However, the subsequent 2016 Zhu et al. study using a larger morphological dataset recovered Panxiosteidae well outside of Dunkleosteoidea, leaving the status of Dunkleosteidae as a clade grouping separate from Dunkleosteoidea in doubt, as shown in the cladogram below:[3]
The type genus, Dunkleosteus, is known from Late Frasnian and Famennian-aged marine strata from Europe, Morocco, and North America. The best known species, D. terrelli, is famous as the "world's first vertebrate apex predator," and is estimated to be up to 6 m (20 ft) in length: other species, however, such as D. raveri, are estimated to be 1 m (3.3 ft) in length.
Eastmanosteous is a diverse genus of medium to somewhat large predatory arthrodires very similar in anatomy to the species of Dunkleosteus. Eastmanosteus differs from Dunkleosteus in having a unique tubercle-ornamentation on the dermal surfaces of the plates, a distinctively shaped nuchal plate, and sutures that are more zigzagging. The best studied species, E. calliaspis may not be of this genus due to its recently appreciated relationship to the Emsian-aged genus Xiangshuiosteus.
Heterosteus is from the middle Devonian, found in Europe and Greenland. It is one of the larger members of the family, with an estimated body length of up to 6 metres (20 ft).
This Middle Devonian genus represents the first arthrodire described from China. Fossils are known from the Late Givetian to Early Frasnian-aged Guanwu Formation in Sichuan province.
Xiangshuiosteus was originally described as an arthrodire incertae sedis of the Late Emsian with anatomical features suggestive of both buchanosteids and coccosteids. With the reappraisal of Kiangyousteus, it is now thought to be a dunkleosteid most closely related to Eastmanosteus calliaspis.
Referencesedit
^ abCarr, R.K.; Hlavin, W.J. (2010). "Two new species of Dunkleosteus Lehman, 1956, from the Ohio Shale Formation (USA, Famennian) and the Kettle Point Formation (Canada, Upper Devonian), and a cladistic analysis of the Eubrachythoraci (Placodermi, Arthrodira)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 159 (1): 195–222. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00578.x.
^ abYou-An Zhu; Min Zhu (2013). "A redescription of Kiangyousteus yohii (Arthrodira: Eubrachythoraci) from the Middle Devonian of China, with remarks on the systematics of the Eubrachythoraci". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 169 (4): 798–819. doi:10.1111/zoj12089.
^Zhu, You-An; Zhu, Min; Wang, Jun-Qing (1 April 2016). "Redescription of Yinostius major (Arthrodira: Heterostiidae) from the Lower Devonian of China, and the interrelationships of Brachythoraci". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 176 (4): 806–834. doi:10.1111/zoj.12356. ISSN 0024-4082.
December 15, 2023
dunkleosteidae, extinct, family, arthrodire, placoderms, that, lived, during, devonian, period, gigantic, apex, predator, dunkleosteus, terrelli, best, known, member, this, group, temporal, range, late, emsian, late, famennian, preꞒ, ndunkleosteus, terrelli, s. Dunkleosteidae is an extinct family of arthrodire placoderms that lived during the Devonian period The gigantic apex predator Dunkleosteus terrelli is the best known member of this group DunkleosteidaeTemporal range Late Emsian to Late Famennian 393 3 358 9 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NDunkleosteus terrelli skull Queensland MuseumScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass PlacodermiOrder ArthrodiraSuborder BrachythoraciClade EubrachythoraciClade PachyosteomorphiSuperfamily DunkleosteoideaFamily DunkleosteidaeStensio 1963Type speciesDinichthys terrelliNewberry 1873GeneraDunkleosteus Eastmanosteus Golshanichthys Heterosteus Kiangyousteus Xiangshuiosteus Contents 1 Phylogeny 2 Genera 2 1 Dunkleosteus 2 2 Eastmanosteus 2 3 Golshanichthys 2 4 Heterosteus 2 5 Kiangyousteus 2 6 Xiangshuiosteus 3 ReferencesPhylogeny editWhile members of Dunkleosteidae were previously thought to be close relatives of the genus Dinichthys when they were not synonymized as each other and grouped together in the family Dinichthyidae more recent phylogenetic studies have shown that the two taxa represent two very distinct clades within Arthrodira 1 Dunkleosteidae was then established as the sister taxon to the family Panxiosteidae which together comprised the superfamily Dunkleosteoidea one of the three major clades of Eubrachythoraci 1 Dunkleosteidae was thus cladistically defined as including the type genus Dunkleosteus and all other genera in Dunkleosteoidea more closely related to Dunkleosteus than to Panxiosteus 2 The phylogeny of Dunkleosteidae from the 2013 Zhu amp Zhu study is shown in the cladogram below 2 Eubrachythoraci Coccosteomorphi Coccosteus cuspidatusHarrytoombsia elegansMcnamaraspis kapriosIncisoscutoidea Compagopiscis croucheriIncisoscutum ritchieiIncisoscutum sarahaeCamuropiscidae Latocamurus coulthardiCamuropiscis laidlawiRolfosteus canningensisTubonasus lennardensisFallacosteus turneriAspinothoracidi Dinichthys herzeriHadrosteus rapaxGorgonichthys clarkiHeintzichthys gouldiiSelenosteidae Stenosteus angustopectusGymnotrachelus hydeiRhinosteus parvulusPachyosteus bullaDunkleosteoidea Westralichthys uwagedensisProtitanichthys rockportensisPanxiosteidae Panxiosteus ocullusJaniosteus timanicusPlourdosteus canadensisDunkleosteidae Eastmanosteus calliaspisXiangshuiosteus wuiEastmanosteus pustulosusKiangyousteus yohiiGolshanichthys asiaticaDunkleosteus amblyodoratusDunkleosteus terrelliDunkleosteus raveri PachyosteomorphiHowever the subsequent 2016 Zhu et al study using a larger morphological dataset recovered Panxiosteidae well outside of Dunkleosteoidea leaving the status of Dunkleosteidae as a clade grouping separate from Dunkleosteoidea in doubt as shown in the cladogram below 3 Eubrachythoraci Coccosteomorphi Coccosteoidea Coccosteidae Millerosteus minorCoccosteus cuspidatusDickosteus threiplandiWatsonosteus flettiProtitanichthys rockportensisPanxiosteidae Plourdosteus canadensisPanxiosteus ocullusJaniosteus timanicusIncisoscutoidea Harrytoombsia elegansTorosteus tuberculatusTorosteus pulchellusMcnamaraspis kapriosCompagopiscis croucheriTrematosteus fontanellusCamuropiscidae Incisoscutum ritchieiIncisoscutum sarahaeRolfosteus canningensisTubonasus lennardensisFallacosteus turneriCamuropiscis laidlawiLatocamurus coulthardiPachyosteomorphi Rhachiosteus pterygiatusDunkleosteoidea Eastmanosteus calliaspisEastmanosteus pustulosusKiangyousteus yohiiGolshanichthys asiaticaWestralichthys uwagedensisDunkleosteus raveriDunkleosteus terrelliDunkleosteus amblyodoratusHeterostiidae Heterosteus ingensYinosteus majorAspinothoracidi Tapinosteus heintziBullerichthys fascidensKendrickichthys cavernosusBruntonichthys multidensDinichthys herzeriHadrosteus rapaxGorgonichthys clarkiSelenosteidae Heintzichthys gouldiiPachyosteus bullaGymnotrachelus hydei Stenosteus angustopectusBrachyosteus dietrichiMelanosteus occitanusRhinosteus parvulusGenera editDunkleosteus edit nbsp Restoration of D terrelliThe type genus Dunkleosteus is known from Late Frasnian and Famennian aged marine strata from Europe Morocco and North America The best known species D terrelli is famous as the world s first vertebrate apex predator and is estimated to be up to 6 m 20 ft in length other species however such as D raveri are estimated to be 1 m 3 3 ft in length Eastmanosteus edit Eastmanosteous is a diverse genus of medium to somewhat large predatory arthrodires very similar in anatomy to the species of Dunkleosteus Eastmanosteus differs from Dunkleosteus in having a unique tubercle ornamentation on the dermal surfaces of the plates a distinctively shaped nuchal plate and sutures that are more zigzagging The best studied species E calliaspis may not be of this genus due to its recently appreciated relationship to the Emsian aged genus Xiangshuiosteus Golshanichthys edit Fossils of Golshanichthys are found in Frasnian aged marine strata near Kerman Iran Heterosteus edit Heterosteus is from the middle Devonian found in Europe and Greenland It is one of the larger members of the family with an estimated body length of up to 6 metres 20 ft Kiangyousteus edit nbsp Kiangyousteus yohiiThis Middle Devonian genus represents the first arthrodire described from China Fossils are known from the Late Givetian to Early Frasnian aged Guanwu Formation in Sichuan province Xiangshuiosteus edit Xiangshuiosteus was originally described as an arthrodire incertae sedis of the Late Emsian with anatomical features suggestive of both buchanosteids and coccosteids With the reappraisal of Kiangyousteus it is now thought to be a dunkleosteid most closely related to Eastmanosteus calliaspis References edit a b Carr R K Hlavin W J 2010 Two new species of Dunkleosteus Lehman 1956 from the Ohio Shale Formation USA Famennian and the Kettle Point Formation Canada Upper Devonian and a cladistic analysis of the Eubrachythoraci Placodermi Arthrodira Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 159 1 195 222 doi 10 1111 j 1096 3642 2009 00578 x a b You An Zhu Min Zhu 2013 A redescription of Kiangyousteus yohii Arthrodira Eubrachythoraci from the Middle Devonian of China with remarks on the systematics of the Eubrachythoraci Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 169 4 798 819 doi 10 1111 zoj12089 Zhu You An Zhu Min Wang Jun Qing 1 April 2016 Redescription of Yinostius major Arthrodira Heterostiidae from the Lower Devonian of China and the interrelationships of Brachythoraci Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 4 806 834 doi 10 1111 zoj 12356 ISSN 0024 4082 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Dunkleosteidae amp oldid 1171078043, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
