The wild type (WT) is the phenotype of the typical form of a species as it occurs in nature. Originally, the wild type was conceptualized as a product of the standard[1] "normal" allele at a locus, in contrast to that produced by a non-standard, "mutant" allele. "Mutant" alleles can vary to a great extent, and even become the wild type if a genetic shift occurs within the population. Continued advancements in genetic mapping technologies have created a better understanding of how mutations occur and interact with other genes to alter phenotype.[2] It is now appreciated that most or all gene loci exist in a variety of allelic forms, which vary in frequency throughout the geographic range of a species, and that a uniform wild type does not exist. In general, however, the most prevalent allele – i.e., the one with the highest gene frequency – is the one deemed wild type.[3]
Unlike culinary bananas, wild-type bananas have numerous large, hard seeds.
The concept of wild type is useful in some experimental organisms such as fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster, in which the standard phenotypes for features such as eye color or wing shape are known to be altered by particular mutations that produce distinctive phenotypes, such as "white eyes" or "vestigial wings". Wild-type alleles are indicated with a "+" superscript, for example w+ and vg+ for red eyes and full-size wings, respectively. Manipulation of the genes behind these traits led to the current understanding of how organisms form and how traits mutate within a population. Research involving the manipulation of wild-type alleles has application in many fields, including fighting disease and commercial food production.
The genetic sequence for wild-type versus "mutant" phenotypes and how these genes interact in expression is the subject of much research. Better understanding of these processes is hoped to bring about methods for preventing and curing diseases that are currently incurable such as infection with the herpes virus.[4] One example of such promising research in these fields was the study done examining the link between wild-type mutations and certain types of lung cancer.[5] Research is also being done dealing with the manipulation of certain wild-type traits in viruses to develop new vaccines.[6] This research may lead to new ways to combat deadly viruses such as the Ebola virus[7] and HIV.[8] Research using wild-type mutations is also being done to establish how viruses transition between species to identify harmful viruses with the potential to infect humans.[9]
Commercial applicationsedit
Selective breeding to enhance the most beneficial traits is the structure upon which agriculture is built, this expedited the evolution process to make crop plants and animals larger and more disease resistant. Genetic manipulation went further.[10][11] Genetic alteration of plants leads to not only larger crop production, but also more nutritious products, allowing isolated populations to receive vital vitamins and minerals that would otherwise be unavailable to them. Utilization of these wild-type mutations has also led to plants capable of growing in extremely arid environments, making more of the planet habitable than ever before.[12] As more is understood about these genes, agriculture will continue to become a more efficient process, which will be relied upon to sustain a continually growing population. Amplification of advantageous genes allows the best traits in a population to be present at much higher percentages than normal, although this practice has been the subject of some ethical debate. These changes have also been the reason behind certain plants and animals being almost unrecognizable when compared to their ancestral lines.[citation needed]
^"Wild Type vs. Mutant Traits". Miami College of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
^Chari, Sudarshan; Dworkin, Ian (2013). "The Conditional Nature of Genetic Interactions: The Consequences of Wild-Type Backgrounds on Mutational Interactions in a Genome-Wide Modifier Screen". PLOS Genetics. 9 (8): e1003661. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003661. PMC3731224. PMID 23935530.
^Jones, Elizabeth; Hartl, Daniel L. (1998). Genetics: principles and analysis. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. ISBN978-0-7637-0489-6.
^Batista, Franco, Vicentini, Spilki, Silva,Adania, Roehe (2005). "Neutralizing Antibodies against Feline Herpesvirus Type 1 in Captive Wild Felids of Brazil". Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 36 (3): 447–450. doi:10.1638/04-060.1. PMID 17312763. S2CID 42233414.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Zhao, Zhang, Yan, Yang, Wu (July 2014). "Efficacy of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors versus chemotherapy as second-line treatment in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer with wild-type EGFR: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials". Lung Cancer. 85 (1): 66–73. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2014.03.026. PMID 24780111.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Sanchez, Anthony. "Analysis of Filovirus Entry into Vero E6 Cells, Using Inhibitors of Endocytosis, Endosomal Acidification, Structural Integrity, and Cathepsin (B and L) Activity". oxfordjournals.org. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. Retrieved 2014-11-16.
^Sullivan, Nancy; Yang, Zhi-Yong; Nabel, Gary (2003). "Ebola Virus Pathogenesis: Implications for Vaccines and Therapies". Journal of Virology. 77 (18): 9733–9737. doi:10.1128/JVI.77.18.9733-9737.2003. PMC224575. PMID 12941881.
^Quan, Yudong; Xu, Hongtao; Kramer, Vintor; Han, Yingshan; Sloan, Richard; Wainberg, Mark (2014). "Identification of an env-defective HIV-1 mutant capable of spontaneous reversion to a wild-type phenotype in certain T-cell lines". Virology Journal. 11: 177. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-11-177. PMC4283149. PMID 25287969.
^Bieringer, Maria; Han, Jung; Kendl, Sabine; Khosravi, Mojtaba; Plattet, Philippe; Schneider-Schaulies, Jürgen (2013). "Experimental Adaptation of Wild-Type Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) to the Human Entry Receptor CD150". PLOS ONE. 8 (3): e57488. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...857488B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057488. PMC3595274. PMID 23554862.
^Davidson, Nagar, Ribshtein, Shkoda, Perk, Garcia (2009). "Detection of Wild- and Vaccine-Type Avian Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus in Clinical Samples and Feather Shafts of Commercial Chickens Full Access". Avian Diseases. 58 (2): 618–623. doi:10.1637/8668-022709-ResNote.1. PMID 20095166. S2CID 1399313.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^The Humane Society of America. "An HSUS Report: Welfare Issues with Selective Breeding of Egg-Laying Hens for Productivity" (PDF). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^Mahmood, Khalid; Kannangara, Rubini; Jørgensen, Kirsten; Fuglsang, Anja (2014). "Analysis of peptide PSY1 responding transcripts in the two Arabidopsis plant lines: wild type and psy1r receptor mutant". BMC Genomics. 15 (1): 441. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-441. PMC4070568. PMID 24906416.
External linksedit
"Absence of the wild-type allele" – Pediatrics
"Genetically-spliced bacteria may benefit agriculture" – Sarasota Herald-Tribune
"Reading of DNA allows creation of synthetic vaccines" – Star News
"A Curious Clue in Cats" – Newsday
"A Genetically Engineered Agriculture Revolution?" – The Telegraph
"Wild Type Learning Activity"
"Wild-Type vs. Mutant"
February 13, 2024
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For the cultured seafood company see Wildtype company The wild type WT is the phenotype of the typical form of a species as it occurs in nature Originally the wild type was conceptualized as a product of the standard 1 normal allele at a locus in contrast to that produced by a non standard mutant allele Mutant alleles can vary to a great extent and even become the wild type if a genetic shift occurs within the population Continued advancements in genetic mapping technologies have created a better understanding of how mutations occur and interact with other genes to alter phenotype 2 It is now appreciated that most or all gene loci exist in a variety of allelic forms which vary in frequency throughout the geographic range of a species and that a uniform wild type does not exist In general however the most prevalent allele i e the one with the highest gene frequency is the one deemed wild type 3 Unlike culinary bananas wild type bananas have numerous large hard seeds The concept of wild type is useful in some experimental organisms such as fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster in which the standard phenotypes for features such as eye color or wing shape are known to be altered by particular mutations that produce distinctive phenotypes such as white eyes or vestigial wings Wild type alleles are indicated with a superscript for example w and vg for red eyes and full size wings respectively Manipulation of the genes behind these traits led to the current understanding of how organisms form and how traits mutate within a population Research involving the manipulation of wild type alleles has application in many fields including fighting disease and commercial food production Contents 1 Medical applications 2 Commercial applications 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksMedical applications editThe genetic sequence for wild type versus mutant phenotypes and how these genes interact in expression is the subject of much research Better understanding of these processes is hoped to bring about methods for preventing and curing diseases that are currently incurable such as infection with the herpes virus 4 One example of such promising research in these fields was the study done examining the link between wild type mutations and certain types of lung cancer 5 Research is also being done dealing with the manipulation of certain wild type traits in viruses to develop new vaccines 6 This research may lead to new ways to combat deadly viruses such as the Ebola virus 7 and HIV 8 Research using wild type mutations is also being done to establish how viruses transition between species to identify harmful viruses with the potential to infect humans 9 Commercial applications editSelective breeding to enhance the most beneficial traits is the structure upon which agriculture is built this expedited the evolution process to make crop plants and animals larger and more disease resistant Genetic manipulation went further 10 11 Genetic alteration of plants leads to not only larger crop production but also more nutritious products allowing isolated populations to receive vital vitamins and minerals that would otherwise be unavailable to them Utilization of these wild type mutations has also led to plants capable of growing in extremely arid environments making more of the planet habitable than ever before 12 As more is understood about these genes agriculture will continue to become a more efficient process which will be relied upon to sustain a continually growing population Amplification of advantageous genes allows the best traits in a population to be present at much higher percentages than normal although this practice has been the subject of some ethical debate These changes have also been the reason behind certain plants and animals being almost unrecognizable when compared to their ancestral lines citation needed See also editGenotype Phenotype Crop wild relativeReferences edit Wild Type vs Mutant Traits Miami College of Arts and Sciences Retrieved March 2 2016 Chari Sudarshan Dworkin Ian 2013 The Conditional Nature of Genetic Interactions The Consequences of Wild Type Backgrounds on Mutational Interactions in a Genome Wide Modifier Screen PLOS Genetics 9 8 e1003661 doi 10 1371 journal pgen 1003661 PMC 3731224 PMID 23935530 Jones Elizabeth Hartl Daniel L 1998 Genetics principles and analysis Boston Jones and Bartlett Publishers ISBN 978 0 7637 0489 6 Batista Franco Vicentini Spilki Silva Adania Roehe 2005 Neutralizing Antibodies against Feline Herpesvirus Type 1 in Captive Wild Felids of Brazil Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 36 3 447 450 doi 10 1638 04 060 1 PMID 17312763 S2CID 42233414 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Zhao Zhang Yan Yang Wu July 2014 Efficacy of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors versus chemotherapy as second line treatment in advanced non small cell lung cancer with wild type EGFR A meta analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials Lung Cancer 85 1 66 73 doi 10 1016 j lungcan 2014 03 026 PMID 24780111 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Sanchez Anthony Analysis of Filovirus Entry into Vero E6 Cells Using Inhibitors of Endocytosis Endosomal Acidification Structural Integrity and Cathepsin B and L Activity oxfordjournals org The Journal of Infectious Diseases Retrieved 2014 11 16 Sullivan Nancy Yang Zhi Yong Nabel Gary 2003 Ebola Virus Pathogenesis Implications for Vaccines and Therapies Journal of Virology 77 18 9733 9737 doi 10 1128 JVI 77 18 9733 9737 2003 PMC 224575 PMID 12941881 Quan Yudong Xu Hongtao Kramer Vintor Han Yingshan Sloan Richard Wainberg Mark 2014 Identification of an env defective HIV 1 mutant capable of spontaneous reversion to a wild type phenotype in certain T cell lines Virology Journal 11 177 doi 10 1186 1743 422X 11 177 PMC 4283149 PMID 25287969 Bieringer Maria Han Jung Kendl Sabine Khosravi Mojtaba Plattet Philippe Schneider Schaulies Jurgen 2013 Experimental Adaptation of Wild Type Canine Distemper Virus CDV to the Human Entry Receptor CD150 PLOS ONE 8 3 e57488 Bibcode 2013PLoSO 857488B doi 10 1371 journal pone 0057488 PMC 3595274 PMID 23554862 Davidson Nagar Ribshtein Shkoda Perk Garcia 2009 Detection of Wild and Vaccine Type Avian Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus in Clinical Samples and Feather Shafts of Commercial Chickens Full Access Avian Diseases 58 2 618 623 doi 10 1637 8668 022709 ResNote 1 PMID 20095166 S2CID 1399313 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link The Humane Society of America An HSUS Report Welfare Issues with Selective Breeding of Egg Laying Hens for Productivity PDF a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Mahmood Khalid Kannangara Rubini Jorgensen Kirsten Fuglsang Anja 2014 Analysis of peptide PSY1 responding transcripts in the two Arabidopsis plant lines wild type and psy1r receptor mutant BMC Genomics 15 1 441 doi 10 1186 1471 2164 15 441 PMC 4070568 PMID 24906416 External links edit Absence of the wild type allele Pediatrics Genetically spliced bacteria may benefit agriculture Sarasota Herald Tribune Reading of DNA allows creation of synthetic vaccines Star News A Curious Clue in Cats Newsday A Genetically Engineered Agriculture Revolution The Telegraph Wild Type Learning Activity Wild Type vs Mutant Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Wild type amp oldid 1181633880, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
