Eremothecium gossypii[1] (also known as Ashbya gossypii[2]) is a filamentous fungus or mold closely related to yeast, but growing exclusively in a filamentous way. It was originally isolated from cotton as a pathogen causing stigmatomycosis by Ashby and Nowell in 1926. This disease affects the development of hair cells in cotton bolls and can be transmitted to citrus fruits, which thereupon dry out and collapse (dry rot disease). In the first part of the 20th century, E. gossypii and two other fungi causing stigmatomycosis (Eremothecium coryli, Aureobasidium pullulans) made it virtually impossible to grow cotton in certain regions of the subtropics, causing severe economical losses. Control of the spore-transmitting insects - cotton stainer (Dysdercus suturellus) and Antestiopsis (antestia bugs) - permitted full eradication of infections. E. gossypii was recognized as a natural overproducer of riboflavin (vitamin B2), which protects its spores against ultraviolet light. This made it an interesting organism for industries, where genetically modified strains are still used to produce this vitamin.
The complete sequencing and annotation of the entire E. gossypii genome, as published in 2004, was initiated when a significant degree of genesynteny was observed in preliminary studies in comparison to the genome of budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This not only helped to improve gene annotation of S. cerevisiae, but also allowed the reconstruction of the evolutionary history of both organisms. E. gossypii and S. cerevisiae originated from a common ancestor which carried about 5000 genes. Divergence of these two close relatives started some 100 million years ago. One branch of evolution involving up to 100 viable genome rearrangements (translocations and inversions), a few million base pair changes, and a limited number of gene deletions, duplications and additions lead to modern E. gossypii with its 4718 protein-coding genes and 9.2 million base pairs (smallest genome of a free-living eukaryote yet characterized) spread over seven chromosomes. The genome of S. cerevisiae underwent a more eventful evolution, which includes a whole-genome duplication.[citation needed]
Despite the long evolutionary history of the two organisms and fundamentally different ways of growth and development, the complete synteny map of both genomes reveals 95% of E. gossypii genes are orthologs of S. cerevisiae genes, and 90% map within blocks of synteny (syntenic homologs).
Growth, development and morphologyedit
Development from a spore to a mature mycelium in E. gossypii (kindly provided by Dr. Philipp Knechtle) a) Ungerminated spore b) Isotropic growth phase in the germ bubble c) Unipolar germling d) Emergence of a second germ tube e) Emergence of lateral branches and septum generation f) Apical branching in mature hypha
The E. gossypiilife cycle starts with the only known phase of isotropic growth in wild type: germination of the haploidspore to form a germ bubble. This is followed by apical growth, extending two germ tubes in succession on opposing sites of the germ bubble. More axes of polarity are established with lateral branch formation in young mycelium. Maturation is characterized by apical branching (tip splitting) and a dramatic increase of growth speed (up to 200 μm/h at 30 °C), which enables it to cover an 8 cm Petri dish of full medium in about seven days. Sporulation is thought to be induced by nutrient deprivation, leading to contraction at the septa, cytokinesis and subsequent abscission of sporangia which contain up to eight haploid spores. Hyphae are compartmentalized by septa, which in young parts appear as rings that allow transfer of nuclei and in older parts may appear as closed discs. Compartments typically contain around eight nuclei.
Referencesedit
^Gastmann, Selina; Dünkler, Alexander; Walther, Andrea; Klein, Keith; Wendland, Jürgen (2007). "A molecular toolbox for manipulating Eremothecium coryli". Microbiological Research. 162 (4): 299–307. doi:10.1016/j.micres.2007.05.008. PMID 17716882.
Ashby S. F.; Nowell W. (1926). "The Fungi of Stigmatomycosis". Ann Bot. os-40 (1): 69–84. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a090018.
Dietrich F. S.; Voegeli S.; Brachat S.; Lerch A.; Gates K.; Steiner S.; Mohr C.; Pohlmann R.; Luedi P.; Choi S.; Wing R. A.; Flavier A.; Gaffney T. D.; Philippsen P. (2004). "The Ashbya gossypii genome as a tool for mapping the ancient Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome". Science. 304 (5668): 304–307. doi:10.1126/science.1095781. PMID 15001715. S2CID 26130646.
Philippsen P.; Kaufmann A.; Schmitz H. P. (2005). "Homologues of yeast polarity genes control the development of multinucleated hyphae in Ashbya gossypii". Current Opinion in Microbiology. 8 (4): 370–377. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2005.06.021. PMID 16023404.
Gladfelter A. S. (2006). "Nuclear anarchy: asynchronous mitosis in multinucleated fungal hyphae". Current Opinion in Microbiology. 9 (6): 547–552. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2006.09.002. PMID 17045513.
Kaufman A. (2008). Polarized growth and septation in the filamentous ascomycete Ashbya gossypii analyzed by live cell imaging.
"The Ashbya Genome Database".
"Peter Philippsen's lab at the Biozentrum in Basel, Switzerland".
. Archived from the original on 2007-03-14.
"Amy Galdfelter's lab at University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, USA".
"Jürgen Wendland's lab at the CRC in Kopenhagen, Denmark". 29 September 2023.
. Archived from the original on 2007-03-18.
February 27, 2024
eremothecium, gossypii, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, dec. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Eremothecium gossypii news newspapers books scholar JSTOR December 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message Eremothecium gossypii 1 also known as Ashbya gossypii 2 is a filamentous fungus or mold closely related to yeast but growing exclusively in a filamentous way It was originally isolated from cotton as a pathogen causing stigmatomycosis by Ashby and Nowell in 1926 This disease affects the development of hair cells in cotton bolls and can be transmitted to citrus fruits which thereupon dry out and collapse dry rot disease In the first part of the 20th century E gossypii and two other fungi causing stigmatomycosis Eremothecium coryli Aureobasidium pullulans made it virtually impossible to grow cotton in certain regions of the subtropics causing severe economical losses Control of the spore transmitting insects cotton stainer Dysdercus suturellus and Antestiopsis antestia bugs permitted full eradication of infections E gossypii was recognized as a natural overproducer of riboflavin vitamin B2 which protects its spores against ultraviolet light This made it an interesting organism for industries where genetically modified strains are still used to produce this vitamin Eremothecium gossypiiFluorescent micrograph of Eremothecium gossypii mycelium Scientific classificationKingdom FungiPhylum AscomycotaSubphylum SaccharomycotinaClass SaccharomycetesOrder SaccharomycetalesFamily SaccharomycetaceaeGenus EremotheciumSpecies E gossypiiSubspecies ATCC 10895 FDAGBinomial nameEremothecium gossypii S F Ashby amp W Nowell Kurtzman 1995SynonymsNematospora gossypii S F Ashby amp W Nowell 1926 Ashbya gossypii Guillierm 1928 Contents 1 E gossypii as a model organism 2 Genome 3 Growth development and morphology 4 References 5 External linksE gossypii as a model organism editA few years ago E gossypii became recognized as an attractive model to study the growth of long and multinucleate fungal cells hyphae because of its small genome haploid nuclei and efficient gene targeting methods It is generally assumed that a better understanding of filamentous fungal growth will greatly stimulate the development of novel fungicides Its use as a model organism is particularly promising because of the high level of gene order conservation synteny between the genomes of E gossypii and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae citation needed Genome editThe complete sequencing and annotation of the entire E gossypii genome as published in 2004 was initiated when a significant degree of gene synteny was observed in preliminary studies in comparison to the genome of budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae This not only helped to improve gene annotation of S cerevisiae but also allowed the reconstruction of the evolutionary history of both organisms E gossypii and S cerevisiae originated from a common ancestor which carried about 5000 genes Divergence of these two close relatives started some 100 million years ago One branch of evolution involving up to 100 viable genome rearrangements translocations and inversions a few million base pair changes and a limited number of gene deletions duplications and additions lead to modern E gossypii with its 4718 protein coding genes and 9 2 million base pairs smallest genome of a free living eukaryote yet characterized spread over seven chromosomes The genome of S cerevisiae underwent a more eventful evolution which includes a whole genome duplication citation needed Despite the long evolutionary history of the two organisms and fundamentally different ways of growth and development the complete synteny map of both genomes reveals 95 of E gossypii genes are orthologs of S cerevisiae genes and 90 map within blocks of synteny syntenic homologs Growth development and morphology edit nbsp Development from a spore to a mature mycelium in E gossypii kindly provided by Dr Philipp Knechtle a Ungerminated spore b Isotropic growth phase in the germ bubble c Unipolar germling d Emergence of a second germ tube e Emergence of lateral branches and septum generation f Apical branching in mature hyphaThe E gossypii life cycle starts with the only known phase of isotropic growth in wild type germination of the haploid spore to form a germ bubble This is followed by apical growth extending two germ tubes in succession on opposing sites of the germ bubble More axes of polarity are established with lateral branch formation in young mycelium Maturation is characterized by apical branching tip splitting and a dramatic increase of growth speed up to 200 mm h at 30 C which enables it to cover an 8 cm Petri dish of full medium in about seven days Sporulation is thought to be induced by nutrient deprivation leading to contraction at the septa cytokinesis and subsequent abscission of sporangia which contain up to eight haploid spores Hyphae are compartmentalized by septa which in young parts appear as rings that allow transfer of nuclei and in older parts may appear as closed discs Compartments typically contain around eight nuclei References edit Gastmann Selina Dunkler Alexander Walther Andrea Klein Keith Wendland Jurgen 2007 A molecular toolbox for manipulating Eremothecium coryli Microbiological Research 162 4 299 307 doi 10 1016 j micres 2007 05 008 PMID 17716882 Species Fungorum GSD Species External links editAshby S F Nowell W 1926 The Fungi of Stigmatomycosis Ann Bot os 40 1 69 84 doi 10 1093 oxfordjournals aob a090018 Dietrich F S Voegeli S Brachat S Lerch A Gates K Steiner S Mohr C Pohlmann R Luedi P Choi S Wing R A Flavier A Gaffney T D Philippsen P 2004 The Ashbya gossypii genome as a tool for mapping the ancient Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome Science 304 5668 304 307 doi 10 1126 science 1095781 PMID 15001715 S2CID 26130646 Philippsen P Kaufmann A Schmitz H P 2005 Homologues of yeast polarity genes control the development of multinucleated hyphae in Ashbya gossypii Current Opinion in Microbiology 8 4 370 377 doi 10 1016 j mib 2005 06 021 PMID 16023404 Gladfelter A S 2006 Nuclear anarchy asynchronous mitosis in multinucleated fungal hyphae Current Opinion in Microbiology 9 6 547 552 doi 10 1016 j mib 2006 09 002 PMID 17045513 Kaufman A 2008 Polarized growth and septation in the filamentous ascomycete Ashbya gossypii analyzed by live cell imaging The Ashbya Genome Database Peter Philippsen s lab at the Biozentrum in Basel Switzerland Hans Peter Schmitz lab at Universitat Osnabruck Germany Archived from the original on 2007 03 14 Amy Galdfelter s lab at University of North Carolina Chapel Hill USA Jurgen Wendland s lab at the CRC in Kopenhagen Denmark 29 September 2023 Fred Dietrich s lab at Duke University USA Archived from the original on 2007 03 18 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Eremothecium gossypii amp oldid 1189398680, wikipedia, wiki, 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