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Russia–Venezuela relations

January 01, 1970

Russia–Venezuela relations include cooperation between Russia and Venezuela in areas of common concern, such as their common status as oil exporters, and policy toward the United States.[1] Venezuela is Russia's most important trading and military ally in Latin America.[2] Russia recognizes Nicolás Maduro as the president of Venezuela, instead of Juan Guaidó, in the Venezuelan presidential crisis.[2]

Russia–Venezuela relations

Russia
Venezuela
President Maduro meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin in Tehran, Iran in November 2015.

Background edit

The Soviet Union established diplomatic relations with Venezuela on March 3, 1945. In 1952, during the dictatorship of Marcos Pérez Jiménez, Venezuelan security police apprehended and deported suspected Russian spies, which caused bitter protests back and forth between the two countries, leading to Venezuela breaking off relations with the Soviets on June 13, 1952.[3] The relations were restored on April 16, 1970.

Chávez era edit

Under President Hugo Chávez, Venezuela enjoyed warm relations with Russia. Much of this was through the sale of military equipment; from 2005, Venezuela purchased more than $4 billion worth of arms from Russia.[4] In September 2008, Russia sent Tupolev Tu-160 bombers to Venezuela to carry out training flights.[5] In November 2008, both countries held a joint naval exercise in the Caribbean.[6] Following Chavez's two visits to Moscow in July and September 2008, Russian Deputy Prime Minister Igor Sechin arrived in Venezuela to pave the way for a third meeting within five months between their two presidents.

In November 2008, Venezuela and Russia discussed 46 potential cooperation agreements during an intergovernmental commission. Venezuelan Vice President Ramón Carrizales and Sechin reviewed a series of initiatives that Chavez and Russian President Dimitri Medvedev would sign later in the month. Venezuelan Foreign Minister Nicolás Maduro added to aggressive foreign policy initiatives sought by Chavez in saying that "the unipolar world is collapsing and finishing in all aspects, and the alliance with Russia is part of that effort to build a multipolar world." The two countries discussed the creation of a bi-national investment bank, the opening of a direct air route between Caracas and Moscow, the building of an aluminum plant, the construction of a gas platform off the Venezuelan coast, plans for automobile production, and Venezuela's acquisition of Russian planes and ships. While the two countries also reached agreements on the development of outer space and the use of nuclear energy. Maduro added that the two countries "will develop all what has to do with technology and satellite in the space", while still continuing to work at using nuclear energy with peaceful means to generate alternative energy.[7]

Venezuela sought to develop mines at its largest gold deposits with help from Russia. Venezuelan Mining Minister, Rodolfo Sanz, told a Russian delegation that a memorandum of understanding would be signed with the Russian-owned Rusoro to operate the Las Cristinas and Brisas mine projects with the Venezuelan government. The former, one of Latin America's largest gold projects, was under contract to Canada's Crystallex, which had waited in vain for years for an environmental license to start mining. The minister, however, said the government was taking control of the mine to start work in 2009.[8]

Further ties were in the offing when Chavez said an agreement for the Humberto Fernández-Morán Nuclear Facility would be signed upon Russian President Medvedev's visit to Venezuela accompanied by a Russian fleet of warships in mid-November 2008. Chavez also revealed that Russian nuclear technicians were already at work in Venezuela.[9]

As a Russian flotilla, including the nuclear-powered warship Peter the Great, was on its way to the Caribbean for naval exercises with Venezuela, analysts saw the move as a geopolitical response to US support for Georgia following the 2008 South Ossetia War. Russian fighter jets have also been sold to Venezuela, while Caracas bought 100,000 AK-103 assault rifles to replace outdated FN FAL rifles for its military. However, the Russian Deputy Foreign Minister, Sergei Ryabkov downplayed the relevance of such moves "It looks like everyone has been accustomed for a long time to our warships being in naval bases and our warplanes in hangars, and thinking it will be like that forever", Ryabkov stated.[10]

In September 2009 Russia approved a $2 billion loan to Venezuela.[11]

2010 by agreement between the Fund of Housing at the mayor of Moscow and the Ministry of Housing Venezuela Russian contractors taking part in the "Great Housing Mission" for the construction of a typical panel housing. According to 13stroy.ru, they built about 10 thousand apartments in tenement houses. The project involves not only the construction of housing and infrastructure, but also the organization of nine joint ventures for the production of building materials.[12]

In October, 2010, Chavez visited Russia where he signed a deal to build Venezuela's first nuclear power plant as well as buy $1.6 billion worth of oil assets.[13]

On 6 October 2011, Russian Deputy Prime Minister Igor Sechin rushed to Caracas to get Chavez to commit to a $4 billion loan to purchase Russian weapons.[14] And for 2011, Venezuela was the top customer for Russia's arms for ground forces.[15]

Maduro era edit

Hugo Chávez died in March 2013. A special presidential election was held in April, which was won by Chávez's vice president, Nicolás Maduro.[16]

In July 2017, during the crisis in Venezuela, in an article of Russia's Military-Industrial Courier, a journal popular with military officers of the Russian Armed Forces, in the event of a Venezuelan civil war, it was recommended that the Russian government provide military intelligence to the Bolivarian government, establish alliances with ALBA and to assist proxy leftist militant forces, such as colectivos, to maintain the Bolivarian government's power.[17]

Maduro was re-elected for a second term in May 2018, but the result was denounced as fraudulent by most neighboring countries, the European Union, Canada and the United States. Russia, however, recognized the elections and Russian president Vladimir Putin congratulated Maduro.[18]

In December 2018, Russia sent two Tupolev Tu-160 bombers to Venezuela. These jets are capable of carrying nuclear weapons. The Russian and Venezuelan militaries later conducted joint military exercises.[19]

In January 2019, the majority opposition National Assembly declared that Maduro's reelection was invalid and declared its president, Juan Guaidó, to be acting president of Venezuela. The United States, Canada, Brazil and several Latin American countries recognized Guaidó as interim president. Russia, however, continued to support Maduro.[20] A month later, Russia, along with China vetoed a United Nations Security Council resolution calling for new presidential elections in Venezuela.[21]

In January 2020, Russia congratulated the election of Luis Parra as the next president of the National Assembly. The Russian Foreign Ministry said that the election contributes to the return of the intra-Venezuelan political struggle to the constitutional field that will find a peaceful exit to the ongoing crisis.[22] In response, opposition deputies denounced that Russia looked after supporting Parra to improve its businesses in Venezuela, including to increase the Russian shareholder participation in oil contracts and other mining concessions that need the approval of the National Assembly and that it would not have with Guaidó.[23]

In February 2022, Russia launched an invasion of Ukraine. The invasion received widespread international condemnation; Maduro, however expressed his "strong support" for Russia in a phone call with Putin[24] and condemned the sanctions Western nations imposed on Russia.[25]

According to CNBC, Russia's "most prominent" Latin American relationship is with Venezuela.[2] Conversely, Venezuela's primary geopolitical ally is Russia.[2]

Resident diplomatic missions edit

 
Embassy of Venezuela in Moscow
  • Russia has an embassy in Caracas.
  • Venezuela has an embassy in Moscow.

See also edit

  • Uzcátegui, Alejandro Cardozo; Mijares, Víctor (20 May 2020). "Soft Balancing the Titans: Venezuelan Foreign-Policy Strategy Toward the United States, China, and Russia". European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies (109). Latin American Policy. Mijares, V. M. (2017).: 181–202. doi:10.32992/erlacs.10557. S2CID 219475378.
  • Cardozo Uzcátegui, Alejandro; Mijares, Víctor M. (2020). "The versatile amalgam: Interests and corruption in Russia-Venezuela relations". European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies (109). European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies. Cardozo Uzcátegui, A.; Mijares, V. M. (2020).: 181–202. doi:10.32992/erlacs.10557. S2CID 219475378.
  • Mielniczuk, Fabiano; Dall&#39, Augusto César; Zabolotsky, Boris (27 July 2018). "The Return of the Bear? Russian Military Engagement in Latin America: The Case of Brazil". Military Review. Military Review. Dall'Agnol, A. C.; Zabolotsky, B. P.; Mielnieczuk, F. (2018).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  • Russians in Venezuela

References edit

  1. ^ Hellinger, Daniel. Global Security Watch—Venezuela, p. 412 [ABC-CLIO, 2012].
  2. ^ a b c d Elyatt, Holly. "From Africa to Azerbaijan, here's how far Russia's global influence stretches", CNBC (10 Feb 2020).
  3. ^ "Venezuela: Broken Contact", Time. (June 23, 1952).
  4. ^ . Archived from the original on 2013-11-10. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
  5. ^ "BBC News - World - Americas - Russian bombers land in Venezuela". News.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  6. ^ [1][dead link]
  7. ^ . News.xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  8. ^ "Removed: news agency feed article". the Guardian. 9 December 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  9. ^ "Latin American Herald Tribune - Chavez Says Venezuela and Russia Will Build a Nuclear Reactor in Oil-Rich Zulia". Laht.com. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  10. ^ "Page doesn't exist". www.voanews.com. Archived from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  11. ^ "Chavez in $2bn Russian arms deal". BBC News. 14 September 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
  12. ^ "Россия и Венесуэла: от золота и нефти до танков и орхидей". Kapital-rus.ru. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  13. ^ "Russia and Venezuela Finalize Nuclear Power Plant Deal". VOA News. 14 October 2010. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
  14. ^ "Russia to lend Venezuela $4 bln to pay for arms deals." RIA Novosti, 7 October 2011.
  15. ^ "Venezuela ranked top importer of Russian arms." RIA Novosti, 27 December 2011.
  16. ^ "Chavez heir Maduro wins Venezuela presidential election". BBC News. 15 April 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
  17. ^ Beckhusen, Robert (30 July 2017). "How Russia Could Intervene in a Venezuelan Civil War". The National Interest. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  18. ^ "Venezuela election: Fourteen ambassadors recalled after Maduro win". bbc.com. 22 May 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  19. ^ DeYoung, Karen; Faiola, Anthony (24 December 2018). "In Venezuela, Russia pockets key energy assets in exchange for cash bailouts". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  20. ^ "Guaido vs Maduro: Who backs Venezuela's two presidents?". Reuters. 24 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
  21. ^ Wainer, David (28 February 2019). "Russia, China Veto UN Resolution Seeking Venezuela Elections". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
  22. ^ Teslova, Elena (7 January 2020). "Russia praises election of Venezuelan parliament chief". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
  23. ^ "Rusia intenta negociar contratos petroleros con el parlamento controlado por Maduro". ABC (in Spanish). 2020-01-11. Retrieved 2020-01-11.
  24. ^ "Russia receives Venezuela's 'strong support'". France 24. 1 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  25. ^ "Venezuela's Maduro slams sanctions against Russia as 'madness'". France 24. 3 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Relations of Russia and Venezuela.

    January 01, 1970
    russia, venezuela, relations, this, article, appears, slanted, towards, recent, events, please, keep, recent, events, historical, perspective, more, content, related, recent, events, december, 2022, include, cooperation, between, russia, venezuela, areas, comm. This article appears to be slanted towards recent events Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and add more content related to non recent events December 2022 Russia Venezuela relations include cooperation between Russia and Venezuela in areas of common concern such as their common status as oil exporters and policy toward the United States 1 Venezuela is Russia s most important trading and military ally in Latin America 2 Russia recognizes Nicolas Maduro as the president of Venezuela instead of Juan Guaido in the Venezuelan presidential crisis 2 Russia Venezuela relationsRussia Venezuela President Maduro meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin in Tehran Iran in November 2015 Contents 1 Background 2 Chavez era 3 Maduro era 4 Resident diplomatic missions 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksBackground editThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it March 2021 The Soviet Union established diplomatic relations with Venezuela on March 3 1945 In 1952 during the dictatorship of Marcos Perez Jimenez Venezuelan security police apprehended and deported suspected Russian spies which caused bitter protests back and forth between the two countries leading to Venezuela breaking off relations with the Soviets on June 13 1952 3 The relations were restored on April 16 1970 Chavez era editUnder President Hugo Chavez Venezuela enjoyed warm relations with Russia Much of this was through the sale of military equipment from 2005 Venezuela purchased more than 4 billion worth of arms from Russia 4 In September 2008 Russia sent Tupolev Tu 160 bombers to Venezuela to carry out training flights 5 In November 2008 both countries held a joint naval exercise in the Caribbean 6 Following Chavez s two visits to Moscow in July and September 2008 Russian Deputy Prime Minister Igor Sechin arrived in Venezuela to pave the way for a third meeting within five months between their two presidents In November 2008 Venezuela and Russia discussed 46 potential cooperation agreements during an intergovernmental commission Venezuelan Vice President Ramon Carrizales and Sechin reviewed a series of initiatives that Chavez and Russian President Dimitri Medvedev would sign later in the month Venezuelan Foreign Minister Nicolas Maduro added to aggressive foreign policy initiatives sought by Chavez in saying that the unipolar world is collapsing and finishing in all aspects and the alliance with Russia is part of that effort to build a multipolar world The two countries discussed the creation of a bi national investment bank the opening of a direct air route between Caracas and Moscow the building of an aluminum plant the construction of a gas platform off the Venezuelan coast plans for automobile production and Venezuela s acquisition of Russian planes and ships While the two countries also reached agreements on the development of outer space and the use of nuclear energy Maduro added that the two countries will develop all what has to do with technology and satellite in the space while still continuing to work at using nuclear energy with peaceful means to generate alternative energy 7 Venezuela sought to develop mines at its largest gold deposits with help from Russia Venezuelan Mining Minister Rodolfo Sanz told a Russian delegation that a memorandum of understanding would be signed with the Russian owned Rusoro to operate the Las Cristinas and Brisas mine projects with the Venezuelan government The former one of Latin America s largest gold projects was under contract to Canada s Crystallex which had waited in vain for years for an environmental license to start mining The minister however said the government was taking control of the mine to start work in 2009 8 Further ties were in the offing when Chavez said an agreement for the Humberto Fernandez Moran Nuclear Facility would be signed upon Russian President Medvedev s visit to Venezuela accompanied by a Russian fleet of warships in mid November 2008 Chavez also revealed that Russian nuclear technicians were already at work in Venezuela 9 As a Russian flotilla including the nuclear powered warship Peter the Great was on its way to the Caribbean for naval exercises with Venezuela analysts saw the move as a geopolitical response to US support for Georgia following the 2008 South Ossetia War Russian fighter jets have also been sold to Venezuela while Caracas bought 100 000 AK 103 assault rifles to replace outdated FN FAL rifles for its military However the Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov downplayed the relevance of such moves It looks like everyone has been accustomed for a long time to our warships being in naval bases and our warplanes in hangars and thinking it will be like that forever Ryabkov stated 10 In September 2009 Russia approved a 2 billion loan to Venezuela 11 2010 by agreement between the Fund of Housing at the mayor of Moscow and the Ministry of Housing Venezuela Russian contractors taking part in the Great Housing Mission for the construction of a typical panel housing According to 13stroy ru they built about 10 thousand apartments in tenement houses The project involves not only the construction of housing and infrastructure but also the organization of nine joint ventures for the production of building materials 12 In October 2010 Chavez visited Russia where he signed a deal to build Venezuela s first nuclear power plant as well as buy 1 6 billion worth of oil assets 13 On 6 October 2011 Russian Deputy Prime Minister Igor Sechin rushed to Caracas to get Chavez to commit to a 4 billion loan to purchase Russian weapons 14 And for 2011 Venezuela was the top customer for Russia s arms for ground forces 15 Maduro era editHugo Chavez died in March 2013 A special presidential election was held in April which was won by Chavez s vice president Nicolas Maduro 16 In July 2017 during the crisis in Venezuela in an article of Russia s Military Industrial Courier a journal popular with military officers of the Russian Armed Forces in the event of a Venezuelan civil war it was recommended that the Russian government provide military intelligence to the Bolivarian government establish alliances with ALBA and to assist proxy leftist militant forces such as colectivos to maintain the Bolivarian government s power 17 Maduro was re elected for a second term in May 2018 but the result was denounced as fraudulent by most neighboring countries the European Union Canada and the United States Russia however recognized the elections and Russian president Vladimir Putin congratulated Maduro 18 In December 2018 Russia sent two Tupolev Tu 160 bombers to Venezuela These jets are capable of carrying nuclear weapons The Russian and Venezuelan militaries later conducted joint military exercises 19 In January 2019 the majority opposition National Assembly declared that Maduro s reelection was invalid and declared its president Juan Guaido to be acting president of Venezuela The United States Canada Brazil and several Latin American countries recognized Guaido as interim president Russia however continued to support Maduro 20 A month later Russia along with China vetoed a United Nations Security Council resolution calling for new presidential elections in Venezuela 21 In January 2020 Russia congratulated the election of Luis Parra as the next president of the National Assembly The Russian Foreign Ministry said that the election contributes to the return of the intra Venezuelan political struggle to the constitutional field that will find a peaceful exit to the ongoing crisis 22 In response opposition deputies denounced that Russia looked after supporting Parra to improve its businesses in Venezuela including to increase the Russian shareholder participation in oil contracts and other mining concessions that need the approval of the National Assembly and that it would not have with Guaido 23 In February 2022 Russia launched an invasion of Ukraine The invasion received widespread international condemnation Maduro however expressed his strong support for Russia in a phone call with Putin 24 and condemned the sanctions Western nations imposed on Russia 25 According to CNBC Russia s most prominent Latin American relationship is with Venezuela 2 Conversely Venezuela s primary geopolitical ally is Russia 2 Resident diplomatic missions edit nbsp Embassy of Venezuela in Moscow Russia has an embassy in Caracas Venezuela has an embassy in Moscow See also editUzcategui Alejandro Cardozo Mijares Victor 20 May 2020 Soft Balancing the Titans Venezuelan Foreign Policy Strategy Toward the United States China and Russia European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 109 Latin American Policy Mijares V M 2017 181 202 doi 10 32992 erlacs 10557 S2CID 219475378 Cardozo Uzcategui Alejandro Mijares Victor M 2020 The versatile amalgam Interests and corruption in Russia Venezuela relations European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 109 European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies Cardozo Uzcategui A Mijares V M 2020 181 202 doi 10 32992 erlacs 10557 S2CID 219475378 Mielniczuk Fabiano Dall amp 39 Augusto Cesar Zabolotsky Boris 27 July 2018 The Return of the Bear Russian Military Engagement in Latin America The Case of Brazil Military Review Military Review Dall Agnol A C Zabolotsky B P Mielnieczuk F 2018 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Russians in VenezuelaReferences edit Hellinger Daniel Global Security Watch Venezuela p 412 ABC CLIO 2012 a b c d Elyatt Holly From Africa to Azerbaijan here s how far Russia s global influence stretches CNBC 10 Feb 2020 Venezuela Broken Contact Time June 23 1952 Russia forges nuclear links with Venezeula FRANCE 24 Archived from the original on 2013 11 10 Retrieved 2012 03 04 BBC News World Americas Russian bombers land in Venezuela News bbc co uk Retrieved 15 April 2016 1 dead link Venezuela Russia discuss 46 cooperation projects English Xinhua News xinhuanet com Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 15 April 2016 Removed news agency feed article the Guardian 9 December 2015 Retrieved 15 April 2016 Latin American Herald Tribune Chavez Says Venezuela and Russia Will Build a Nuclear Reactor in Oil Rich Zulia Laht com Retrieved 15 April 2016 Page doesn t exist www voanews com Archived from the original on 9 December 2012 Retrieved 3 February 2022 Chavez in 2bn Russian arms deal BBC News 14 September 2019 Retrieved 11 July 2021 Rossiya i Venesuela ot zolota i nefti do tankov i orhidej Kapital rus ru Retrieved 15 April 2016 Russia and Venezuela Finalize Nuclear Power Plant Deal VOA News 14 October 2010 Retrieved 11 July 2021 Russia to lend Venezuela 4 bln to pay for arms deals RIA Novosti 7 October 2011 Venezuela ranked top importer of Russian arms RIA Novosti 27 December 2011 Chavez heir Maduro wins Venezuela presidential election BBC News 15 April 2013 Retrieved 11 July 2021 Beckhusen Robert 30 July 2017 How Russia Could Intervene in a Venezuelan Civil War The National Interest Retrieved 1 August 2017 Venezuela election Fourteen ambassadors recalled after Maduro win bbc com 22 May 2018 Retrieved 3 February 2019 DeYoung Karen Faiola Anthony 24 December 2018 In Venezuela Russia pockets key energy assets in exchange for cash bailouts The Washington Post Retrieved 14 January 2019 Guaido vs Maduro Who backs Venezuela s two presidents Reuters 24 January 2019 Retrieved 1 January 2021 Wainer David 28 February 2019 Russia China Veto UN Resolution Seeking Venezuela Elections Bloomberg Retrieved 2 March 2019 Teslova Elena 7 January 2020 Russia praises election of Venezuelan parliament chief Anadolu Agency Retrieved 7 January 2020 Rusia intenta negociar contratos petroleros con el parlamento controlado por Maduro ABC in Spanish 2020 01 11 Retrieved 2020 01 11 Russia receives Venezuela s strong support France 24 1 March 2022 Retrieved 3 March 2022 Venezuela s Maduro slams sanctions against Russia as madness France 24 3 March 2022 Retrieved 3 March 2022 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Relations of Russia and Venezuela Embassy of the Russian Federation in Caracas Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Russia Venezuela relations amp oldid 1170977183, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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