some seasons), e.g. three harvests.[7] If Ōjin was an actual historical figure then historians have proposed that he ruled later than attested.[8][9][10] Dates of his actual reign have been proposed to be as early as 370 to 390 AD, to as late as the early 5th century AD.[8] At least one Japanese historian has cast doubt on this theory though, by revising a supporting statement given in 1972. In this new narrative Louis Perez states: "only kings and emperors after the reign of Ojin... ...are seen as historical figures".[11][12] In either case there is also no evidence to suggest that the title tennō was used during the time to which Ōjin's reign has been assigned. It is certainly possible that he was a chieftain or local clan leader, and that the polity he ruled would have only encompassed a small portion of modern-day Japan. The name Ōjin-tennō was more than likely assigned to him posthumously by later generations.[13]
While the actual site of Ōjin's grave is not known, this regent is traditionally venerated at a kofun-type Imperial tomb in Osaka. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Ōjin's mausoleum, and is formally named Eega no Mofushi no oka no misasagi.[14] At some point Ōjin was made a guardian Kami of the Hata clan, and is now also deified as Hachiman Daimyōjin.[b] Outside of the Kiki, the reign of Emperor Kinmei[c] (c. 509 – 571 AD) is the first for which contemporary historiography has been able to assign verifiable dates.[16] The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early Emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" though, until the reign of Emperor Kanmu[d] between 737 and 806 AD.[17]
FamilyEdit
Emperor Ōjin's family allegedly consisted of 28 children, which include 2 unnamed princesses from a previous marriage. He had one spouse who bore him a son that would become the next Emperor, as well as 10 consorts.
Spouse & concubinesEdit
Nakatsuhime Kami Statue
Position
Name
Father
Issue
Kōgō
Nakatsu-hime (仲姫命)
Homudamawaka
• Princess Arata • Prince Netori • Prince Ōosazaki[e] (later Emperor Nintoku)
Consort
Takakiiri-hime (高城入姫命)
Homudamawaka
• Prince Izanomawaka • Princess Komukuta • Prince Nukata no Ōnakatsuhiko • Princess Ohara • Prince Ōyamamori
Consort
Oto-hime (弟姫命)
Homudamawaka
• Princess Ahe • Princess Awaji no Mihara • Princess Ki no Uno • Princess Mino no Iratsume • Princess Shigehara
Consort
Miyanushiyaka-hime (宮主宅媛)
Wani no Hifure no Omi
• Princess Metori • Prince Uji no Wakiiratsuko • Princess Yata
Consort
Onabe-hime (小甂媛)
Wani no Hifure no Omi
• Princess Uji no Wakiiratsu-hime
Consort
Okinaga Mawakanakatsu-hime (息長真若中比売)
Kawamata Nakatsuhiko
• Prince Wakanuke no Futamata
Consort
Ito-hime (糸媛)
Sakuraitabe no Muraji Shimatarine
• Prince Hayabusawake
Consort
Himuka no Izumi no Naga-hime (日向泉長媛)
Unknown
• Princess Hatabi no Wakairatsume • Prince Ōhae • Prince Ohae
^Jingū's reign as Empress is now confined to legends rather than fact. Modern historians have labeled her as an "Empress regent", who was the de facto ruler until Homutawake (Ōjin) became emperor.
^Ōjin's Hachiman name is translated to "Guardian of warriors"
^It is only known that "Ōosazaki" was the Fourth son of Emperor Ōjin. No mention is given about a numerical order of sons or daughters other than this historical footnote.
^Additionally, there are 2 more unnamed princesses speculated to be Prince "Wakanuke no Futamata"s daughters.
^ abTitsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran (in French). Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. pp. 19–22, 34–36.
^Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 36.
^ abKelly, Charles F. "Kofun Culture". www.t-net.ne.jp. Retrieved August 2, 2019.
^Jestice, Phyllis G. (2004). Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia, Volumes 1-3. ABC-CLIO. p. 653. ISBN9781576073551.
^Wakabayashi, Tadashi (1995). Japanese loyalism reconstrued. University of Hawaii Press. p. 108. ISBN9780824816674.
^Mikiso, Hane (1972). Japan; a Historical Survey. Scribner. p. 32. ISBN9780684127071.
^Louis Perez (2018). Premodern Japan: A Historical Survey. Routledge. ISBN9780429974441.
^Brinkley, Frank (1915). A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the end of the Meiji Era. Encyclopaedia Britannica Company. p. 21. Posthumous names for the earthly Mikados were invented in the reign of Emperor Kanmu (782–805), i.e., after the date of the compilation of the Records and the Chronicles.
^Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. pp. 248, 261–262. ISBN9780520034600.
^Hoye, Timothy. (1999). Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds. Prentice Hall. p. 78. ISBN9780132712897. According to legend, the first Japanese Emperor was Jimmu. Along with the next 13 Emperors, Jimmu is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kimmei.
^Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. p. 109 & 217–223. ISBN9780524053478.
Further readingEdit
Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner. OCLC 448337491
Chamberlain, Basil Hall. (1920). The Kojiki. Read before the Asiatic Society of Japan on April 12, May 10, and June 21, 1882; reprinted, May 1919. OCLC 1882339
Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
Wakabayashi, Tadashi. (1995). Japanese loyalism reconstrued: Yamagata Daini's Ryūshi shinron of 1759. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN9780824816674; OCLC 31078696
emperor, Ōjin, 応神天皇, Ōjin, tennō, also, known, hondawake, mikoto, 誉田別尊, alternatively, spelled, 譽田別命, 誉田別命, 品陀和気命, 譽田分命, 誉田別尊, 品陀別命, homuta, sumeramikoto, 譽田天皇, 15th, possibly, legendary, emperor, japan, according, traditional, order, succession, 応神天皇hypotheti. Emperor Ōjin 応神天皇 Ōjin tennō also known as Hondawake no Mikoto 誉田別尊 alternatively spelled 譽田別命 誉田別命 品陀和気命 譽田分命 誉田別尊 品陀別命 or Homuta no Sumeramikoto 譽田天皇 was the 15th possibly legendary Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession 3 4 Emperor Ōjin応神天皇Hypothetical depiction of Emperor ŌjinEmperor of JapanReign270 310 traditional 1 PredecessorJingu de facto a Chuai traditional SuccessorNintokuBorn201 2 Umi Fukuoka Died310 aged 108 109 Karushima no Toyoakira Nara BurialEega no Mofushi no oka no misasagi 惠我藻伏崗陵 Osaka SpouseNakatsuhime no MikotoIssueamong others Emperor NintokuPosthumous nameChinese style shigō Emperor Ōjin 応神天皇 Japanese style shigō Homuta no Sumeramikoto 誉田天皇 HouseImperial House of JapanFatherEmperor ChuaiMotherEmpress JinguReligionShintoNo firm dates can be assigned to Ōjin s life or reign but he is traditionally considered to have reigned from 270 to 310 5 According to the Shinto religion and Buddhism in Japan Emperor Ōjin is the divine spirit of the deity Hachiman 八幡神 Contents 1 Legendary narrative 2 Known information 3 Family 3 1 Spouse amp concubines 3 2 Issue 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further readingLegendary narrative EditThe Japanese have traditionally accepted this sovereign s historical existence and a mausoleum misasagi for Ōjin is currently maintained The following information available is taken from the pseudo historical Kojiki and Nihon Shoki which are collectively known as Kiki 記紀 or Japanese chronicles These chronicles include legends and myths as well as potential historical facts that have since been exaggerated and or distorted over time The circumstances surrounding the future emperor s birth are controversial as they allegedly involve the invasion of the Korean Peninsula It is said by the Kiki that Ōjin was conceived but unborn when his father Emperor Chuai died Empress Jingu then became a de facto ruler who allegedly invaded a promised land Korea out of revenge then returned three years later to the Japanese mainland to give birth The records state that Ōjin was born to Empress Jingu in Tsukushi Province sometime in 201 AD and was given the name Homutawake 誉田別尊 He became the crown prince at the age of four but was not crowned Emperor until 270 AD at the age of 70 Emperor Ōjin supposedly lived in two palaces which are now located in present day Osaka His reign lasted 40 years until his death in 310 AD in all he fathered 28 children with one spouse and ten consorts His fourth son Ōosazaki was later enthroned as the next emperor in 313 AD 6 Known information Edit Memorial Shinto shrine and mausoleum honoring Emperor Ōjin While the historical existence of Emperor Ōjin is debated among historians there is a general consensus that he was probably real There is also an agreement that Ojin s three year conception period is mythical and symbolic rather than realistic William George Aston has suggested that this can be interpreted as a period of less than nine months containing three years some seasons e g three harvests 7 If Ōjin was an actual historical figure then historians have proposed that he ruled later than attested 8 9 10 Dates of his actual reign have been proposed to be as early as 370 to 390 AD to as late as the early 5th century AD 8 At least one Japanese historian has cast doubt on this theory though by revising a supporting statement given in 1972 In this new narrative Louis Perez states only kings and emperors after the reign of Ojin are seen as historical figures 11 12 In either case there is also no evidence to suggest that the title tennō was used during the time to which Ōjin s reign has been assigned It is certainly possible that he was a chieftain or local clan leader and that the polity he ruled would have only encompassed a small portion of modern day Japan The name Ōjin tennō was more than likely assigned to him posthumously by later generations 13 While the actual site of Ōjin s grave is not known this regent is traditionally venerated at a kofun type Imperial tomb in Osaka The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Ōjin s mausoleum and is formally named Eega no Mofushi no oka no misasagi 14 At some point Ōjin was made a guardian Kami of the Hata clan and is now also deified as Hachiman Daimyōjin b Outside of the Kiki the reign of Emperor Kinmei c c 509 571 AD is the first for which contemporary historiography has been able to assign verifiable dates 16 The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early Emperors were not confirmed as traditional though until the reign of Emperor Kanmu d between 737 and 806 AD 17 Family EditEmperor Ōjin s family allegedly consisted of 28 children which include 2 unnamed princesses from a previous marriage He had one spouse who bore him a son that would become the next Emperor as well as 10 consorts Spouse amp concubines Edit Nakatsuhime Kami StatuePosition Name Father IssueKōgō Nakatsu hime 仲姫命 Homudamawaka Princess Arata Prince Netori Prince Ōosazaki e later Emperor Nintoku Consort Takakiiri hime 高城入姫命 Homudamawaka Prince Izanomawaka Princess Komukuta Prince Nukata no Ōnakatsuhiko Princess Ohara Prince ŌyamamoriConsort Oto hime 弟姫命 Homudamawaka Princess Ahe Princess Awaji no Mihara Princess Ki no Uno Princess Mino no Iratsume Princess ShigeharaConsort Miyanushiyaka hime 宮主宅媛 Wani no Hifure no Omi Princess Metori Prince Uji no Wakiiratsuko Princess YataConsort Onabe hime 小甂媛 Wani no Hifure no Omi Princess Uji no Wakiiratsu himeConsort Okinaga Mawakanakatsu hime 息長真若中比売 Kawamata Nakatsuhiko Prince Wakanuke no FutamataConsort Ito hime 糸媛 Sakuraitabe no Muraji Shimatarine Prince HayabusawakeConsort Himuka no Izumi no Naga hime 日向泉長媛 Un known Princess Hatabi no Wakairatsume Prince Ōhae Prince OhaeConsort Kaguro hime 迦具漏比売 Sumeiroōnakatsuhiko f Prince Kataji Princess Kawarata no Iratsume Princess Tama no IratsumeConsort Katsuragi no Irome 葛城野伊呂売 Takenouchi no Sukune Prince Izanomawaka g Consort E hime 兄媛 Kibi no Takehiko Issue Edit Status Name Mother CommentsPrincess Arata 荒田皇女 Nakatsu hime Very little is known about this person Prince Ōosazaki 大鷦鷯尊 Nakatsu hime Would later become Emperor Emperor Nintoku Prince Netori 根鳥皇子 Nakatsu hime Ancestor of Ōta no Kimi 大田君 married Princess Awaji no Mihara see below Prince Izanomawaka 去来真稚皇子 Takakiiri hime Ancestor of Fukakawawake 深河別 Prince Nukata no Ōnakatsuhiko 額田大中彦皇子 Takakiiri hime Very little is known about this person Prince Ōyamamori 大山守皇子 Takakiiri hime Ōyamamori died in 310 AD h Princess Komukuta 澇来田皇女 Takakiiri hime Very little is known about this person Princess Ōhara 大原皇女 Takakiiri hime Very little is known about this person Princess Ahe 阿倍皇女 Oto hime Very little is known about this person Princess Awaji no Mihara 淡路御原皇女 Oto hime Married to Prince NetoriPrincess Ki no Uno 紀之菟野皇女 Oto hime Very little is known about this person Princess Mino no Iratsume 三野郎女 Oto hime Very little is known about this person Princess Shigehara 滋原皇女 Oto hime Very little is known about this person Prince Uji no Wakiiratsuko 菟道稚郎子皇子 Miyanushiyaka hime Uji was a Crown Prince Princess Metori 雌鳥皇女 Miyanushiyaka hime Metori died in 353 AD and was married to Prince Hayabusawake see below Princess Yata 矢田皇女 Miyanushiyaka hime Yata was later married to Emperor Nintoku Princess Uji no Wakiiratsu hime 菟道稚郎女皇女 Onabe hime Uji was later married to Emperor Nintoku Prince Wakanuke no Futamata 稚野毛二派皇子 Okinaga Mawakanakatsu hime Ancestor of Okinaga clan 息長君 and great grandfather of Emperor Keitai Prince Hayabusawake 隼総別皇子 Ito hime Hayabusawake was the husband of Princess Metori 雌鳥皇女 Prince Ōhae 大葉枝皇子 Himuka no Izumi no Naga hime Very little is known about this person Prince Ohae 小葉枝皇子 Himuka no Izumi no Naga hime Very little is known about this person Princess Kusakanohatabino hime 草香幡梭皇女 Himuka no Izumi no Naga hime Hatabi was later married to Emperor RichuPrincess Kawarata no Iratsume 川原田郎女 Kaguro hime Very little is known about this person Princess Tama no Iratsume 玉郎女 Kaguro hime Very little is known about this person Prince Kataji 迦多遅王 Kaguro hime Very little is known about this person Prince Izanomawaka 伊奢能麻和迦王 去来真稚皇子 Katsuragi no Irome Very little is known about this person See also Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Emperor Ōjin Emperor of Japan Hachiman List of Emperors of Japan Imperial cultNotes Edit Jingu s reign as Empress is now confined to legends rather than fact Modern historians have labeled her as an Empress regent who was the de facto ruler until Homutawake Ōjin became emperor Ōjin s Hachiman name is translated to Guardian of warriors The 29th Emperor 4 15 Kanmu was the 50th sovereign of the Yamato dynasty It is only known that Ōosazaki was the Fourth son of Emperor Ōjin No mention is given about a numerical order of sons or daughters other than this historical footnote Additionally there are 2 more unnamed princesses speculated to be Prince Wakanuke no Futamata s daughters This is unconfirmed Ōyamamori is also known as being an ancestor of Hijikata no Kimi 土形君 and Haibara no Kimi 榛原君 Japanese Imperial kamon a stylized chrysanthemum blossomReferences Edit Genealogy of the Emperors of Japan PDF Kunaicho go jp Archived from the original PDF on March 22 2011 Retrieved December 30 2019 Kenneth Henshall 2013 Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945 Scarecrow Press p 487 ISBN 9780810878723 応神天皇 15 Imperial Household Agency Kunaichō in Japanese Retrieved January 6 2020 a b Titsingh Isaac 1834 Nihon Ōdai Ichiran in French Royal Asiatic Society Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland pp 19 22 34 36 Ponsonby Fane Richard 1959 The Imperial House of Japan Ponsonby Memorial Society p 36 Aston William George 1998 Nihongi p 254 271 Aston William 1998 Nihongi Vol 1 pp 224 253 a b Kelly Charles F Kofun Culture www t net ne jp Retrieved August 2 2019 Jestice Phyllis G 2004 Holy People of the World A Cross cultural Encyclopedia Volumes 1 3 ABC CLIO p 653 ISBN 9781576073551 Wakabayashi Tadashi 1995 Japanese loyalism reconstrued University of Hawaii Press p 108 ISBN 9780824816674 Mikiso Hane 1972 Japan a Historical Survey Scribner p 32 ISBN 9780684127071 Louis Perez 2018 Premodern Japan A Historical Survey Routledge ISBN 9780429974441 Brinkley Frank 1915 A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the end of the Meiji Era Encyclopaedia Britannica Company p 21 Posthumous names for the earthly Mikados were invented in the reign of Emperor Kanmu 782 805 i e after the date of the compilation of the Records and the Chronicles Ponsonby Fane p 419 Brown Delmer M and Ichirō Ishida 1979 A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219 University of California Press pp 248 261 262 ISBN 9780520034600 Hoye Timothy 1999 Japanese Politics Fixed and Floating Worlds Prentice Hall p 78 ISBN 9780132712897 According to legend the first Japanese Emperor was Jimmu Along with the next 13 Emperors Jimmu is not considered an actual historical figure Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kimmei Aston William George 1896 Nihongi Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A D 697 Volume 2 The Japan Society London p 109 amp 217 223 ISBN 9780524053478 Further reading EditAston William George 1896 Nihongi Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A D 697 London Kegan Paul Trench Trubner OCLC 448337491 Brown Delmer M and Ichirō Ishida eds 1979 Gukanshō The Future and the Past Berkeley University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 03460 0 OCLC 251325323 Chamberlain Basil Hall 1920 The Kojiki Read before the Asiatic Society of Japan on April 12 May 10 and June 21 1882 reprinted May 1919 OCLC 1882339 Ponsonby Fane Richard Arthur Brabazon 1959 The Imperial House of Japan Kyoto Ponsonby Memorial Society OCLC 194887 Titsingh Isaac 1834 Nihon Ōdai Ichiran ou Annales des empereurs du Japon Paris Royal Asiatic Society Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland OCLC 5850691 Varley H Paul 1980 Jinnō Shōtōki A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns New York Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 231 04940 5 OCLC 59145842 Wakabayashi Tadashi 1995 Japanese loyalism reconstrued Yamagata Daini s Ryushi shinron of 1759 Honolulu University of Hawaii Press ISBN 9780824816674 OCLC 31078696Regnal titlesPreceded byEmperor Chuai Emperor of Japan Ōjin270 310 traditional dates Succeeded byEmperor Nintoku Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Emperor Ōjin amp oldid 1168216985, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
