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Ed Diener

Edward Francis Diener (July 25, 1946 – April 27, 2021) was an American psychologist, professor, and author. Diener was a professor of psychology at the University of Utah and the University of Virginia, and Joseph R. Smiley Distinguished Professor Emeritus at the University of Illinois, as well as a senior scientist for the Gallup Organization. He is noted for his research over the past thirty years[1][2][3] on happiness, including work on temperament and personality influences on well-being, theories of well-being, income and well-being, cultural influences on well-being, and the measurement of well-being.[4] As shown on Google Scholar as of April 2021, Diener's publications have been cited over 257,000 times.

Ed Diener
Born(1946-07-25)July 25, 1946
Glendale, California
DiedApril 27, 2021(2021-04-27) (aged 74)
Salt Lake City, Utah
OccupationWriter, professor, psychologist
NationalityAmerican
Period20th century
SubjectHappiness
Website
eddiener.com

For his fundamental research on the subject, Diener was nicknamed Dr. Happiness.[5] Researchers he has worked with include Daniel Kahneman and Martin Seligman.

Background

Diener was born in 1946 in Glendale, California, and grew up on a farm in the San Joaquin Valley of California.

He attended San Joaquin Memorial High School in Fresno and subsequently received his BA in psychology in 1968 from California State University at Fresno. He received his doctorate at the University of Washington in 1974 and was a faculty member at the University of Illinois for 34 years, retiring from active teaching in 2008.

He held the Smiley chair as the Joseph R. Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology at the University of Illinois. In 2010 he received honorary doctorates from the Free University of Berlin and Eureka College. He won the distinguished scientist award from the International Society for Quality of Life Studies, as well as the Jack Block award for outstanding contributions to personality psychology.

In 2015 he resumed teaching, beginning as a professor of psychology at both the University of Virginia and at the University of Utah.[6][failed verification]

Diener's wife Carol is a forensic psychologist (both a clinical psychologist and attorney). His daughters Marissa and Mary Beth are psychologists, as is his son, Robert.

Diener died on April 27, 2021, in Salt Lake City, Utah.[7]

Happiness research

Diener, also known as Dr. Happiness, is one of the lead researchers in the field of subjective well-being. Subjective well-being (SWB), as Diener et al. define it, is how people evaluate their lives – both at the moment and for longer periods such as for the past year. These evaluations include people's emotional reactions to events, their moods, and judgments they form about their life satisfaction, fulfilment, and satisfaction with domains such as marriage and work.[8]

In 2002, Diener conducted a study at the University of Illinois with Martin Seligman, finding that "the most salient characteristics shared by the 10% of students with the highest levels of happiness and the fewest signs of depression were their strong ties to friends and family and commitment to spending time with them."[4] Diener has said "It is important to work on social skills, close interpersonal ties and social support in order to be happy."[4]

Temperament and personality influences on SWB

Diener has found that the correlations between SWB and extraversion and neuroticism are stronger than the correlations with any demographic predictor or major life circumstance that has thus been studied.[9] One aspect of individual differences in well-being that his research on personality and SWB has been focused on is emotional reactivity/ reward theory. Diener discovered that there are reasons for greater SWB among extraverts beyond the fact that they spend more time with others, a hypothesis popularized by other researchers. He found that the more active reward system in extraverts is a greater influence than the social or nonsocial aspect of a situation.[10] This is evident in his research showing that the pleasantness of a situation is a more important factor than the social or nonsocial aspect in determining extraverts' enjoyment. His longitudinal studies reveal that extraverts are happier whether living solitarily or with others, working in social or nonsocial job environments, and living in large cities or rural areas.[11]

Objective benefits of SWB

Diener proposed that happiness has benefits beyond "feeling good". In a paper published in 2011, Diener and Chan reviewed eight types of evidence that support a causal relationship from SWB to health and longevity. After examining results from longitudinal studies, meta-analysis, animal experiments, human experiments and natural quasi-experiments, Diener and Chan concluded that the evidence overwhelmingly supports the argument that high SWB causes better health and longevity (Diener & Chan, 2011).[12] Diener also summarized the pathways, through which happiness affects health and longevity. Among which are SWB's influence on physiological processes underlying health and disease, on practice of good health behaviors, and on fulfilling social relationships. Meanwhile, Diener and his colleagues showed that higher SWB leads to higher income, better job performance, more creativity and productivity. They also illustrated that happiness produces greater self-control, more pro-social behaviors and higher-quality social relationships (DeNeve, Diener, Tay, & Xuereb, 2013).[13] In short, happiness is functional.

Optimum level of SWB

Despite the advantages of happiness for functioning, one line of Diener's research concerns the question “can people be too happy”. Using large survey data and longitudinal data, Diener and his colleagues showed that too much happiness could be detrimental to one's income, education and political participation (Oishi, Diener,& Lucas, 2007).[14] The most successful people in terms of these three variables are those who experience moderate to high levels of happiness, but not extremely high happiness. However, the very happiest people are most successful in terms of close relationships and volunteer work.

Limits to adaptation of well-being and set point change

The traditional adaption theory of Well-Being suggests that people have a pre-determined set point for happiness (Brickman & Campbell, 1971).[15] Any life event, positive or negative, can only have transitory influences on SWB. Diener's research challenged the theory by showing that people do not adapt completely to all events. Some powerful events or circumstances can change people's emotional set points (Diener, Lucas, & Scollon, 2006).[16] In particular, people who lose their spouses or jobs cannot fully recover many years after the events (Lucas, Clark, Georgellis, & Diener, 2004).[17] The discovery has profound implications. First, it explains the enormous differences of SWB between nations across the globe (Diener, Tay, & Oishi, 2013).[18] Second, it sheds light on the possibility for interventions, both at the individual-level and the societal level, to produce lasting boosts in happiness. Diener and his colleagues also discovered individual differences in adaptation. For instance, some people adapt quickly to the joy of marriage, while others experience a long-lasting effect on their SWB.

Income and SWB

Using longitudinal data from over 100 countries, Diener and his colleagues showed that rich countries are in general happier than poor countries (Diener, Tay, & Oishi, 2013).[18] Also, life satisfaction for most countries goes up as they become wealthier over time. Diener identified three factors that influence the relationship between income and SWB. Namely, rising income most likely results in higher SWB when it leads to greater optimism, financial satisfaction and household material prosperity among citizens. Furthermore, Diener and his colleagues investigated the relationship between income and different elements of SWB. They illustrated that income has stronger influence on people's evaluation of their lives than the positive or negative emotions they experience over time (Diener, Kahneman, Tov, & Arora, 2010).[19] The study points to the necessity to evaluate different elements of SWB separately instead of treating happiness as a single entity.

Culture influences on SWB

In recent years, Diener conducted major studies looking at the role of culture in explaining the international differences of SWB. One important finding is that predictors of SWB may differ across cultures (Tov & Diener, 2007).[20] For example, the association between self-esteem and life satisfaction is much stronger in individualist culture than in collectivistic culture (Diener & Diener, 1995; Oishi, Diener, Lucas, & Suh, 1999).[21][22] Diener and his colleagues also discovered a cultural congruence effect such that people are happier if their characteristics match the cultural norms (Fulmer et al., 2010).[23] For instance, religious people are much happier than nonreligious people in very religious nations or regions, but such a difference disappears in nonreligious nations or regions (Diener, Tay, & Myers, 2011).[24] Finally, Diener investigated the differences of SWB among affluent countries. He compared the SWB scores of Denmark and the United States and discovered the “Danish Effect”: people in Denmark are in general happier than those in the USA despite similar income because the poorest citizens in Denmark are more satisfied with their lives than the poorest ones in the US (Biswas-Diener, Vitterso, & Diener, 2010).[25]

Measurement of SWB

Together with colleagues, Diener developed three scales that help scientists to assess Well-Being. The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) measures global cognitive judgments of satisfaction with one's life (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985).[26] The original article has been cited over 7,400 times and the SWLS has become the most widely used scale for evaluating life satisfaction. The Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (SPANE) assesses one's frequency of experiencing a variety of positive and negative emotions. The Flourishing Scale (FS) measures one's self-perceived success in important areas of life, such as relationship, self-esteem, and optimism (Diener et al., 2009).[27]

Accomplishments

In 2012, Diener was awarded the Distinguished Scientist Lifetime Career Award by the American Psychological Association. In 2013, Diener received the William James Lifetime Achievement Award by the Association for Psychological Science. Diener founded a new journal, Perspectives on Psychological Science, which has become one of the most acclaimed and widely read journals in the field. He was one of the founding editors of the Journal of Happiness Studies. Diener has over 257,000 citations in Google Scholar (April 28, 2021). Diener published 340 books and articles. He has several Psychological Bulletin articles, several American Psychologist papers, 12 publications in Psychological Science, and over 57 publications in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. He authored three books and edited seven more. Working with the Gallup survey organization, Diener conducted the first poll of the world ever conducted, including 155 nations and representing 99 percent of the population of the globe. More than any other scientist, Diener studied the poorest people in the world, including groups such as the homeless and those living in slums such as in Calcutta. In this research he has discovered how some individuals can achieve positive well-being in dire circumstances, for example through their relationships and spirituality. In recognition of his scientific contributions, Ed Diener held an endowed chair at his university, the Joseph R. Smiley Distinguished Professorship of Psychology. He received the Distinguished Scientist Award from both the American Psychological Association and the International Society of Quality of Life Studies, and the outstanding personality psychologist award (the “Jack Block Award”) from Division 8 of APA, the Society of Personality and Social Psychology. Diener has several honorary doctorates to his name, was a fellow of five scientific societies, and has been the focus of many popular media articles, from Newsweek to the Wall Street Journal to Reader's Digest. In March 2017, the Emir of Dubai, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum named Diener the inaugural chair of the Council of Personal Happiness, a subcommittee of the World Happiness Council.[28][29]

National accounts of SWB

Diener proposed that nations collect data on the subjective and psychological well-being of citizens to help in policy discussions. In 2004 Diener authored with Martin Seligman an influential article, Beyond Money: Toward an Economy of Well-being, arguing that the well-being indicators would supplement economic, educational, and other national measures to provide policy makers and leaders with important information.[30] The idea is that because subjective well-being is affected by many aspects of quality of life in societies, the subjective well-being measures could be used to examine who and in what regions of nations people were flourishing versus suffering. The finding that subjective well-being is beneficial to outcomes such as health, longevity, social relationships, and work productivity, added force to the proposal. The idea of national accounts of well-being has met with some success. The United Kingdom adopted well-being measures based on a directive from David Cameron, the Prime Minister. The Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development issued guidelines in 2013 for national accounts of subjective well-being, and a number of nations are now collecting such data.

The Noba Well-Being intervention to raise well-being

The Dieners and their colleagues developed a program to raise well-being, a 10-week psychosocial skills course called Noba Well-Being. The program includes several types of skills, for example, positive sociability, values and strengths understanding, sleep and exercise, and coping with stress and difficult events. Randomized controlled trial studies using college students, adult volunteers, and seniors, have shown that Noba Well-Being raises well-being – for example, life satisfaction, self-esteem, feelings of meaning and purposes, and lower chronic feelings of ill-being. It also has been found to decrease sick days, raise physical activity levels, and enhance cognitive functioning. The program can be delivered in several ways: by website, by app, or written in a paper-and-pencil format. The program is easy to deliver, relatively inexpensive, requires only short training for leaders to deliver it, and includes diverse psychosocial skills such as Mindfulness, positive social interactions, and getting adequate restful sleep. Noba Well-Being can be used either by individuals or in groups (e.g., in clubs, dormitories, business units, and so forth).

Philanthropy

In 2013, Diener and his wife Carol (also a psychologist) launched the Noba Project. Supported by their Diener Education Fund, the project aimed to reduce financial costs to psychology students by providing freely available online textbook alternatives.[31] The Dieners recruited their friends and colleagues (such as Elizabeth Loftus, Ap Dijksterhuis, and Roy Baumeister) to write chapters on their areas of expertise, and the project compiled these into a set of multimedia textbooks that are freely available and customizable by instructors. Eventually, the project began offering print versions of both curated and customized textbooks.

Partial bibliography

  • Happiness: Unlocking the Mysteries of Psychological Wealth, with his son, Robert Biswas-Diener.
  • Well-being and Public Policy (2009) with John Helliwell, Richard Lucas, Ulrich Schimmack
  • International Differences in Well-Being (2010) with Daniel Kahneman and John Helliwell.

See also

References

  1. ^ Diener, E.; Emmons, R. A.; Larsen, R. J.; Griffin, S. (1985). "The satisfaction with life scale". Journal of Personality Assessment. 49 (1): 71–75. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13. PMID 16367493.
  2. ^ Diener, E (1984). "Subjective well-being". Psychological Bulletin. 95 (3): 542–575. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542. PMID 6399758.
  3. ^ Diener, E (2000). "Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index". American Psychologist. 55 (1): 34–43. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.1.34. PMID 11392863. S2CID 24085298.
  4. ^ a b c Wallis, Claudia (January 9, 2005). . Time. Archived from the original on August 19, 2010. Retrieved August 11, 2010.
  5. ^ Wallis, Claudia (July 8, 2009). . Time. Archived from the original on July 11, 2009.
  6. ^ "Campus Directory". Retrieved August 22, 2014.
  7. ^ "Ed Diener, Who Studied Happiness, Dies". psychologicalscience.org. Association for Psychological Science. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
  8. ^ Diener, Ed; Oishi (2003). "Personality, culture and subjective well being: Emotional and cognitive evaluations of life". Annual Review of Psychology. 54: 403–425. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145056. PMID 12172000.
  9. ^ Johns, O. (2008). Handbook of personality. New York: Guilford. pp. 785–814.
  10. ^ Pavot, W; Diener, E.; Fujita, F. (1990). "Extraversion and happiness". Personality and Individual Differences. 11 (12): 1299–1306. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(90)90157-m.
  11. ^ Diener, E.; Sandvik, E.; Pavot, W.; Fujuita, F. (1992). "Extraversion and subjective well-being in a U.S. national probability sample". Journal of Research in Personality. 26 (3): 205–215. doi:10.1016/0092-6566(92)90039-7.
  12. ^ Diener, E.; Chan, M. Y. (2011). "Happy people live longer: Subjective well-being contributes to health and longevity". Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being. 3 (1): 1–43. doi:10.1111/j.1758-0854.2010.01045.x. S2CID 13490264.
  13. ^ DeNeve, J-E., Diener, E., Tay, L., & Xuereb, C. (2013). The objective benefits of subjective well-being. In J. F. Helliwell, R. Layard, & J. Sachs (Eds.), World happiness report 2013. Volume 2. (pp. 54–79). New York: UN Sustainable Network Development Solutions Network.
  14. ^ Oishi, S.; Diener, E.; Lucas, R.E. (2007). "The optimum level of well-being: Can people be too happy?". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2 (4): 346–360. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.175.7237. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00048.x. PMID 26151972. S2CID 17932140.
  15. ^ Brickman, P., & Campbell, D. T. (1971). Hedonic relativism and planning the good society. In M. H. Appley (Ed.), Adaptation level theory: A symposium (pp. 287–302). New York: Academic Press.
  16. ^ Diener, E.; Lucas, R.; Scollon, C. N. (2006). "Beyond the hedonic treadmill: Revising the adaptation theory of well-being". American Psychologist. 61 (4): 305–314. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.411.3666. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.61.4.305. PMID 16719675.
  17. ^ Lucas, R. E.; Clark, A. E.; Georgellis, Y.; Diener, E. (2004). "Unemployment alters the set-point for life satisfaction". Psychological Science. 15 (1): 8–13. doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.01501002.x. PMID 14717825. S2CID 4069467.
  18. ^ a b Diener, E.; Tay, L.; Oishi, S. (2013). "Rising Income and the Subjective Well-Being of Nations". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 104 (2): 267–276. doi:10.1037/a0030487. PMID 23106249.
  19. ^ Diener, E., Kahneman, D., Tov, W., & Arora, R. (2010). Income’s association with judgments of life versus feelings. In E. Diener, J. Helliwell, & D. Kahneman (Eds.), International differences in well-being. New York: Oxford University Press.
  20. ^ Tov, W., & Diener, E. (2007). Culture and subjective well-being. In S. Kitayama & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of cultural psychology. (691–713). New York: Guilford.
  21. ^ Diener, E.; Diener, M. (1995). "Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self- esteem". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 68 (4): 653–663. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.4.653. PMID 7738768.
  22. ^ Oishi, S.; Diener, E.; Lucas, R. E.; Suh, E. (1999). "Cross-cultural variations in predictors of life satisfaction: Perspectives from needs and values". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 25 (8): 980–990. doi:10.1177/01461672992511006. S2CID 39989224.
  23. ^ Fulmer, C. A.; Gelfand, M. J.; Kruglanski, A. W.; Kim-Prieto, C.; Diener, E.; Pierro, A.; Higgins, E. T. (2010). "On "Feeling Right" in cultural context: How person-culture match affects self-esteem and subjective well-being". Psychological Science. 21 (11): 1563–1569. doi:10.1177/0956797610384742. PMID 20876880. S2CID 30924754.
  24. ^ Diener, E.; Tay, L.; Myers, D. (2011). "The religion paradox: If religion makes people happy, why are so many dropping out?". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 101 (6): 1278–1290. doi:10.1037/a0024402. PMID 21806304.
  25. ^ Biswas-Diener, R.; Vitterso, J.; Diener, E. (2010). "The Danish effect: Beginning to explore high well-being in Denmark". Social Indicators Research. 97 (2): 229–246. doi:10.1007/s11205-009-9499-5. S2CID 143187492.
  26. ^ Diener, E.; Emmons, R. A.; Larsen, R. J.; Griffin, S. (1985). "The Satisfaction With Life Scale". Journal of Personality Assessment. 49 (1): 71–75. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13. PMID 16367493.
  27. ^ Diener, E.; Wirtz, D.; Tov, W.; Kim-Prieto, C.; Choi, D.; Oishi, S.; Biswas-Diener, R. (2009). "New measures of well-being: Flourishing and positive and negative feelings". Social Indicators Research. 97 (2): 143–156. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.722.228. doi:10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y. S2CID 21900905.
  28. ^ WAM (March 20, 2017). "Sheikh Mohammed announces creation of first World Happiness Council". Emirates 24/7 News. Dubai Media Incorporated. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  29. ^ "C'MON, GET HAPPY". attheu.utah.edu. The University of Utah. Retrieved May 22, 2017.
  30. ^ Diener, E.; Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). "Beyond money: Toward an economy of well-being". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 5 (1): 1–31. doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00501001.x. PMID 26158992.
  31. ^ "About Noba and the Diener Education Fund".

External links

  • Ed Diener, Positive Psychology March 31, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, University of Illinois site.
  • Perspectives on Psychological Science
  • [1], International Positive Psychology Association (IPPA)
  • [2], Ed Diener's "One Happy Autobiography"

diener, edward, francis, diener, july, 1946, april, 2021, american, psychologist, professor, author, diener, professor, psychology, university, utah, university, virginia, joseph, smiley, distinguished, professor, emeritus, university, illinois, well, senior, . Edward Francis Diener July 25 1946 April 27 2021 was an American psychologist professor and author Diener was a professor of psychology at the University of Utah and the University of Virginia and Joseph R Smiley Distinguished Professor Emeritus at the University of Illinois as well as a senior scientist for the Gallup Organization He is noted for his research over the past thirty years 1 2 3 on happiness including work on temperament and personality influences on well being theories of well being income and well being cultural influences on well being and the measurement of well being 4 As shown on Google Scholar as of April 2021 Diener s publications have been cited over 257 000 times Ed DienerBorn 1946 07 25 July 25 1946Glendale CaliforniaDiedApril 27 2021 2021 04 27 aged 74 Salt Lake City UtahOccupationWriter professor psychologistNationalityAmericanPeriod20th centurySubjectHappinessWebsiteeddiener wbr comFor his fundamental research on the subject Diener was nicknamed Dr Happiness 5 Researchers he has worked with include Daniel Kahneman and Martin Seligman Contents 1 Background 2 Happiness research 2 1 Temperament and personality influences on SWB 2 2 Objective benefits of SWB 2 3 Optimum level of SWB 2 4 Limits to adaptation of well being and set point change 2 5 Income and SWB 2 6 Culture influences on SWB 2 7 Measurement of SWB 3 Accomplishments 4 National accounts of SWB 5 The Noba Well Being intervention to raise well being 6 Philanthropy 7 Partial bibliography 8 See also 9 References 10 External linksBackground EditDiener was born in 1946 in Glendale California and grew up on a farm in the San Joaquin Valley of California He attended San Joaquin Memorial High School in Fresno and subsequently received his BA in psychology in 1968 from California State University at Fresno He received his doctorate at the University of Washington in 1974 and was a faculty member at the University of Illinois for 34 years retiring from active teaching in 2008 He held the Smiley chair as the Joseph R Smiley Distinguished Professor of Psychology at the University of Illinois In 2010 he received honorary doctorates from the Free University of Berlin and Eureka College He won the distinguished scientist award from the International Society for Quality of Life Studies as well as the Jack Block award for outstanding contributions to personality psychology In 2015 he resumed teaching beginning as a professor of psychology at both the University of Virginia and at the University of Utah 6 failed verification Diener s wife Carol is a forensic psychologist both a clinical psychologist and attorney His daughters Marissa and Mary Beth are psychologists as is his son Robert Diener died on April 27 2021 in Salt Lake City Utah 7 Happiness research EditDiener also known as Dr Happiness is one of the lead researchers in the field of subjective well being Subjective well being SWB as Diener et al define it is how people evaluate their lives both at the moment and for longer periods such as for the past year These evaluations include people s emotional reactions to events their moods and judgments they form about their life satisfaction fulfilment and satisfaction with domains such as marriage and work 8 In 2002 Diener conducted a study at the University of Illinois with Martin Seligman finding that the most salient characteristics shared by the 10 of students with the highest levels of happiness and the fewest signs of depression were their strong ties to friends and family and commitment to spending time with them 4 Diener has said It is important to work on social skills close interpersonal ties and social support in order to be happy 4 Temperament and personality influences on SWB Edit Diener has found that the correlations between SWB and extraversion and neuroticism are stronger than the correlations with any demographic predictor or major life circumstance that has thus been studied 9 One aspect of individual differences in well being that his research on personality and SWB has been focused on is emotional reactivity reward theory Diener discovered that there are reasons for greater SWB among extraverts beyond the fact that they spend more time with others a hypothesis popularized by other researchers He found that the more active reward system in extraverts is a greater influence than the social or nonsocial aspect of a situation 10 This is evident in his research showing that the pleasantness of a situation is a more important factor than the social or nonsocial aspect in determining extraverts enjoyment His longitudinal studies reveal that extraverts are happier whether living solitarily or with others working in social or nonsocial job environments and living in large cities or rural areas 11 Objective benefits of SWB Edit Diener proposed that happiness has benefits beyond feeling good In a paper published in 2011 Diener and Chan reviewed eight types of evidence that support a causal relationship from SWB to health and longevity After examining results from longitudinal studies meta analysis animal experiments human experiments and natural quasi experiments Diener and Chan concluded that the evidence overwhelmingly supports the argument that high SWB causes better health and longevity Diener amp Chan 2011 12 Diener also summarized the pathways through which happiness affects health and longevity Among which are SWB s influence on physiological processes underlying health and disease on practice of good health behaviors and on fulfilling social relationships Meanwhile Diener and his colleagues showed that higher SWB leads to higher income better job performance more creativity and productivity They also illustrated that happiness produces greater self control more pro social behaviors and higher quality social relationships DeNeve Diener Tay amp Xuereb 2013 13 In short happiness is functional Optimum level of SWB Edit Despite the advantages of happiness for functioning one line of Diener s research concerns the question can people be too happy Using large survey data and longitudinal data Diener and his colleagues showed that too much happiness could be detrimental to one s income education and political participation Oishi Diener amp Lucas 2007 14 The most successful people in terms of these three variables are those who experience moderate to high levels of happiness but not extremely high happiness However the very happiest people are most successful in terms of close relationships and volunteer work Limits to adaptation of well being and set point change Edit The traditional adaption theory of Well Being suggests that people have a pre determined set point for happiness Brickman amp Campbell 1971 15 Any life event positive or negative can only have transitory influences on SWB Diener s research challenged the theory by showing that people do not adapt completely to all events Some powerful events or circumstances can change people s emotional set points Diener Lucas amp Scollon 2006 16 In particular people who lose their spouses or jobs cannot fully recover many years after the events Lucas Clark Georgellis amp Diener 2004 17 The discovery has profound implications First it explains the enormous differences of SWB between nations across the globe Diener Tay amp Oishi 2013 18 Second it sheds light on the possibility for interventions both at the individual level and the societal level to produce lasting boosts in happiness Diener and his colleagues also discovered individual differences in adaptation For instance some people adapt quickly to the joy of marriage while others experience a long lasting effect on their SWB Income and SWB Edit Using longitudinal data from over 100 countries Diener and his colleagues showed that rich countries are in general happier than poor countries Diener Tay amp Oishi 2013 18 Also life satisfaction for most countries goes up as they become wealthier over time Diener identified three factors that influence the relationship between income and SWB Namely rising income most likely results in higher SWB when it leads to greater optimism financial satisfaction and household material prosperity among citizens Furthermore Diener and his colleagues investigated the relationship between income and different elements of SWB They illustrated that income has stronger influence on people s evaluation of their lives than the positive or negative emotions they experience over time Diener Kahneman Tov amp Arora 2010 19 The study points to the necessity to evaluate different elements of SWB separately instead of treating happiness as a single entity Culture influences on SWB Edit In recent years Diener conducted major studies looking at the role of culture in explaining the international differences of SWB One important finding is that predictors of SWB may differ across cultures Tov amp Diener 2007 20 For example the association between self esteem and life satisfaction is much stronger in individualist culture than in collectivistic culture Diener amp Diener 1995 Oishi Diener Lucas amp Suh 1999 21 22 Diener and his colleagues also discovered a cultural congruence effect such that people are happier if their characteristics match the cultural norms Fulmer et al 2010 23 For instance religious people are much happier than nonreligious people in very religious nations or regions but such a difference disappears in nonreligious nations or regions Diener Tay amp Myers 2011 24 Finally Diener investigated the differences of SWB among affluent countries He compared the SWB scores of Denmark and the United States and discovered the Danish Effect people in Denmark are in general happier than those in the USA despite similar income because the poorest citizens in Denmark are more satisfied with their lives than the poorest ones in the US Biswas Diener Vitterso amp Diener 2010 25 Measurement of SWB Edit Together with colleagues Diener developed three scales that help scientists to assess Well Being The Satisfaction with Life Scale SWLS measures global cognitive judgments of satisfaction with one s life Diener Emmons Larsen amp Griffin 1985 26 The original article has been cited over 7 400 times and the SWLS has become the most widely used scale for evaluating life satisfaction The Scale of Positive and Negative Experience SPANE assesses one s frequency of experiencing a variety of positive and negative emotions The Flourishing Scale FS measures one s self perceived success in important areas of life such as relationship self esteem and optimism Diener et al 2009 27 Accomplishments EditIn 2012 Diener was awarded the Distinguished Scientist Lifetime Career Award by the American Psychological Association In 2013 Diener received the William James Lifetime Achievement Award by the Association for Psychological Science Diener founded a new journal Perspectives on Psychological Science which has become one of the most acclaimed and widely read journals in the field He was one of the founding editors of the Journal of Happiness Studies Diener has over 257 000 citations in Google Scholar April 28 2021 Diener published 340 books and articles He has several Psychological Bulletin articles several American Psychologist papers 12 publications in Psychological Science and over 57 publications in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology He authored three books and edited seven more Working with the Gallup survey organization Diener conducted the first poll of the world ever conducted including 155 nations and representing 99 percent of the population of the globe More than any other scientist Diener studied the poorest people in the world including groups such as the homeless and those living in slums such as in Calcutta In this research he has discovered how some individuals can achieve positive well being in dire circumstances for example through their relationships and spirituality In recognition of his scientific contributions Ed Diener held an endowed chair at his university the Joseph R Smiley Distinguished Professorship of Psychology He received the Distinguished Scientist Award from both the American Psychological Association and the International Society of Quality of Life Studies and the outstanding personality psychologist award the Jack Block Award from Division 8 of APA the Society of Personality and Social Psychology Diener has several honorary doctorates to his name was a fellow of five scientific societies and has been the focus of many popular media articles from Newsweek to the Wall Street Journal to Reader s Digest In March 2017 the Emir of Dubai Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum named Diener the inaugural chair of the Council of Personal Happiness a subcommittee of the World Happiness Council 28 29 National accounts of SWB EditDiener proposed that nations collect data on the subjective and psychological well being of citizens to help in policy discussions In 2004 Diener authored with Martin Seligman an influential article Beyond Money Toward an Economy of Well being arguing that the well being indicators would supplement economic educational and other national measures to provide policy makers and leaders with important information 30 The idea is that because subjective well being is affected by many aspects of quality of life in societies the subjective well being measures could be used to examine who and in what regions of nations people were flourishing versus suffering The finding that subjective well being is beneficial to outcomes such as health longevity social relationships and work productivity added force to the proposal The idea of national accounts of well being has met with some success The United Kingdom adopted well being measures based on a directive from David Cameron the Prime Minister The Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development issued guidelines in 2013 for national accounts of subjective well being and a number of nations are now collecting such data The Noba Well Being intervention to raise well being EditThe Dieners and their colleagues developed a program to raise well being a 10 week psychosocial skills course called Noba Well Being The program includes several types of skills for example positive sociability values and strengths understanding sleep and exercise and coping with stress and difficult events Randomized controlled trial studies using college students adult volunteers and seniors have shown that Noba Well Being raises well being for example life satisfaction self esteem feelings of meaning and purposes and lower chronic feelings of ill being It also has been found to decrease sick days raise physical activity levels and enhance cognitive functioning The program can be delivered in several ways by website by app or written in a paper and pencil format The program is easy to deliver relatively inexpensive requires only short training for leaders to deliver it and includes diverse psychosocial skills such as Mindfulness positive social interactions and getting adequate restful sleep Noba Well Being can be used either by individuals or in groups e g in clubs dormitories business units and so forth Philanthropy EditIn 2013 Diener and his wife Carol also a psychologist launched the Noba Project Supported by their Diener Education Fund the project aimed to reduce financial costs to psychology students by providing freely available online textbook alternatives 31 The Dieners recruited their friends and colleagues such as Elizabeth Loftus Ap Dijksterhuis and Roy Baumeister to write chapters on their areas of expertise and the project compiled these into a set of multimedia textbooks that are freely available and customizable by instructors Eventually the project began offering print versions of both curated and customized textbooks Partial bibliography EditHappiness Unlocking the Mysteries of Psychological Wealth with his son Robert Biswas Diener Well being and Public Policy 2009 with John Helliwell Richard Lucas Ulrich Schimmack International Differences in Well Being 2010 with Daniel Kahneman and John Helliwell See also EditPositive psychologyReferences Edit Diener E Emmons R A Larsen R J Griffin S 1985 The satisfaction with life scale Journal of Personality Assessment 49 1 71 75 doi 10 1207 s15327752jpa4901 13 PMID 16367493 Diener E 1984 Subjective well being Psychological Bulletin 95 3 542 575 doi 10 1037 0033 2909 95 3 542 PMID 6399758 Diener E 2000 Subjective well being The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index American Psychologist 55 1 34 43 doi 10 1037 0003 066x 55 1 34 PMID 11392863 S2CID 24085298 a b c Wallis Claudia January 9 2005 The New Science of Happiness Time Archived from the original on August 19 2010 Retrieved August 11 2010 Wallis Claudia July 8 2009 The Science of Happiness Turns 10 What Has It Taught Time Archived from the original on July 11 2009 Campus Directory Retrieved August 22 2014 Ed Diener Who Studied Happiness Dies psychologicalscience org Association for Psychological Science Retrieved May 7 2021 Diener Ed Oishi 2003 Personality culture and subjective well being Emotional and cognitive evaluations of life Annual Review of Psychology 54 403 425 doi 10 1146 annurev psych 54 101601 145056 PMID 12172000 Johns O 2008 Handbook of personality New York Guilford pp 785 814 Pavot W Diener E Fujita F 1990 Extraversion and happiness Personality and Individual Differences 11 12 1299 1306 doi 10 1016 0191 8869 90 90157 m Diener E Sandvik E Pavot W Fujuita F 1992 Extraversion and subjective well being in a U S national probability sample Journal of Research in Personality 26 3 205 215 doi 10 1016 0092 6566 92 90039 7 Diener E Chan M Y 2011 Happy people live longer Subjective well being contributes to health and longevity Applied Psychology Health and Well Being 3 1 1 43 doi 10 1111 j 1758 0854 2010 01045 x S2CID 13490264 DeNeve J E Diener E Tay L amp Xuereb C 2013 The objective benefits of subjective well being In J F Helliwell R Layard amp J Sachs Eds World happiness report 2013 Volume 2 pp 54 79 New York UN Sustainable Network Development Solutions Network Oishi S Diener E Lucas R E 2007 The optimum level of well being Can people be too happy Perspectives on Psychological Science 2 4 346 360 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 175 7237 doi 10 1111 j 1745 6916 2007 00048 x PMID 26151972 S2CID 17932140 Brickman P amp Campbell D T 1971 Hedonic relativism and planning the good society In M H Appley Ed Adaptation level theory A symposium pp 287 302 New York Academic Press Diener E Lucas R Scollon C N 2006 Beyond the hedonic treadmill Revising the adaptation theory of well being American Psychologist 61 4 305 314 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 411 3666 doi 10 1037 0003 066x 61 4 305 PMID 16719675 Lucas R E Clark A E Georgellis Y Diener E 2004 Unemployment alters the set point for life satisfaction Psychological Science 15 1 8 13 doi 10 1111 j 0963 7214 2004 01501002 x PMID 14717825 S2CID 4069467 a b Diener E Tay L Oishi S 2013 Rising Income and the Subjective Well Being of Nations Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 104 2 267 276 doi 10 1037 a0030487 PMID 23106249 Diener E Kahneman D Tov W amp Arora R 2010 Income s association with judgments of life versus feelings In E Diener J Helliwell amp D Kahneman Eds International differences in well being New York Oxford University Press Tov W amp Diener E 2007 Culture and subjective well being In S Kitayama amp D Cohen Eds Handbook of cultural psychology 691 713 New York Guilford Diener E Diener M 1995 Cross cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self esteem Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68 4 653 663 doi 10 1037 0022 3514 68 4 653 PMID 7738768 Oishi S Diener E Lucas R E Suh E 1999 Cross cultural variations in predictors of life satisfaction Perspectives from needs and values Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 25 8 980 990 doi 10 1177 01461672992511006 S2CID 39989224 Fulmer C A Gelfand M J Kruglanski A W Kim Prieto C Diener E Pierro A Higgins E T 2010 On Feeling Right in cultural context How person culture match affects self esteem and subjective well being Psychological Science 21 11 1563 1569 doi 10 1177 0956797610384742 PMID 20876880 S2CID 30924754 Diener E Tay L Myers D 2011 The religion paradox If religion makes people happy why are so many dropping out Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 101 6 1278 1290 doi 10 1037 a0024402 PMID 21806304 Biswas Diener R Vitterso J Diener E 2010 The Danish effect Beginning to explore high well being in Denmark Social Indicators Research 97 2 229 246 doi 10 1007 s11205 009 9499 5 S2CID 143187492 Diener E Emmons R A Larsen R J Griffin S 1985 The Satisfaction With Life Scale Journal of Personality Assessment 49 1 71 75 doi 10 1207 s15327752jpa4901 13 PMID 16367493 Diener E Wirtz D Tov W Kim Prieto C Choi D Oishi S Biswas Diener R 2009 New measures of well being Flourishing and positive and negative feelings Social Indicators Research 97 2 143 156 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 722 228 doi 10 1007 s11205 009 9493 y S2CID 21900905 WAM March 20 2017 Sheikh Mohammed announces creation of first World Happiness Council Emirates 24 7 News Dubai Media Incorporated Retrieved March 20 2017 C MON GET HAPPY attheu utah edu The University of Utah Retrieved May 22 2017 Diener E Seligman M E P 2004 Beyond money Toward an economy of well being Psychological Science in the Public Interest 5 1 1 31 doi 10 1111 j 0963 7214 2004 00501001 x PMID 26158992 About Noba and the Diener Education Fund External links EditEd Diener Positive Psychology Archived March 31 2010 at the Wayback Machine University of Illinois site Perspectives on Psychological Science Ed Diener s Publications 1 International Positive Psychology Association IPPA 2 Ed Diener s One Happy Autobiography Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ed Diener amp oldid 1107628459, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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