fbpx
Wikipedia

Emergency Action Message

January 21, 2023

In the United States military's strategic nuclear weapon nuclear command and control (NC2) system, an Emergency Action Message (EAM) is a preformatted message that directs nuclear-capable forces[1] to execute specific Major Attack Options (MAOs) or Limited Attack Options (LAOs) in a nuclear war. They are the military commands that the US military chain of command would use to launch a nuclear strike. Individual countries or specific regions may be included or withheld in the EAM, as specified in the Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP). The SIOP was updated annually until February 2003, when it was replaced by Operations Plan (OPLAN) 8044.[2] Since July 2012, the US nuclear war plan has been OPLAN 8010-12, Strategic Deterrence and Force Employment.[3]

Overview

EAMs use cryptographic protocols (including such methods as digital signatures) to authenticate the messages,[1] thereby ensuring that they cannot be forged or altered.

In the United States, the EAM will be issued from the National Military Command Center (NMCC) at the Pentagon or, if it has been destroyed by an enemy first strike, by the Alternate National Military Command Center - Site R at Raven Rock, Pennsylvania or by the U.S. Air Force E-4B Nightwatch aircraft/U.S. Navy E-6A Mercury aircraft (TACAMO).

The messages are sent in digital format to nuclear-capable major commands. The messages are then relayed to aircraft that are on alert by the U.S. Strategic Command at Offutt Air Force Base in Omaha, Nebraska, via single-sideband modulation radio transmitters of the High Frequency Global Communications System (formerly known as the Global High Frequency Service). The EAM is relayed to missile-firing nuclear submarines via special transmitters designed for communication with submarines. The transmitters include those designed to operate at Very Low Frequency (VLF). The submarines pick up the message via special antennas. Nuclear-capable forces will then be expected to carry out an EAM without fail. Crewed bombers may be recalled, but missiles fired from land-based silos or from submarines cannot be recalled.

Skyking messages are also read on the same network as EAMs, also known as "Foxtrot Broadcasts". These messages will interrupt an EAM if needed to be read. They contain a higher priority and time-sensitive code for orders that need immediate attention.[1]

In popular culture

The EAM system was featured extensively and used as one of the primary plot devices in the feature film Crimson Tide.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "The HF-GCS and Emergency Action Messages". Numbers Stations Research. n.d. from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  2. ^ Kristensen, Hans M. (15 September 2006) [21 December 2004]. "U.S. Changes Name of Nuclear War Plan". The Nuclear Information Project. Federation of American Scientists. from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022. The Pentagon has formally changed the name of the U.S. strategic nuclear war plan SIOP (Single Integrated Operational Plan). The new name is OPLAN (Operations Plan) 8044 Revision (FY).
  3. ^ Kristensen, Hans M. (4 April 2013). "US Nuclear War Plan Updated Amidst Nuclear Policy Review". Federation of American Scientists. from the original on 16 June 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022. At the same time the White House is finishing a review of nuclear weapons policy, U.S. Strategic Command has quietly put into effect a new strategic nuclear war plan. [...] The new plan, which entered into effect in July 2012, is called OPLAN 8010-12 Strategic Deterrence and Force Employment. It replaces an earlier plan from 2008, that was revised in 2009.

Further reading

  • Carter, Ashton C. (January 1985). "The Command and Control of Nuclear War". Scientific American. 252 (1): 32–39. Bibcode:1985SciAm.252a..32C. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0185-32. ISSN 0036-8733. JSTOR 24967544. LCCN 79642761. OCLC 44911437.
  • Haverlah, Jeff (2005). "What is an EAM?". Worldwide Ute News Club (WUN). Retrieved 2013-12-28.
  • (PDF). Washington, DC: Joint Chiefs of Staff. 1985-03-20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-01-05. Retrieved 2013-12-28. (FOIA Release, February 1986)

January 21, 2023
emergency, action, message, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, arti. This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Emergency Action Message news newspapers books scholar JSTOR November 2007 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article s factual accuracy may be compromised due to out of date information Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information July 2012 Learn how and when to remove this template message In the United States military s strategic nuclear weapon nuclear command and control NC2 system an Emergency Action Message EAM is a preformatted message that directs nuclear capable forces 1 to execute specific Major Attack Options MAOs or Limited Attack Options LAOs in a nuclear war They are the military commands that the US military chain of command would use to launch a nuclear strike Individual countries or specific regions may be included or withheld in the EAM as specified in the Single Integrated Operational Plan SIOP The SIOP was updated annually until February 2003 when it was replaced by Operations Plan OPLAN 8044 2 Since July 2012 the US nuclear war plan has been OPLAN 8010 12 Strategic Deterrence and Force Employment 3 Contents 1 Overview 2 In popular culture 3 See also 4 References 5 Further readingOverview EditEAMs use cryptographic protocols including such methods as digital signatures to authenticate the messages 1 thereby ensuring that they cannot be forged or altered In the United States the EAM will be issued from the National Military Command Center NMCC at the Pentagon or if it has been destroyed by an enemy first strike by the Alternate National Military Command Center Site R at Raven Rock Pennsylvania or by the U S Air Force E 4B Nightwatch aircraft U S Navy E 6A Mercury aircraft TACAMO The messages are sent in digital format to nuclear capable major commands The messages are then relayed to aircraft that are on alert by the U S Strategic Command at Offutt Air Force Base in Omaha Nebraska via single sideband modulation radio transmitters of the High Frequency Global Communications System formerly known as the Global High Frequency Service The EAM is relayed to missile firing nuclear submarines via special transmitters designed for communication with submarines The transmitters include those designed to operate at Very Low Frequency VLF The submarines pick up the message via special antennas Nuclear capable forces will then be expected to carry out an EAM without fail Crewed bombers may be recalled but missiles fired from land based silos or from submarines cannot be recalled Skyking messages are also read on the same network as EAMs also known as Foxtrot Broadcasts These messages will interrupt an EAM if needed to be read They contain a higher priority and time sensitive code for orders that need immediate attention 1 In popular culture EditThe EAM system was featured extensively and used as one of the primary plot devices in the feature film Crimson Tide See also EditGold Codes Nuclear football Emergency Action NotificationReferences Edit a b c The HF GCS and Emergency Action Messages Numbers Stations Research n d Archived from the original on 10 March 2022 Retrieved 13 July 2022 Kristensen Hans M 15 September 2006 21 December 2004 U S Changes Name of Nuclear War Plan The Nuclear Information Project Federation of American Scientists Archived from the original on 9 March 2022 Retrieved 13 July 2022 The Pentagon has formally changed the name of the U S strategic nuclear war plan SIOP Single Integrated Operational Plan The new name is OPLAN Operations Plan 8044 Revision FY Kristensen Hans M 4 April 2013 US Nuclear War Plan Updated Amidst Nuclear Policy Review Federation of American Scientists Archived from the original on 16 June 2022 Retrieved 13 July 2022 At the same time the White House is finishing a review of nuclear weapons policy U S Strategic Command has quietly put into effect a new strategic nuclear war plan The new plan which entered into effect in July 2012 is called OPLAN 8010 12 Strategic Deterrence and Force Employment It replaces an earlier plan from 2008 that was revised in 2009 Further reading EditCarter Ashton C January 1985 The Command and Control of Nuclear War Scientific American 252 1 32 39 Bibcode 1985SciAm 252a 32C doi 10 1038 scientificamerican0185 32 ISSN 0036 8733 JSTOR 24967544 LCCN 79642761 OCLC 44911437 Haverlah Jeff 2005 What is an EAM Worldwide Ute News Club WUN Retrieved 2013 12 28 Emergency Action Procedures of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Nuclear Control Orders U EAP JCS Volume V PDF Washington DC Joint Chiefs of Staff 1985 03 20 Archived from the original PDF on 2016 01 05 Retrieved 2013 12 28 FOIA Release February 1986 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Emergency Action Message amp oldid 1130985882, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.