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Duchy of Antioch

August 22, 2023

The Duchy of Antioch was a Byzantine territory ruled by a duke (dux) appointed by and under the authority of the emperor. It was founded in 969 after the reconquest of Antioch by imperial troops and existed until December 1084, when Suleiman ibn Qutalmish (r. 1077–1086) of the Sultanate of Rum conquered the ducal capital.

Duchy of Antioch
Roman province of the Byzantine Empire

Duchy of Antioch in 1025, in dotted green
CapitalAntioch
History
Historical eraMiddle Ages
• Reconquest of Antioch
969
• Conquest by Solomon I of Rum
1078
Preceded by		 Succeeded by

History

The Duchy of Antioch was created in October 969, soon after the reconquest of Antioch by imperial troops,[1][2] and its first duke (dux) was Eustathios Maleinos, appointed by Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas (r. 963–969), who held office until the following year.[3] Under the duke's jurisdiction were all the subjects of Cilicia, and Syria to the south. Among them was the Theme of Tarsus, with a cavalry staff, as well as others that likely also had armies composed of horsemen.[4]

In 976, the year of the ascension of Basil II (r. 976–1025), Michael Burtzes, the conqueror of Antioch, was made duke. He held office for only a few months until he allied himself with Bardas Skleros who was in revolt against Basil's authority. In 989, Burtzes was again appointed as duke, a position he held until 995 when he was removed by continuous defeats in the face of the Arab onslaught,[5] especially at the Battle of the Orontes. The next duke was Damian Dalassenos, who held office until July 19, 998, when he was defeated and killed by Fatimid troops at the Battle of Apamea.[6][7]

Upon Damian's death, Nikephoros Ouranos, a general who made a career against the First Bulgarian Empire,[8] was appointed to the post of duke of Antioch. Alongside Basil, he carried out a series of military expeditions aimed at appeasing the province, while also assisting in the expansion of the imperial borders toward the Kingdom of the Iberians. As an imperial representative, he acquired full powers of command of the troops stationed on the eastern frontier and, according to a seal of his, was appointed as "lord of the East."[9][10]

After a succession of little-known dukes, the next prominent incumbent was Constantine Dalassenos, son of Damian Dalasseno, who held the post between 1024 and 1025.[11] In 1055, Katakalon Kekaumenos was appointed to the position,[12] and later Nikephoritzes (1061-1063), the future minister of Emperor Michael VII Dukas (r. 1071–1078).[13] In 1071, after the decisive Battle of Manzikert against the Seljuk Turks, John Tarchaneiotes was appointed as the new local governor.[14] For the next seven years, Antioch would experience a series of popular uprisings, only subdued by Isaac Komnenos.[15]

Parallel to the troubles in Antioch, Philaretos Brachamios revolted against the imperial authority and assumed the title of emperor upon the death of Romanos IV Diogenes (r. 1068–1071), who had been defeated at Manzikert by the Seljukids. In 1078, Nikephoros III Botaneiates (r. 1078–1081), ceded the office of duke to Philaret in exchange for giving up the imperial claim.[16] He was the last duke of Antioch, holding the post until December 1084, when Suleiman ibn Qutalmish (r. 1077–1086), from the Sultanate of Rum, conquered the ducal capital.

Dukes

Notes

  1. ^ For other names not mentioned here (in Portuguese), see the corresponding article in Portuguese

References

  1. ^ Holmes (2005, pp. 331–334)
  2. ^ Whittow (1996, p. 354)
  3. ^ a b Holmes (2005, p. 337)
  4. ^ Treadgold (1995, p. 115)
  5. ^ a b "Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor". asiaminor.ehw.gr. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  6. ^ a b Trombley (1997, p. 270)
  7. ^ a b Holmes (2005, p. 349)
  8. ^ Holmes (2005, pp. 166–167)
  9. ^ a b Magdalino (2003, p. 88)
  10. ^ a b Holmes (2005, pp. 350–351)
  11. ^ a b Kazhdan (1991, p. 578)
  12. ^ Kazhdan (1991, p. 1113)
  13. ^ Kazhdan (1991, p. 1475)
  14. ^ a b Kazhdan (1991, p. 2011)
  15. ^ Kazhdan (1991, p. 1144)
  16. ^ Finlay (1854, p. 50)
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Nesbitt & Oikonomides (2005, p. 21)
  18. ^ a b Nesbitt & Oikonomides (2005, pp. 21–22)
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h Nesbitt & Oikonomides (2005, p. 22)
  20. ^ Norwich (1997, p. 238)

Bibliography

  • Finlay, George (1854). History of the Byzantine and Greek Empires from 1057 - 1453. Edinburgh: William Blackwood & Sons.
  • Holmes, Catherine (2005). Basil II and the Governance of Empire (976–1025). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-927968-5.
  • Kazhdan, Alexander Petrovich (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Nova Iorque e Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
  • Magdalino, Paul (2003). Byzantium in the Year 1000. Leida: Brill. ISBN 90-04-12097-1.
  • Nesbitt, John W.; Oikonomides, Nicolas (2005). Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art: The East (continued), Constantinople and environs, unknown locations, addenda, uncertain readings. Washington: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. ISBN 0-88402-226-9.
  • Norwich, John Julius (1997). A Short History of Byzantium. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-67-977269-9.
  • Treadgold, Warren (1995). Byzantium and Its Army, 284–1081. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2420-2.
  • Trombley, Frank (1997). "The Taktika of Nikephoros Ouranos and Military Encyclopaedism". In Binkley, Peter (ed.). Pre-Modern Encyclopaedic Texts: Proceedings of the Second COMERS Congress, Groningen, 1-4 July 1996. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-10830-1.
  • Whittow, Mark (1996). The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025. Berkeley e Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20496-4.

August 22, 2023
duchy, antioch, byzantine, territory, ruled, duke, appointed, under, authority, emperor, founded, after, reconquest, antioch, imperial, troops, existed, until, december, 1084, when, suleiman, qutalmish, 1077, 1086, sultanate, conquered, ducal, capital, roman, . The Duchy of Antioch was a Byzantine territory ruled by a duke dux appointed by and under the authority of the emperor It was founded in 969 after the reconquest of Antioch by imperial troops and existed until December 1084 when Suleiman ibn Qutalmish r 1077 1086 of the Sultanate of Rum conquered the ducal capital Duchy of AntiochRoman province of the Byzantine EmpireDuchy of Antioch in 1025 in dotted greenCapitalAntiochHistoryHistorical eraMiddle Ages Reconquest of Antioch969 Conquest by Solomon I of Rum1078Preceded by Succeeded byAleppo Sultanate of Rum Contents 1 History 2 Dukes 3 Notes 4 References 5 BibliographyHistory EditThe Duchy of Antioch was created in October 969 soon after the reconquest of Antioch by imperial troops 1 2 and its first duke dux was Eustathios Maleinos appointed by Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas r 963 969 who held office until the following year 3 Under the duke s jurisdiction were all the subjects of Cilicia and Syria to the south Among them was the Theme of Tarsus with a cavalry staff as well as others that likely also had armies composed of horsemen 4 In 976 the year of the ascension of Basil II r 976 1025 Michael Burtzes the conqueror of Antioch was made duke He held office for only a few months until he allied himself with Bardas Skleros who was in revolt against Basil s authority In 989 Burtzes was again appointed as duke a position he held until 995 when he was removed by continuous defeats in the face of the Arab onslaught 5 especially at the Battle of the Orontes The next duke was Damian Dalassenos who held office until July 19 998 when he was defeated and killed by Fatimid troops at the Battle of Apamea 6 7 Upon Damian s death Nikephoros Ouranos a general who made a career against the First Bulgarian Empire 8 was appointed to the post of duke of Antioch Alongside Basil he carried out a series of military expeditions aimed at appeasing the province while also assisting in the expansion of the imperial borders toward the Kingdom of the Iberians As an imperial representative he acquired full powers of command of the troops stationed on the eastern frontier and according to a seal of his was appointed as lord of the East 9 10 After a succession of little known dukes the next prominent incumbent was Constantine Dalassenos son of Damian Dalasseno who held the post between 1024 and 1025 11 In 1055 Katakalon Kekaumenos was appointed to the position 12 and later Nikephoritzes 1061 1063 the future minister of Emperor Michael VII Dukas r 1071 1078 13 In 1071 after the decisive Battle of Manzikert against the Seljuk Turks John Tarchaneiotes was appointed as the new local governor 14 For the next seven years Antioch would experience a series of popular uprisings only subdued by Isaac Komnenos 15 Parallel to the troubles in Antioch Philaretos Brachamios revolted against the imperial authority and assumed the title of emperor upon the death of Romanos IV Diogenes r 1068 1071 who had been defeated at Manzikert by the Seljukids In 1078 Nikephoros III Botaneiates r 1078 1081 ceded the office of duke to Philaret in exchange for giving up the imperial claim 16 He was the last duke of Antioch holding the post until December 1084 when Suleiman ibn Qutalmish r 1077 1086 from the Sultanate of Rum conquered the ducal capital Dukes EditEustathios Maleinos 969 note 1 3 Michael Bourtzes 970 976 989 995 5 17 Bardas Phokas the Younger 986 987 17 Leo Phokas the Younger 987 989 17 Damian Dalassenos 995 998 6 7 17 Nikephoros Ouranos 998 1007 1011 9 10 Michael the koitonites 1011 17 Constantine Dalassenos 1024 1025 11 17 Michael Spondyles 1026 1029 17 Constantine Karantenos 1029 1030 17 Theophylact Dalassenos 1032 1034 17 Leo After 1037 17 Constantine 1037 1038 17 Katakalon Kekaumenos Before September 1056 18 Michael Ouranos 1056 summer of 1057 18 Nikephoros III Botaneiates 1067 1068 19 Peter Libellisios 1068 1069 19 Nikephoritzes 1062 1063 1067 19 Joseph Tarchaneiotes 1072 1074 19 Katakalon Tarchaneiotes 1074 14 20 Isaac Komnenos 1074 1078 19 Michael Maurex Ca 1078 19 Vasak Pahlavouni 1078 19 Philaretos Brachamios 1078 1079 1084 19 Notes Edit For other names not mentioned here in Portuguese see the corresponding article in PortugueseReferences Edit Holmes 2005 pp 331 334 Whittow 1996 p 354 a b Holmes 2005 p 337 Treadgold 1995 p 115 a b Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World Asia Minor asiaminor ehw gr Retrieved 20 November 2014 a b Trombley 1997 p 270 a b Holmes 2005 p 349 Holmes 2005 pp 166 167 a b Magdalino 2003 p 88 a b Holmes 2005 pp 350 351 a b Kazhdan 1991 p 578 Kazhdan 1991 p 1113 Kazhdan 1991 p 1475 a b Kazhdan 1991 p 2011 Kazhdan 1991 p 1144 Finlay 1854 p 50 a b c d e f g h i j k Nesbitt amp Oikonomides 2005 p 21 a b Nesbitt amp Oikonomides 2005 pp 21 22 a b c d e f g h Nesbitt amp Oikonomides 2005 p 22 Norwich 1997 p 238 Bibliography EditFinlay George 1854 History of the Byzantine and Greek Empires from 1057 1453 Edinburgh William Blackwood amp Sons Holmes Catherine 2005 Basil II and the Governance of Empire 976 1025 Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 927968 5 Kazhdan Alexander Petrovich 1991 The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium Nova Iorque e Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 504652 8 Magdalino Paul 2003 Byzantium in the Year 1000 Leida Brill ISBN 90 04 12097 1 Nesbitt John W Oikonomides Nicolas 2005 Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art The East continued Constantinople and environs unknown locations addenda uncertain readings Washington Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection ISBN 0 88402 226 9 Norwich John Julius 1997 A Short History of Byzantium New York Vintage Books ISBN 978 0 67 977269 9 Treadgold Warren 1995 Byzantium and Its Army 284 1081 Stanford Stanford University Press ISBN 0 8047 2420 2 Trombley Frank 1997 The Taktika of Nikephoros Ouranos and Military Encyclopaedism In Binkley Peter ed Pre Modern Encyclopaedic Texts Proceedings of the Second COMERS Congress Groningen 1 4 July 1996 Brill ISBN 978 90 04 10830 1 Whittow Mark 1996 The Making of Byzantium 600 1025 Berkeley e Los Angeles University of California Press ISBN 0 520 20496 4 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Duchy of Antioch amp oldid 1155470133, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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