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Doping at the 1999 Tour de France

At the time of the 1999 Tour de France there was no official test for EPO. In August 2005, 60 remaining antidoping samples from the 1998 Tour and 84 remaining antidoping samples given by riders during the 1999 Tour, were tested retrospectively for recombinant EPO by using three recently developed detection methods. More precisely the laboratory compared the result of test method A: "Autoradiography — visual inspection of light emitted from a strip displaying the isoelectric profile for EPO" (published in the Nature journal as the first EPO detection method in June 2000[1]), with the result of test method B: "Percentage of basic isoforms — using an ultra-sensitive camera that by percentage quantify the light intensity emitted from each of the isoelectric bands" (pioneered at the Olympics in September 2000, with values above 80% classified as positive, but the laboratory applying an 85% threshold for retrospective samples — to be absolutely certain that no false-positives can occur when analyzing on samples stored for multiple years). For those samples with enough urine left, these results of test method A+B were finally also compared with the best and latest test method C: "Statistical discriminant analysis — taking account all the band profiles by statistical distinguish calculations for each band" (which feature both higher sensitivity and accuracy compared to test method B[2]).[3]

At first, the rider names with a positive sample in the retrospective test were not made public, because this extra test had only been conducted as scientific research, with the purpose of validating the newest invented EPO-test method based on "statistical discriminant analysis". On 23 August 2005, only one day after the confidential test report had been submitted by the test laboratory LNDD to WADA and the French Ministry for Sports, the French newspaper L'Équipe however reported, that after having access to all Lance Armstrong's Sample IDs, they had managed to link him to 6 out of the 12 "definitely EPO-positive" samples.[4] The phrase "definitely EPO-positive" referred to that all three applied test methods (A+B+C) had returned a positive result,[4] and it was reported Armstrong's six samples satisfying this requirement had been collected on the following dates: 3+4+13+14+16+18 July 1999.[5] From the leaked report it was also possible to conclude, that all of the four unidentified riders tested at the Prologue on top of the list, had submitted samples being EPO positive by all three applied test methods. As it was known from earlier press reports, that only four named riders (Beltran, Castelblanco, Hamburger and Armstrong) had been tested in the Prologue, they were all identified as having tested EPO-positive.[6]

In response, UCI published the so-called Vrijman report in May 2006, where they alleged WADA had been responsible for the leak of the confidential test report to the press, and had been plotting against Lance Armstrong when they asked the French laboratory to note sample IDs in their confidential report, as Vrijman suspected they already had inside knowledge of some journalists being in possession of Armstrongs confidential doping forms — knowing that this all together could be used to link him to the positive samples.[7] However, a few days later, WADA published a full written reply to completely rebut this accusation, and was moreover able to prove the journalist in fact had received the Armstrong doping forms by legal ways, from UCI itself — with Armstrong's written consent — and without any help/interference by WADA.[8]

In July 2013, the antidoping committee of the French Senate decided it would benefit the current doping fight to shed some more light on the past, and so decided — as part of their "Commission of Inquiry into the effectiveness of the fight against doping" report — to publish all of the 1998 rider doping forms and some of the 1999 rider doping forms, along with the result of the retrospective test of the 1998+1999 samples, which made name identification possible for the various sample IDs. This publication revealed for the 1999 samples, that 13 of the 20 positive samples belonged to 6 riders (Lance Armstrong, Kevin Livingston, Manuel Beltrán, José Castelblanco, Bo Hamburger, and Wladimir Belli), with the remaining 7 positive samples still not identified. Beside of the 20 positive samples, 34 were reported to have tested negative, and the remaining 30 samples were inconclusive due to sample degradation.[3]

Tests edit

Confessions edit

Among the riders testing EPO positive during the 1999 Tour, the following riders have confessed indeed to be EPO positive:

  • Lance Armstrong was in August 2012 – despite of not having confessed any guilt yet — given a lifetime ban by USADA for doping with EPO, testosterone and human growth hormones in 1996, and EPO, blood transfusions, testosterone and cortisone throughout 1998–2005, and having a positive indication of "blood manipulation" during his comeback to cycling in the 2009 Tour de France. Beside of being convicted for this long list of possession and use of doping, he was also ruled guilty of trafficking and administration of EPO, testosterone and corticosteroids, along with also — towards his teammates — having assisted, encouraged, aided, abetted and covered up doping use.[11] Along with the lifetime ban, USADA decided, that because Armstrong previously had been lying under oath, then WADA's standard rule about eight years statute of limitations should be disregarded,[12] and thus ruled all his competitive results since 1 August 1998 to be disqualified.[11] Armstrong confessed on 18 January 2013 in a television interview conducted by Oprah Winfrey, that he indeed had doped throughout 1996–2005 (including his seven Tour wins), but denied the allegation of having manipulated his blood during his comeback years in 2009–11.[13]

Among the riders in the race who never had their samples tested doping positive, the following nevertheless later on confessed also to have doped in preparation/during the 1999 Tour de France:

  • Michael Boogerd (Rabobank), confessed using cortisone, EPO and blood doping throughout 1997–2007.[14]
  • George Hincapie (US Postal), confessed in his affidavit to the USADA that he used EPO and other doping substances throughout 1996–2006 (incl. blood doping throughout 2001–2005). Specifically about the 1999 Tour de France, he confessed using EPO in the preparation weeks ahead of the race, along with testosterone during the race, and testified he knew Tyler Hamilton and Kevin Livingston also used EPO during the race.[15]
  • Christian Vande Velde (US Postal), confessed in his affidavit to the USADA to have used doping during the time from January 1999 to April 2006. In 1999 he doped with Actovegin in the spring and testosterone during the Tour de France. In 2000 he doped with growth hormones and cortisone (incl. Synacthen). Throughout 2001–2003 he paid a percentage of his salary to Michele Ferrari, for joining a regular EPO doping program organized via his team, with injection of some modest 500/1000 EPO units in the evening, to ensure he would never test positive, as the doctor had told him it then became undetectable only 12 hours after the injection. After changing team to Liberty Seguros in 2004, he doped regularly with growth hormones and EPO, supplied through his team doctor. When changing team next year to Team CSC there was no team organized doping, but nevertheless he opted at his own initiative a single time to use testosterone. Since April 2006, he however had always competed entirely clean in all races.[16]
  • Erik Zabel (Telekom), admitted having doped with cortisone, "magic potion" (caffeine+Persantine+Alupent), painkillers and EPO, throughout 1996–2002. In 2003 he used the same doping substances, but replaced EPO with autologous blood doping ahead of the Tour de France. For the years 2004–2005, he wanted to race clean and did not take any doping substances, except for the "magic potion", which he claim at that point of time not knowing the exact content of. After changing team from Telekom to Milram, he always competed entirely clean in the remaining part of his career, stretching from 2006 to 2008. Explicitly about his EPO abuse in the Tour de France, he explained he abused it both during the Tour and in the 2-3 week preparation phase ahead, in 1997 and 1998. For the years in 1996 and 1999–2002 his EPO abuse did not happen during the race, but was limited to the 2-3 week preparation phase ahead of the Tour. When he blood doped in 2003, this also took place shortly ahead of the Tour start, and not during the race.[17]

Christophe Bassons edit

French rider Christophe Bassons had come to be known as one of the few riders of the Festina scandal who was not doping. During the 1999 tour he wrote some articles about cycling, the tour, and about doping, finding the speeds to be "suspicious".[18] The peloton began to turn against him, refusing to speak to him, and otherwise shunning him.[19]

Stage 10 occurred on July 14 and was from Sestrieres to Alpe d'Huez. Bassons would later tell the story of this stage to media, including an October 2012 interview with the BBC. He said that nobody had been talking to him. The entire peloton planned to ride slow for the first 100 km without telling him. Bassons only heard about this because a mechanic from his team told him. Bassons decided he was "fed up" and decided to ride ahead of the others ("attacked from the start"). As they came to a flat spot, "all of the teams rode together to close me down". As the teams rode by him, they looked at him.[19]

" . . . and then Lance Armstrong reached me. He grabbed me by the shoulder, because he knew that everyone would be watching, and he knew that at that moment, he could show everyone that he was the boss. He stopped me, and he said what I was saying wasn't true, what I was saying was bad for cycling, that I mustn't say it, that I had no right to be a professional cyclist, that I should quit cycling, that I should quit the tour, and finished by saying [*beep*] you. . . . I was depressed for 6 months. I was crying all of the time. I was in a really bad way." – Bassons, on BBC Radio 5, 2012 10 15[19]

In 2011/2012, after investigations into past doping in cycling, especially the 2012 USADA report on Armstrong's US Postal Service team, the media began to re-tell Bassons story. In one interview for the BBC, Armstrong teammate Tyler Hamilton publicly apologized for being part of the peloton that shunned him, saying that he was "100% wrong" not to talk to him. Bassons said "that's life, it's nothing. I don't begrudge Hamilton. I understand."[19]

David Walsh would later claim that Armstrong's treatment of Bassons was what first raised doubts about Armstrong in his mind. These doubts culminated in the 2004 book L. A. Confidentiel which he co-wrote with Pierre Ballester. It contained testimony from Emma O'Reilly (US Postal soigneur) and others about Armstrong's alleged doping, including during the 1999 tour.[20]

Notes edit

  1. ^ Unmarked samples were tested positive by all three test methods. Positive samples marked with a *, were only analyzed by the visual inspection test "autoradiography" (referred to as "test method A"), and not by one of the later WADA approved EPO detection test methods (referred to as test method B and C). Positive samples marked with **, were analyzed positive by both test method A+C.[3] The two first samples marked with ***, returned a positive result by all three test methods, and have been identified through the fact that only four riders (Beltran, Castelblanco, Hamburger and Armstrong) were tested on 3 July, while we know from the report plus another source that sample ID 160-297 and 160-300 belong respectively to Armstrong[9] and Hamburger,[3] and thus it can be concluded the two remaining unidentified positives from 3 July belong to Manuel Beltrán and José Castelblanco.[6]

References edit

  1. ^ Françoise Lasne & Jacques de Ceaurriz (8 June 2000). "Recombinant erythropoietin in urine". Nature. 405 (6787): 635. Bibcode:2000Natur.405..635L. doi:10.1038/35015164. PMID 10864311. S2CID 4428272.
  2. ^ Françoise Lasne; et al. (13 June 2006). "Detection of recombinant human erythropoietin in urine for doping analysis — Interpretation of isoelectric profiles by discriminant analysis" (PDF). Electrophoresis 2007, 28, p.1875–1881. Electrophoresis. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Rapport Fait au nom de la commission d'enquête sur l'efficacité de la lutte contre le dopage (Annexe 6: Résultats test EPO Tour De France 1998 et 1999)" (PDF). N° 782, Sénat Session Extraordinaire de 2012–2013 (in French). French Senate. 17 July 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  4. ^ a b "An interview with L'Équipe's Damien Ressiot: The author of it all". Cyclingnews. 7 September 2005. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  5. ^ "Tour champion under the microscope again: Did Armstrong and six others use EPO in 1999?". Cyclingnews. 23 August 2005. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  6. ^ a b c d "First Edition Cycling News for September 12, 2005: Three more names published from 1999 Tour". Cyclingnews. 12 September 2005. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  7. ^ (PDF). Cyclingnews. 31 May 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 August 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  8. ^ "Official statement from WADA on the Vrijman report" (PDF). WADA. 19 June 2006. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i . Velocity Nation. 2 April 2009. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  10. ^ "L'UCI a couvert Lance Armstrong dès le Tour 1999". Le Monde (in French). 21 January 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  11. ^ a b "Lance Armstrong Receives Lifetime Ban And Disqualification Of Competitive Results For Doping Violations Stemming From His Involvement In The United States Postal Service Pro-Cycling Team Doping Conspiracy, USADA". Usada.org. 24 August 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  12. ^ "Klier admits usage of doping products during his pro career, loses results from 2005 onwards". VeloNation. 15 August 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  13. ^ "Lance Armstrong comes clean". ESPN News Services. 17 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  14. ^ "Boogerd gives detailed confession about doping to Dutch media". Velonation. 6 March 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  15. ^ (PDF). USADA. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-29. Retrieved 2016-10-17.
  16. ^ (PDF). USADA. 25 September 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  17. ^ "Erik Zabel im SZ-Interview "Meine Schuld wird mich immer begleiten"" (in German). Sueddeutsche Zeitung. 30 July 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
  18. ^ Bassons: ‘People Now See I Wasn’t Lying’ Archived November 4, 2013, at the National and University Library of Iceland, James Startt, Bicycling.com, October 15th, 2012
  19. ^ a b c d Peddlers - Cycling's Dirty Truth, 54:00, Mark Chapman, including interviews with Tyler Hamilton, Bassons, and others. BBC Radio 5 live, 2012 10 15, retr 2012 10 16
  20. ^ David Walsh: 'It was obvious to me Lance Armstrong was doping' Andrew Pugh, Press Gazette, 11 October 2012, retr 2012 10 20

doping, 1999, tour, france, time, 1999, tour, france, there, official, test, august, 2005, remaining, antidoping, samples, from, 1998, tour, remaining, antidoping, samples, given, riders, during, 1999, tour, were, tested, retrospectively, recombinant, using, t. At the time of the 1999 Tour de France there was no official test for EPO In August 2005 60 remaining antidoping samples from the 1998 Tour and 84 remaining antidoping samples given by riders during the 1999 Tour were tested retrospectively for recombinant EPO by using three recently developed detection methods More precisely the laboratory compared the result of test method A Autoradiography visual inspection of light emitted from a strip displaying the isoelectric profile for EPO published in the Nature journal as the first EPO detection method in June 2000 1 with the result of test method B Percentage of basic isoforms using an ultra sensitive camera that by percentage quantify the light intensity emitted from each of the isoelectric bands pioneered at the Olympics in September 2000 with values above 80 classified as positive but the laboratory applying an 85 threshold for retrospective samples to be absolutely certain that no false positives can occur when analyzing on samples stored for multiple years For those samples with enough urine left these results of test method A B were finally also compared with the best and latest test method C Statistical discriminant analysis taking account all the band profiles by statistical distinguish calculations for each band which feature both higher sensitivity and accuracy compared to test method B 2 3 At first the rider names with a positive sample in the retrospective test were not made public because this extra test had only been conducted as scientific research with the purpose of validating the newest invented EPO test method based on statistical discriminant analysis On 23 August 2005 only one day after the confidential test report had been submitted by the test laboratory LNDD to WADA and the French Ministry for Sports the French newspaper L Equipe however reported that after having access to all Lance Armstrong s Sample IDs they had managed to link him to 6 out of the 12 definitely EPO positive samples 4 The phrase definitely EPO positive referred to that all three applied test methods A B C had returned a positive result 4 and it was reported Armstrong s six samples satisfying this requirement had been collected on the following dates 3 4 13 14 16 18 July 1999 5 From the leaked report it was also possible to conclude that all of the four unidentified riders tested at the Prologue on top of the list had submitted samples being EPO positive by all three applied test methods As it was known from earlier press reports that only four named riders Beltran Castelblanco Hamburger and Armstrong had been tested in the Prologue they were all identified as having tested EPO positive 6 In response UCI published the so called Vrijman report in May 2006 where they alleged WADA had been responsible for the leak of the confidential test report to the press and had been plotting against Lance Armstrong when they asked the French laboratory to note sample IDs in their confidential report as Vrijman suspected they already had inside knowledge of some journalists being in possession of Armstrongs confidential doping forms knowing that this all together could be used to link him to the positive samples 7 However a few days later WADA published a full written reply to completely rebut this accusation and was moreover able to prove the journalist in fact had received the Armstrong doping forms by legal ways from UCI itself with Armstrong s written consent and without any help interference by WADA 8 In July 2013 the antidoping committee of the French Senate decided it would benefit the current doping fight to shed some more light on the past and so decided as part of their Commission of Inquiry into the effectiveness of the fight against doping report to publish all of the 1998 rider doping forms and some of the 1999 rider doping forms along with the result of the retrospective test of the 1998 1999 samples which made name identification possible for the various sample IDs This publication revealed for the 1999 samples that 13 of the 20 positive samples belonged to 6 riders Lance Armstrong Kevin Livingston Manuel Beltran Jose Castelblanco Bo Hamburger and Wladimir Belli with the remaining 7 positive samples still not identified Beside of the 20 positive samples 34 were reported to have tested negative and the remaining 30 samples were inconclusive due to sample degradation 3 Contents 1 Tests 2 Confessions 3 Christophe Bassons 4 Notes 5 ReferencesTests edit34 Negative samples for Recombinant EPO 3 Sample ID Date Rider Team 185 553 04 4 July No ID N A 185 558 04 4 July No ID N A 185 559 04 4 July No ID N A 185 560 04 4 July No ID N A 186 581 05 Serie Labo 13 07 5 6 July No ID N A 186 582 05 Serie Labo 13 07 5 6 July No ID N A 186 587 05 Serie Labo 13 07 5 6 July No ID N A 160 292 06 Serie Labo 40 07 6 5 July No ID N A 186 590 06 Serie Labo 40 07 6 5 July No ID N A 186 075 07 7 July No ID N A 186 076 07 7 July No ID N A 186 077 07 7 July No ID N A 186 079 07 7 July nbsp Mariano Piccoli ITA Lampre 186 071 10 Serie Labo 55 07 10 12 July No ID N A 186 073 10 Serie Labo 55 07 10 12 July No ID N A 157 378 09 9 July No ID N A 157 380 09 9 July No ID N A 160 296 08 8 July nbsp Marcos Serrano ESP ONCE 157 376 12 Serie Labo 61 07 12 10 July No ID N A 160 291 12 Serie Labo 61 07 12 10 July No ID N A 186 078 12 Serie Labo 61 07 12 10 July No ID N A 186 080 12 Serie Labo 61 07 12 10 July No ID N A 186 396 13 July No ID N A 186 398 13 July nbsp Jorg Jaksche GER Telekom 185 893 14 July No ID N A 186 589 11 July nbsp Andrea Peron ITA ONCE 185 472 16 July No ID N A 185 480 16 July No ID N A 185 478 17 July No ID N A 185 891 18 July No ID N A 185 896 20 July nbsp Abraham Olano ESP ONCE 185 884 22 July nbsp Tom Steels BEL Mapei 185 900 22 July nbsp Lylian Lebreton FRA BigMat Auber 93 186 358 22 July nbsp Gabriele Colombo ITA Cantina Tollo 20 Positive samples for Recombinant EPO 3 n 1 Sample ID Date Rider Team 157 371 or160 294 03 3 July nbsp Manuel Beltran ESP 6 Banesto 160 294 or157 371 03 3 July nbsp Jose Castelblanco COL 6 Kelme 160 297 03 3 July nbsp Lance Armstrong USA 9 US Postal 160 300 03 3 July nbsp Bo Hamburger DEN 3 Cantina Tollo 157 372 04 4 July nbsp Lance Armstrong USA 9 10 US Postal 186 585 05 Serie Labo 13 07 5 6 July No ID N A 186 586 05 Serie Labo 13 07 5 6 July No ID N A 157 373 09 9 July nbsp Kevin Livingston USA 3 US Postal 160 293 12 Serie Labo 61 07 12 10 July No ID N A 186 584 11 July nbsp Lance Armstrong USA 9 US Postal 185 557 13 July nbsp Lance Armstrong USA 9 US Postal 185 894 13 July No ID N A 185 479 14 July nbsp Lance Armstrong USA 3 9 US Postal 186 399 14 July No ID N A 185 475 16 July nbsp Lance Armstrong USA 9 US Postal 185 895 17 July nbsp Lance Armstrong USA 9 US Postal 185 892 18 July No ID N A 185 898 18 July No ID N A 186 397 18 July nbsp Lance Armstrong USA 9 US Postal 185 555 20 July nbsp Wladimir Belli ITA 3 Festina LotusConfessions editAmong the riders testing EPO positive during the 1999 Tour the following riders have confessed indeed to be EPO positive Lance Armstrong was in August 2012 despite of not having confessed any guilt yet given a lifetime ban by USADA for doping with EPO testosterone and human growth hormones in 1996 and EPO blood transfusions testosterone and cortisone throughout 1998 2005 and having a positive indication of blood manipulation during his comeback to cycling in the 2009 Tour de France Beside of being convicted for this long list of possession and use of doping he was also ruled guilty of trafficking and administration of EPO testosterone and corticosteroids along with also towards his teammates having assisted encouraged aided abetted and covered up doping use 11 Along with the lifetime ban USADA decided that because Armstrong previously had been lying under oath then WADA s standard rule about eight years statute of limitations should be disregarded 12 and thus ruled all his competitive results since 1 August 1998 to be disqualified 11 Armstrong confessed on 18 January 2013 in a television interview conducted by Oprah Winfrey that he indeed had doped throughout 1996 2005 including his seven Tour wins but denied the allegation of having manipulated his blood during his comeback years in 2009 11 13 Among the riders in the race who never had their samples tested doping positive the following nevertheless later on confessed also to have doped in preparation during the 1999 Tour de France Michael Boogerd Rabobank confessed using cortisone EPO and blood doping throughout 1997 2007 14 George Hincapie US Postal confessed in his affidavit to the USADA that he used EPO and other doping substances throughout 1996 2006 incl blood doping throughout 2001 2005 Specifically about the 1999 Tour de France he confessed using EPO in the preparation weeks ahead of the race along with testosterone during the race and testified he knew Tyler Hamilton and Kevin Livingston also used EPO during the race 15 Christian Vande Velde US Postal confessed in his affidavit to the USADA to have used doping during the time from January 1999 to April 2006 In 1999 he doped with Actovegin in the spring and testosterone during the Tour de France In 2000 he doped with growth hormones and cortisone incl Synacthen Throughout 2001 2003 he paid a percentage of his salary to Michele Ferrari for joining a regular EPO doping program organized via his team with injection of some modest 500 1000 EPO units in the evening to ensure he would never test positive as the doctor had told him it then became undetectable only 12 hours after the injection After changing team to Liberty Seguros in 2004 he doped regularly with growth hormones and EPO supplied through his team doctor When changing team next year to Team CSC there was no team organized doping but nevertheless he opted at his own initiative a single time to use testosterone Since April 2006 he however had always competed entirely clean in all races 16 Erik Zabel Telekom admitted having doped with cortisone magic potion caffeine Persantine Alupent painkillers and EPO throughout 1996 2002 In 2003 he used the same doping substances but replaced EPO with autologous blood doping ahead of the Tour de France For the years 2004 2005 he wanted to race clean and did not take any doping substances except for the magic potion which he claim at that point of time not knowing the exact content of After changing team from Telekom to Milram he always competed entirely clean in the remaining part of his career stretching from 2006 to 2008 Explicitly about his EPO abuse in the Tour de France he explained he abused it both during the Tour and in the 2 3 week preparation phase ahead in 1997 and 1998 For the years in 1996 and 1999 2002 his EPO abuse did not happen during the race but was limited to the 2 3 week preparation phase ahead of the Tour When he blood doped in 2003 this also took place shortly ahead of the Tour start and not during the race 17 Christophe Bassons editFrench rider Christophe Bassons had come to be known as one of the few riders of the Festina scandal who was not doping During the 1999 tour he wrote some articles about cycling the tour and about doping finding the speeds to be suspicious 18 The peloton began to turn against him refusing to speak to him and otherwise shunning him 19 Stage 10 occurred on July 14 and was from Sestrieres to Alpe d Huez Bassons would later tell the story of this stage to media including an October 2012 interview with the BBC He said that nobody had been talking to him The entire peloton planned to ride slow for the first 100 km without telling him Bassons only heard about this because a mechanic from his team told him Bassons decided he was fed up and decided to ride ahead of the others attacked from the start As they came to a flat spot all of the teams rode together to close me down As the teams rode by him they looked at him 19 and then Lance Armstrong reached me He grabbed me by the shoulder because he knew that everyone would be watching and he knew that at that moment he could show everyone that he was the boss He stopped me and he said what I was saying wasn t true what I was saying was bad for cycling that I mustn t say it that I had no right to be a professional cyclist that I should quit cycling that I should quit the tour and finished by saying beep you I was depressed for 6 months I was crying all of the time I was in a really bad way Bassons on BBC Radio 5 2012 10 15 19 In 2011 2012 after investigations into past doping in cycling especially the 2012 USADA report on Armstrong s US Postal Service team the media began to re tell Bassons story In one interview for the BBC Armstrong teammate Tyler Hamilton publicly apologized for being part of the peloton that shunned him saying that he was 100 wrong not to talk to him Bassons said that s life it s nothing I don t begrudge Hamilton I understand 19 David Walsh would later claim that Armstrong s treatment of Bassons was what first raised doubts about Armstrong in his mind These doubts culminated in the 2004 book L A Confidentiel which he co wrote with Pierre Ballester It contained testimony from Emma O Reilly US Postal soigneur and others about Armstrong s alleged doping including during the 1999 tour 20 Notes edit Unmarked samples were tested positive by all three test methods Positive samples marked with a were only analyzed by the visual inspection test autoradiography referred to as test method A and not by one of the later WADA approved EPO detection test methods referred to as test method B and C Positive samples marked with were analyzed positive by both test method A C 3 The two first samples marked with returned a positive result by all three test methods and have been identified through the fact that only four riders Beltran Castelblanco Hamburger and Armstrong were tested on 3 July while we know from the report plus another source that sample ID 160 297 and 160 300 belong respectively to Armstrong 9 and Hamburger 3 and thus it can be concluded the two remaining unidentified positives from 3 July belong to Manuel Beltran and Jose Castelblanco 6 References edit Francoise Lasne amp Jacques de Ceaurriz 8 June 2000 Recombinant erythropoietin in urine Nature 405 6787 635 Bibcode 2000Natur 405 635L doi 10 1038 35015164 PMID 10864311 S2CID 4428272 Francoise Lasne et al 13 June 2006 Detection of recombinant human erythropoietin in urine for doping analysis Interpretation of isoelectric profiles by discriminant analysis PDF Electrophoresis 2007 28 p 1875 1881 Electrophoresis Retrieved 29 July 2013 a b c d e f g h i j Rapport Fait au nom de la commission d enquete sur l efficacite de la lutte contre le dopage Annexe 6 Resultats test EPO Tour De France 1998 et 1999 PDF N 782 Senat Session Extraordinaire de 2012 2013 in French French Senate 17 July 2013 Retrieved 28 July 2013 a b An interview with L Equipe s Damien Ressiot The author of it all Cyclingnews 7 September 2005 Retrieved 15 August 2013 Tour champion under the microscope again Did Armstrong and six others use EPO in 1999 Cyclingnews 23 August 2005 Retrieved 15 August 2013 a b c d First Edition Cycling News for September 12 2005 Three more names published from 1999 Tour Cyclingnews 12 September 2005 Retrieved 10 August 2013 Independent Investigation Analysis Samples from the 1999 Tour de France PDF Cyclingnews 31 May 2006 Archived from the original PDF on 31 August 2012 Retrieved 15 August 2013 Official statement from WADA on the Vrijman report PDF WADA 19 June 2006 Retrieved 15 August 2013 a b c d e f g h i Michael Ashenden interview Velocity Nation 2 April 2009 Archived from the original on 10 April 2009 Retrieved 15 August 2013 L UCI a couvert Lance Armstrong des le Tour 1999 Le Monde in French 21 January 2013 Retrieved 15 August 2013 a b Lance Armstrong Receives Lifetime Ban And Disqualification Of Competitive Results For Doping Violations Stemming From His Involvement In The United States Postal Service Pro Cycling Team Doping Conspiracy USADA Usada org 24 August 2012 Retrieved 2012 11 10 Klier admits usage of doping products during his pro career loses results from 2005 onwards VeloNation 15 August 2013 Retrieved 19 August 2013 Lance Armstrong comes clean ESPN News Services 17 January 2013 Retrieved 18 January 2013 Boogerd gives detailed confession about doping to Dutch media Velonation 6 March 2013 Retrieved 6 March 2013 Affidavit of George Hincapie PDF USADA p 6 Archived from the original PDF on 2014 10 29 Retrieved 2016 10 17 Affidavit of Christian Vande Velde PDF USADA 25 September 2012 Archived from the original PDF on 13 March 2017 Retrieved 19 August 2013 Erik Zabel im SZ Interview Meine Schuld wird mich immer begleiten in German Sueddeutsche Zeitung 30 July 2013 Retrieved 30 July 2013 Bassons People Now See I Wasn t Lying Archived November 4 2013 at the National and University Library of Iceland James Startt Bicycling com October 15th 2012 a b c d Peddlers Cycling s Dirty Truth 54 00 Mark Chapman including interviews with Tyler Hamilton Bassons and others BBC Radio 5 live 2012 10 15 retr 2012 10 16 David Walsh It was obvious to me Lance Armstrong was doping Andrew Pugh Press Gazette 11 October 2012 retr 2012 10 20 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Doping at the 1999 Tour de France amp oldid 1205568000, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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