Eliezer Ben-Yehuda
Eliezer Ben‑Yehuda (Hebrew: אֱלִיעֶזֶר בֵּן־יְהוּדָה, pronounced [ʔeliˈʕezer ben jehuˈda]; born Eliezer Yitzhak Perlman; 7 January 1858 – 16 December 1922)[1] was a Russian linguist, grammarian, and journalist, renowned as the lexicographer of the first Hebrew dictionary, and the editor of HaZvi, one of the first Hebrew newspapers published in the Land of Israel/Palestine. He was the main driving force behind the revival of the Hebrew language.
Eliezer Ben-Yehuda | |
|---|---|
| אליעזר בן־יהודה | |
| Born | Eliezer Yitzhak Perlman 7 January 1858 Luzhki, Vilna Governorate, Russian Empire |
| Died | 16 December 1922 (aged 64) |
| Occupations | |
| Known for | Revival of the Hebrew language |
| Spouses |
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| Children | |
Biography
Eliezer Yitzhak Perlman (later Eliezer Ben-Yehuda) was born in Luzhki (Belarusian: Лужкі) in the Vilna Governorate of the Russian Empire (now Vitebsk Oblast, Belarus) to Yehuda Leib and Tzipora Perlman, who were Chabad hasidim.[1] His native language was Yiddish.[2] He attended a Jewish elementary school (a "cheder") where he studied Hebrew and the Bible from the age of three, as was customary among the Jews of Eastern Europe. By the age of twelve, he had read large portions of the Torah, Mishna, and Talmud. His mother and uncle hoped he would become a rabbi, and sent him to a yeshiva. There he was exposed to the Hebrew of the Jewish Enlightenment, which included some secular writings.[3] Later, he learned French, German, and Russian, and was sent to Dünaburg for further education. Reading the Hebrew-language newspaper HaShahar, he became acquainted with the early movement of Zionism.
Upon graduation in 1877, Ben-Yehuda went to Paris for four years. While there, he studied various subjects at the Sorbonne University—including the history and politics of the Middle East. It was in Paris that he met a Jew from Jerusalem, who spoke Hebrew with him. It was this conversation that convinced him that the revival of Hebrew as the language of a nation was feasible.[4]
In 1881 Ben-Yehuda joined the First Aliyah and immigrated to Palestine, then ruled by the Ottoman Empire, and settled in Jerusalem. He found a job teaching at the school of the Alliance Israélite Universelle.[5] Motivated by the surrounding ideals of renovation and rejection of the diaspora lifestyle, Ben-Yehuda set out to develop a new language that could replace Yiddish and other regional dialects as a means of everyday communication between Jews who moved to the Land of Israel from various regions of the world. Ben-Yehuda regarded Hebrew and Zionism as symbiotic, writing, "the Hebrew language can live only if we revive the nation and return it to the fatherland."[5]
To accomplish the task, Ben-Yehuda insisted with the Committee of the Hebrew Language that, to quote the Committee records, "In order to supplement the deficiencies of the Hebrew language, the Committee coins words according to the rules of grammar and linguistic analogy from Semitic roots: Aramaic and especially from Arabic roots" (Joshua Blau, page 33).
Ben-Yehuda was married twice, to two sisters.[6][page needed] His first wife, Devora (née Jonas), died in 1891 of tuberculosis, leaving him with five small children.[7] Her final wish[8] was that Eliezer marry her younger sister, Paula Beila. Soon after his wife Devora's death, three of his children died of diphtheria within a period of 10 days. Six months later, he married Paula,[4] who took the Hebrew name "Hemda".[9] Hemda Ben-Yehuda became an accomplished journalist and author in her own right, ensuring the completion of the Hebrew dictionary in the decades after Eliezer's death, as well as mobilising fundraising and coordinating committees of scholars in both Palestine and abroad.[citation needed]
In 1903 Ben-Yehuda, along with many members of the Second Aliyah, supported Theodor Herzl's Uganda Scheme proposal.[10]
Ben‑Yehuda raised his son, Ben-Zion (meaning "son of Zion"), entirely in Hebrew. He did not allow his son to be exposed to other languages during childhood, and even berated his wife for singing a Russian lullaby. His son thus became the first native speaker of Hebrew in modern times. Ben‑Yehuda later raised his daughter, Dola, entirely in Hebrew as well.
Opposition
Many devoted Jews of the time did not appreciate Ben-Yehuda's efforts to resurrect the Hebrew language. They believed that Hebrew, which they learned as a biblical language, should not be used to discuss mundane and non-holy things. Others thought his son would grow up and become a "disabled idiot", and even Theodor Herzl declared, after meeting Ben-Yehuda, that the thought of Hebrew becoming the modern language of the Jews was ridiculous.[11]
In December 1893, Ben-Yehuda and his father-in-law were imprisoned by the Ottoman authorities in Jerusalem following accusations by members of the Jewish community that they were inciting rebellion against the government.[12]
Journalistic career
Ben-Yehuda was the editor of several Hebrew-language newspapers: HaZvi and Hashkafa. HaZvi was closed down for a year in the wake of opposition from Jerusalem's ultra-Orthodox community, which fiercely objected to the use of Hebrew, their holy tongue, for everyday conversation.[4] In 1908, its named changed to HaOr, and it was shut down by the Ottoman government during World War I due its support for a Jewish homeland in the Land of Israel/Palestine.
Lexicography
Ben-Yehuda was a major figure in the establishment of the Committee of the Hebrew Language (Va'ad HaLashon), later the Academy of the Hebrew Language, an organization that still exists today. He was the initiator of the first modern Hebrew dictionary known as the Ben-Yehuda Dictionary and he became known as the "reviver" (המחיה) of the Hebrew language, despite opposition to some of the words he coined.[4] Many of these words have become part of the language but others never caught on.[5]
Ancient languages and modern Standard Arabic were major sources for Ben-Yehuda and the Committee. According to Joshua Blau, quoting the criteria insisted on by Ben-Yehuda: "In order to supplement the deficiencies of the Hebrew language, the Committee coins words according to the rules of grammar and linguistic analogy from Semitic roots: Aramaic, Canaanite, Egyptian [sic] ones and especially from Arabic roots." Concerning Arabic, Ben-Yehuda maintained, inaccurately according to Blau, that Arabic roots are "ours": "the roots of Arabic were once a part of the Hebrew language ... lost, and now we have found them again!"[13]
Death and commemoration
In December 1922, Ben-Yehuda, 64, died of tuberculosis, from which he suffered most of his life. He was buried on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem.[14] His funeral was attended by 30,000 people.[5]
Ben-Yehuda built a house for his family in the Talpiot neighborhood of Jerusalem, but died three months before it was completed.[15] His wife Hemda lived there for close to thirty years. Ten years after her death, her son Ehud transferred the title of the house to the Jerusalem municipality for the purpose of creating a museum and study center. Eventually it was leased to a church group from Germany who established a center there for young German volunteers.[16] The house is now a conference center and guesthouse run by the German organization Action Reconciliation Service for Peace (ARSP), which organizes workshops, seminars and Hebrew language ulpan programs.[17]
In his book Was Hebrew Ever a Dead Language, Cecil Roth summed up Ben-Yehuda's contribution to the Hebrew language: "Before Ben‑Yehuda, Jews could speak Hebrew; after him, they did."[18] This comment reflects the fact that there are no other examples of a natural language without any native speakers subsequently acquiring several million native speakers, and no other examples of a sacred language becoming a national language with millions of "first language" speakers.[19]
See also
- Eliezer Ben Yehuda's residence
- Pro-Jerusalem Society (1918–1926) – a "M[ister] Ben Yahuda" is registered as member of its leading Council
References
- ^ a b Green, David B. (7 January 2013). "This Day in Jewish History – 1858: Hebrew's Reviver Is Born". Haaretz. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
- ^ Coulmas, Florian (1 March 2016). "Eliezer Ben-Yehuda". Guardians of Language. Oxford University Press. pp. 139–154. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198736523.003.0011. ISBN 978-0-19-873652-3.
- ^ . huji.ac.il. Archived from the original on 2 August 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
- ^ a b c d Naor, Mordechai (13 September 2008). "Flesh-and-Blood Prophet". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 2 October 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2008.
- ^ a b c d Balint, Benjamin (23 November 2008). "Confessions of a polyglot". Haaretz.
- ^ St. John 1952.
- ^ St. John 1952, p. 125.
- ^ St. John 1952, p. 149.
- ^ . The Jewish Agency for Israel. Archived from the original on 22 October 2007. Retrieved 6 November 2007.
- ^ Elon, Amos (1975) Herzl. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 0-03-013126-X. p.392
- ^ Singer, Saul Jay. "The Hebrew-Based Judaism And Zionism Of Eliezer Ben Yehuda". Retrieved 22 January 2021.
- ^ Salmon, Yosef (2002) Religion and Zionism. First Encounters. The Hebrew University Magnes Press. ISBN 965-493-101-X. pp. 91,220
- ^ Blau 1981, p. 32.
- ^ "Mount of Olives – Jerusalem". trekker.co.il.
- ^ Aviva and Shmuel Bar-Am (24 December 2016). "On a small Jerusalem street, a historic literary rivalry". The Times of Israel.
- ^ . fulfillment-of-prophecy.com. Archived from the original on 16 March 2009.
- ^ "Beit Ben Yehuda – International Meeting Center in Jerusalem". beit-ben-yehuda.org.
- ^ Daniel Bensadoun (15 October 2010). "This week in history: Revival of the Hebrew language". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
- ^ "This Week in History: Revival of the Hebrew Language" by Daniel Bensadoun, 15 October 2010, at jpost.com (retrieved 25 September 2019)
Further reading
- Blau, Joshua (1 January 1981). The Renaissance of Modern Hebrew and Modern Standard Arabic: Parallels and Differences in the Revival of Two Semitic Languages. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-09548-9.
- Fellman, Jack (1973). The Revival of a Classical Tongue: Eliezer Ben Yehuda and the Modern Hebrew Language. The Hague, Netherlands: Mouton. 1973. ISBN 90-279-2495-3
- St. John, Robert (1952). Tongue of the Prophets. The Life Story of Eliezer Ben Yehuda. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company Inc. ISBN 0-8371-2631-2.
- Lang, Yosef . The Life of Eliezer Ben Yehuda. Yad Yitzhak Ben Zvi, 2 volumes, (Hebrew).
- Ilan Stavans, Resurrecting Hebrew. (2008).
- Elyada, Ouzi . Hebrew Popular Journalism : Birth and Development in Ottoman Palestine, London and N.Y, Routledge, 2019 (History of Ben-Yehuda’s Press)
- Hassan, Hassan Ahmad; al-Kayyali, Abdul-Hameed (18 July 2018). "Ben-Yehuda in his Ottoman Milieu: Jerusalem's Public Sphere as Reflected in the Hebrew Newspaper Ha-Tsevi, 1884–1915". Ordinary Jerusalem, 1840-1940: 330–351. doi:10.1163/9789004375741_021. ISBN 9789004375741. S2CID 201432320.
External links
- The personal papers of Eliezer Ben-Yehuda are kept at the Central Zionist Archives in Jerusalem. The notation of the record group is A43
- An interview with Dola Ben-Yehuda Wittmann (Eliezer Ben-Yehuda's daughter) at the Dartmouth Jewish Sound Archive
- Works by or about Eliezer Ben-Yehuda at Internet Archive
- Works by Eliezer Ben-Yehuda at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)