Emperor Chūai (仲哀天皇, Chūai-tennō), also known as Tarashinakatsuhiko no Sumeramikoto (足仲彦天皇) was the 14th legendaryEmperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.[4][5] Both the Kojiki, and the Nihon Shoki (collectively known as the Kiki) record events that took place during Chūai's alleged lifetime. Chūai is the first monarch to ascend the throne who was not a son of the previous Emperor as the latter's only child died young. He is also noted for having his capital in Kyushu, rather than Yamato like his predecessors. The records state that Chūai had a wife named Okinagatarashihime-no-Mikoto (later Jingū), and 2 consorts that all bore him 4 children.
Chūai's reign is conventionally considered to have been from 192 to 200 AD.[6] The events leading up to the Emperor's death have been subject to interpretation as they involve a vengeful Kami (spirit) indirectly killing Chūai. This event allegedly occurred after the Emperor disrespectfully scoffed at the Kami's request. His wife Jingū carried out the Kami's request which was to invade Korea, but this has since been considered legendary rather than factual. While the location of Chūai's grave (if any) is unknown, he is traditionally venerated at a memorialShintotomb, and at a Hachiman shrine.
Modern historians have come to the conclusion that the title of "Emperor" and the name "Chūai" were used by later generations to describe this legendary Emperor. It has also been proposed that Chūai actually reigned much later than he is attested. Emperor Chūai is traditionally listed as the last Emperor of the Yayoi period.
The Japanese have traditionally accepted this sovereign's historical existence, and a mausoleum (misasagi) for Chūai is currently maintained. The following information available is taken from the pseudo-historicalKojiki and Nihon Shoki, which are collectively known as Kiki (記紀) or Japanese chronicles. These chronicles include legends and myths, as well as potential historical facts that have since been exaggerated and/or distorted over time. The records state that Chūai was born to Futaji no Iri Hime sometime in 149 AD, and was given the name Tarashinakahiko or Tarashinakatsuhiko (足仲彦天皇).[2][3][7] Chūai's father was allegedly the legendary prince, Yamato Takeru. He was the first Emperor who was not the child of the previous Emperor, being instead the nephew of his predecessor Emperor Seimu.[8][9] The title of Crown Prince was given to him by his uncle before his death in 170 AD, two years later Chūai became the next Emperor. Unlike his predecessors who had maintained their capitals in Yamato Province, the records state his palace was first located on the northern shores of Shimonoseki Strait, then south of that in Kyushu.[10][11]
Emperor Chūai is described in the Kiki as having been ten feet tall, with "a countenance of perfect beauty".[10] He had one wife who was named Okinagatarashi (aka Jingū), and two consorts who all bore him four children. During the start of his reign, he made progress to modern day Tsuruga, and led an expedition to Kii where he heard news of a revolt.[10] Jingū accompanied him to the west to fight against a tribe in Tsukushi (located in modern-day Fukuoka Prefecture) called Kumaso.[9] On the eve of battle though, his wife was suddenly possessed by some unknown kami who advised Chūai to invade and conquer Korea. The Kami gave the reasoning that the Kumaso were not worthy of "his steel".[10] Chūai refused with scorn for a number of reasons which included giving up a military campaign, and doubting that such a land even existed.[10][12] It is said that the Kami was so enraged by this disrespect, that Emperor Chūai was later killed in a battle that beat down his troops.[10][11]
The death of the Emperor was kept quiet by Jingū, who vanquished the Kumaso soon afterwards in a fit of revenge.[10] Jingū then respected the wishes of the Kami by invading Korea, and subjugated the eastern Korean kingdom of Shiragi. The other two Korean kingdoms at the time voluntarily submitted, and Jingū ascended to the throne as Empress.[9] Jingū's occupation of the Korean Peninsula, and reign as Empress are now considered to be legendary rather than factual.[13] The modern traditional view is that Chūai's son (Homutawake) became the next Emperor after Jingū acted as a regent. She would have been de facto ruler in the interim.[2]
Known information
Chūai's Kofun (mausoleum) "Ega no Naganu no nishi no misasagi"
Emperor Chūai is regarded by historians as a "legendary Emperor" as there is insufficient material available for further verification and study. The lack of this information has made his very existence open to debate.[14] There is no evidence to suggest that the title tennō was used during the time to which Chūai's reign has been assigned. It is certainly possible that he was a chieftain or local clan leader, and that the polity he ruled would have only encompassed a small portion of modern-day Japan. The name Chūai-tennō was more than likely assigned to him posthumously by later generations.[15] His name might have been regularized centuries after the lifetime ascribed to Chūai, possibly during the time in which legends about the origins of the Yamato dynasty were compiled as the chronicles known today as the Kojiki.[13]
The manner in which Chūai died has since been broken down to at least two theories. In his book Confucianism O - Z, professor Xinzhong Yao notes that it is possible the late Emperor could have succumbed to illness rather than death on the battlefield.[9] Sources which include Yao, Francis Brinkley, and Kikuchi Dairoku also cite the enemy arrow scenario.[10] While the actual site of Chūai's grave is not known, the Emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorialShintoshrine (misasagi) at Nara. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Chūai's mausoleum, and is formally named Ega no Naganu no nishi no misasagi.[4][16] The Kami (spirit) of Chūai is also enshrined at the Tamukeyama Hachiman Shrine in Nara. Chūai is traditionally listed as the last Emperor of the Yayoi period, who could have in reality ruled in the 4th century. The next era is known as the Kofun period, where more is known about the Emperors based on modern day archaeological evidence.[14]
Outside of the Kiki, the reign of Emperor Kinmei[c] (c. 509 – 571 AD) is the first for which contemporary historiography has been able to assign verifiable dates.[18] The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early Emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" though, until the reign of Emperor Kanmu[d] between 737 and 806 AD.[13]
Consorts and children
Empress: Okinagatarashi-hime (気長足姫尊), later Empress Jingu, Prince Okinaga no sukune's daughter
^Jingū's reign as Empress is now confined to legends rather than fact. Modern historians have labeled her as an "Empress regent", who was the de facto ruler until Homutawake (Ōjin) became emperor.
^"Genealogy of the Emperors of Japan" (PDF). Kunaicho.go.jp. Retrieved August 2, 2019.
^ abcdKenneth Henshall (2013). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. p. 487. ISBN9780810878723.
^ abKidder, Jonathan E. (2007). Himiko and Japan's Elusive Chiefdom of Yamatai: Archaeology, History, and Mythology. University of Hawaii Press. p. 344. ISBN9780824830359.
^ abTitsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran (in French). Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. pp. 15, 34–36.
^Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 433.
^Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library), Issues 32-34. Toyo Bunko. 1974. p. 64. Retrieved August 2, 2019.
^Packard, Jerrold M. (2000). Sons of Heaven: A Portrait of the Japanese Monarchy. FireWord Publishing, Incorporated. p. 45. ISBN9781930782013.
^ abcdefghBrinkley, Frank, Dairoku, Kikuchi (1915). A History of the Japanese People: From the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era. Encyclopaedia Britannica Company. pp. 88–89. Retrieved August 2, 2019. emperor Chūai.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ abMartin, Peter (1997). The Chrysanthemum Throne: A History of the Emperors of Japan. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 23–24. ISBN9780824820299. Retrieved August 2, 2019.
^ abcAston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. p. 109 & 217–223.
^ abKelly, Charles F. "Kofun Culture". www.t-net.ne.jp. Retrieved August 2, 2019.
^Brinkley, Frank (1915). A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the end of the Meiji Era. Encyclopaedia Britannica Company. p. 21. Posthumous names for the earthly Mikados were invented in the reign of Emperor Kanmu (782–805), i.e., after the date of the compilation of the Records and the Chronicles.
^Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1953). Studies in Shinto and Shrines. Ponsonby-Fane Society Publications. p. 419.
^Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. pp. 248, 261–262. ISBN9780520034600.
^Hoye, Timothy. (1999). Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds. Prentice Hall. p. 78. ISBN9780132712897. According to legend, the first Japanese Emperor was Jimmu. Along with the next 13 Emperors, Jimmu is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kimmei.
Further reading
Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner. OCLC 448337491
Chamberlain, Basil Hall. (1920). The Kojiki. Read before the Asiatic Society of Japan on April 12, May 10, and June 21, 1882; reprinted, May, 1919. OCLC 1882339
Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
emperor, chūai, 仲哀天皇, chūai, tennō, also, known, tarashinakatsuhiko, sumeramikoto, 足仲彦天皇, 14th, legendary, emperor, japan, according, traditional, order, succession, both, kojiki, nihon, shoki, collectively, known, kiki, record, events, that, took, place, duri. Emperor Chuai 仲哀天皇 Chuai tennō also known as Tarashinakatsuhiko no Sumeramikoto 足仲彦天皇 was the 14th legendary Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession 4 5 Both the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki collectively known as the Kiki record events that took place during Chuai s alleged lifetime Chuai is the first monarch to ascend the throne who was not a son of the previous Emperor as the latter s only child died young He is also noted for having his capital in Kyushu rather than Yamato like his predecessors The records state that Chuai had a wife named Okinagatarashihime no Mikoto later Jingu and 2 consorts that all bore him 4 children Emperor Chuai仲哀天皇Emperor of JapanReign192 200 traditional 1 PredecessorSeimuSuccessorJingu de facto a Ōjin de jure b BornTarashinakatsuhiko 足仲彦尊 149 2 Died200 aged 50 51 BurialEga no Naganu no nishi no misasagi 恵我長野西陵 Nara SpouseOkinagatarashihime no MikotoIssueamong others Emperor ŌjinPosthumous nameChinese style shigō Emperor Chuai 仲哀天皇 Japanese style shigō Tarashinakatsuhiko no Sumeramikoto 足仲彦天皇 HouseImperial House of JapanFatherYamato TakeruMotherFutaji no Iri Hime 3 Chuai s reign is conventionally considered to have been from 192 to 200 AD 6 The events leading up to the Emperor s death have been subject to interpretation as they involve a vengeful Kami spirit indirectly killing Chuai This event allegedly occurred after the Emperor disrespectfully scoffed at the Kami s request His wife Jingu carried out the Kami s request which was to invade Korea but this has since been considered legendary rather than factual While the location of Chuai s grave if any is unknown he is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto tomb and at a Hachiman shrine Modern historians have come to the conclusion that the title of Emperor and the name Chuai were used by later generations to describe this legendary Emperor It has also been proposed that Chuai actually reigned much later than he is attested Emperor Chuai is traditionally listed as the last Emperor of the Yayoi period Contents 1 Legendary narrative 2 Known information 3 Consorts and children 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further readingLegendary narrative EditThe Japanese have traditionally accepted this sovereign s historical existence and a mausoleum misasagi for Chuai is currently maintained The following information available is taken from the pseudo historical Kojiki and Nihon Shoki which are collectively known as Kiki 記紀 or Japanese chronicles These chronicles include legends and myths as well as potential historical facts that have since been exaggerated and or distorted over time The records state that Chuai was born to Futaji no Iri Hime sometime in 149 AD and was given the name Tarashinakahiko or Tarashinakatsuhiko 足仲彦天皇 2 3 7 Chuai s father was allegedly the legendary prince Yamato Takeru He was the first Emperor who was not the child of the previous Emperor being instead the nephew of his predecessor Emperor Seimu 8 9 The title of Crown Prince was given to him by his uncle before his death in 170 AD two years later Chuai became the next Emperor Unlike his predecessors who had maintained their capitals in Yamato Province the records state his palace was first located on the northern shores of Shimonoseki Strait then south of that in Kyushu 10 11 Emperor Chuai is described in the Kiki as having been ten feet tall with a countenance of perfect beauty 10 He had one wife who was named Okinagatarashi aka Jingu and two consorts who all bore him four children During the start of his reign he made progress to modern day Tsuruga and led an expedition to Kii where he heard news of a revolt 10 Jingu accompanied him to the west to fight against a tribe in Tsukushi located in modern day Fukuoka Prefecture called Kumaso 9 On the eve of battle though his wife was suddenly possessed by some unknown kami who advised Chuai to invade and conquer Korea The Kami gave the reasoning that the Kumaso were not worthy of his steel 10 Chuai refused with scorn for a number of reasons which included giving up a military campaign and doubting that such a land even existed 10 12 It is said that the Kami was so enraged by this disrespect that Emperor Chuai was later killed in a battle that beat down his troops 10 11 The death of the Emperor was kept quiet by Jingu who vanquished the Kumaso soon afterwards in a fit of revenge 10 Jingu then respected the wishes of the Kami by invading Korea and subjugated the eastern Korean kingdom of Shiragi The other two Korean kingdoms at the time voluntarily submitted and Jingu ascended to the throne as Empress 9 Jingu s occupation of the Korean Peninsula and reign as Empress are now considered to be legendary rather than factual 13 The modern traditional view is that Chuai s son Homutawake became the next Emperor after Jingu acted as a regent She would have been de facto ruler in the interim 2 Known information Edit Chuai s Kofun mausoleum Ega no Naganu no nishi no misasagi Emperor Chuai is regarded by historians as a legendary Emperor as there is insufficient material available for further verification and study The lack of this information has made his very existence open to debate 14 There is no evidence to suggest that the title tennō was used during the time to which Chuai s reign has been assigned It is certainly possible that he was a chieftain or local clan leader and that the polity he ruled would have only encompassed a small portion of modern day Japan The name Chuai tennō was more than likely assigned to him posthumously by later generations 15 His name might have been regularized centuries after the lifetime ascribed to Chuai possibly during the time in which legends about the origins of the Yamato dynasty were compiled as the chronicles known today as the Kojiki 13 The manner in which Chuai died has since been broken down to at least two theories In his book Confucianism O Z professor Xinzhong Yao notes that it is possible the late Emperor could have succumbed to illness rather than death on the battlefield 9 Sources which include Yao Francis Brinkley and Kikuchi Dairoku also cite the enemy arrow scenario 10 While the actual site of Chuai s grave is not known the Emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine misasagi at Nara The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Chuai s mausoleum and is formally named Ega no Naganu no nishi no misasagi 4 16 The Kami spirit of Chuai is also enshrined at the Tamukeyama Hachiman Shrine in Nara Chuai is traditionally listed as the last Emperor of the Yayoi period who could have in reality ruled in the 4th century The next era is known as the Kofun period where more is known about the Emperors based on modern day archaeological evidence 14 Outside of the Kiki the reign of Emperor Kinmei c c 509 571 AD is the first for which contemporary historiography has been able to assign verifiable dates 18 The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early Emperors were not confirmed as traditional though until the reign of Emperor Kanmu d between 737 and 806 AD 13 Consorts and children EditEmpress Okinagatarashi hime 気長足姫尊 later Empress Jingu Prince Okinaga no sukune s daughter Prince Homutawake 誉田別命 later Emperor ŌjinConsort Ōnakatsu hime 大中姫命 Prince Hikohitoōe s daughter Emperor Keiko s son Prince Kagosaka 麛坂皇子 d 201 Prince Oshikuma 忍熊皇子 d 201 Consort Oto hime 弟媛 Ōsakanushi s daughter Prince Homuyawake 誉屋別皇子 See also EditEmperor of Japan List of Emperors of Japan Imperial cultNotes Edit Jingu s reign as Empress is now confined to legends rather than fact Modern historians have labeled her as an Empress regent who was the de facto ruler until Homutawake Ōjin became emperor Ōjin officially became emperor in 270 AD 2 The 29th Emperor 5 17 Kanmu was the 50th sovereign of the Yamato dynastyReferences Edit Japanese Imperial kamon a stylized chrysanthemum blossom Genealogy of the Emperors of Japan PDF Kunaicho go jp Retrieved August 2 2019 a b c d Kenneth Henshall 2013 Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945 Scarecrow Press p 487 ISBN 9780810878723 a b Kidder Jonathan E 2007 Himiko and Japan s Elusive Chiefdom of Yamatai Archaeology History and Mythology University of Hawaii Press p 344 ISBN 9780824830359 a b 仲哀天皇 14 Imperial Household Agency Kunaichō in Japanese Retrieved August 2 2019 a b Titsingh Isaac 1834 Nihon Ōdai Ichiran in French Royal Asiatic Society Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland pp 15 34 36 Ponsonby Fane Richard 1959 The Imperial House of Japan Ponsonby Memorial Society p 433 Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko the Oriental Library Issues 32 34 Toyo Bunko 1974 p 64 Retrieved August 2 2019 Packard Jerrold M 2000 Sons of Heaven A Portrait of the Japanese Monarchy FireWord Publishing Incorporated p 45 ISBN 9781930782013 a b c d Xinzhong Yao 2003 Confucianism O Z Taylor amp Francis US p 467 ISBN 9780415306539 a b c d e f g h Brinkley Frank Dairoku Kikuchi 1915 A History of the Japanese People From the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era Encyclopaedia Britannica Company pp 88 89 Retrieved August 2 2019 emperor Chuai a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b Martin Peter 1997 The Chrysanthemum Throne A History of the Emperors of Japan University of Hawaii Press pp 23 24 ISBN 9780824820299 Retrieved August 2 2019 Hardacre Helen 2017 Shinto A History Oxford University Press p 91 ISBN 9780190621711 a b c Aston William George 1896 Nihongi Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A D 697 Volume 2 The Japan Society London p 109 amp 217 223 a b Kelly Charles F Kofun Culture www t net ne jp Retrieved August 2 2019 Brinkley Frank 1915 A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the end of the Meiji Era Encyclopaedia Britannica Company p 21 Posthumous names for the earthly Mikados were invented in the reign of Emperor Kanmu 782 805 i e after the date of the compilation of the Records and the Chronicles Ponsonby Fane Richard 1953 Studies in Shinto and Shrines Ponsonby Fane Society Publications p 419 Brown Delmer M and Ichirō Ishida 1979 A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219 University of California Press pp 248 261 262 ISBN 9780520034600 Hoye Timothy 1999 Japanese Politics Fixed and Floating Worlds Prentice Hall p 78 ISBN 9780132712897 According to legend the first Japanese Emperor was Jimmu Along with the next 13 Emperors Jimmu is not considered an actual historical figure Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kimmei Further reading EditAston William George 1896 Nihongi Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A D 697 London Kegan Paul Trench Trubner OCLC 448337491 Brown Delmer M and Ichirō Ishida eds 1979 Gukanshō The Future and the Past Berkeley University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 03460 0 OCLC 251325323 Chamberlain Basil Hall 1920 The Kojiki Read before the Asiatic Society of Japan on April 12 May 10 and June 21 1882 reprinted May 1919 OCLC 1882339 Ponsonby Fane Richard Arthur Brabazon 1959 The Imperial House of Japan Kyoto Ponsonby Memorial Society OCLC 194887 Titsingh Isaac 1834 Nihon Ōdai Ichiran ou Annales des empereurs du Japon Paris Royal Asiatic Society Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland OCLC 5850691 Varley H Paul 1980 Jinnō Shōtōki A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns New York Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 231 04940 5 OCLC 59145842Regnal titlesPreceded byEmperor Seimu Legendary Emperor of Japan192 200 traditional dates Succeeded byEmperor Ōjin Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Emperor Chuai amp oldid 1133867632, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
