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Digital Cinema Initiatives

January 01, 1970

Digital Cinema Initiatives, LLC (DCI) is a consortium of major motion picture studios, formed to establish specifications for a common systems architecture for digital cinema systems.

Digital Cinema Initiatives, LLC
Company typePrivate
IndustryMass media
GenreDigital cinema
FoundedMarch 2002; 22 years ago (2002-03)
HeadquartersCalifornia
Websitewww.dcimovies.com

The organization was formed in March 2002 by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer,[a] Paramount Pictures, Sony Pictures Entertainment, 20th Century Fox,[b] Universal Studios, The Walt Disney Company and Warner Bros.

The primary purpose of DCI is to establish and document specifications for an open architecture for digital cinema that ensures a uniform and high level of technical performance, reliability and quality.[1] By establishing a common set of content requirements, distributors, studios, exhibitors, d-cinema manufacturers and vendors can be assured of interoperability and compatibility. Because of the relationship of DCI to many of Hollywood's key studios, conformance to DCI's specifications is considered a requirement by software developers or equipment manufacturers targeting the digital cinema market.

Specification edit

On July 20, 2005, DCI released Version 1.0 of its "Digital Cinema System Specification", commonly referred to as the "DCI Specification". The document describes overall system requirements and specifications for digital cinema. Between March 28, 2006, and March 21, 2007, DCI issued 148 errata to Version 1.0.

DCI released Version 1.1 of the DCI Specification on April 12, 2007, incorporating the previous 148 errata into the DCI Specification. On April 15, 2007, at the annual NAB Digital Cinema Summit, DCI announced the new version, as well as some future plans. They released the "Stereoscopic Digital Cinema Addendum"[2] to begin to establish 3-D technical specifications in response to the popularity of 3-D stereoscopic films. It was also announced "which studios would take over the leadership roles in DCI after the current leadership term expires at the end of September."[3]

Subsequently, between August 27, 2007, and February 1, 2008, DCI issued 100 errata to Version 1.1. So, DCI released Version 1.2 of the DCI Specification on March 7, 2008, again incorporating the previous 100 errata into the specification document. An additional 96 errata were issued by August 30, 2012, so a revised Version 1.2 incorporating those additional errata was approved on October 10, 2012. DCI approved DCI Specification Version 1.3 on June 27, 2018, integrating the 45 errata issued to the previous version into a new document.

On July 20, 2020, fifteen years to the day after Version 1.0, DCI issued a new DCI Specification Version 1.4[4] that assimilated 29 errata issued since Version 1.3. On October 13, 2021, DCI approved a new DCI Specification Version 1.4.1[5] that integrated the 23 errata that had been issued to DCI Specification Version 1.4. For the convenience of users, DCI also created an online HTML[6] version of DCI Specification, Version 1.4.1. Due to the HTML conversion process, the footnotes in the DCSS now appear as endnotes. The PDF version contains pagination and page numbers whereas the HTML version does not.

DCI Specification Version 1.4.2,[7][8] dated June 15, 2022, includes revisions and refinements respecting Object-Based Audio Essence (OBAE), also known as Immersive Audio Bitstream (IAB). Version 1.4.2 also implements post-show log record collection utilizing SMPTE 430-17 SMS-OMB Communications Protocol Specification. Additionally, Version 1.4.2 incorporated two prior addenda: the Digital Cinema Object-Based Audio Addendum, dated October 1, 2018 and the Stereoscopic Digital Cinema Addendum, Version 1.0, dated July 11, 2007. Users using Version 1.4.2 no longer need to refer to the separate addenda. Previous DCSS versions are archived on the DCI web site.

Based on many SMPTE and ISO standards, such as JPEG 2000-compressed image and "broadcast wave" PCM/WAV sound, the DCI Specification explains the route to create an entire Digital Cinema Package (DCP) from a raw collection of files known as the Digital Cinema Distribution Master (DCDM), as well as the specifics of its content protection, encryption, and forensic marking.

The DCI Specification also establishes standards for the decoder requirements and the presentation environment itself, such as ambient light levels, pixel aspect and shape, image luminance, white point chromaticity, and those tolerances to be kept.

Even though it specifies what kind of information is required, the DCI Specification does not include specific information about how data within a distribution package is to be formatted. Formatting of this information is defined by the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) digital cinema standards and related documents.[c]

Image and audio capability overview edit

2D image edit

 
Comparison of 4K DCI resolutions and 16:9
  • 2048×1080 (2K) at 24 frame/s or 48 frame/s, or 4096×2160 (4K) at 24 frame/s
    • In 2K, for Scope (2.39:1) presentation 2048×858 pixels of the imager is used
    • In 2K, for Flat (1.85:1) presentation 1998×1080 pixels of the imager is used
    • In 4K, for Scope (2.39:1) presentation 4096×1716 pixels of the imager is used
    • In 4K, for Flat (1.85:1) presentation 3996×2160 pixels of the imager is used
  • 12 bits per color component (36 bits per pixel) via dual HD-SDI (encrypted)
    • 10 bits only permitted for 2K at 48 frame/s
  • CIE XYZ color space, gamma-corrected
  • TIFF 6.0 container format (one file per frame)
  • JPEG 2000 compression
    • From 0 to 5 or from 1 to 6 wavelet decomposition levels for 2K or 4K resolutions, respectively
    • Compression rate of 4.71 bits/pixel (2K @ 24 frame/s), 2.35 bits/pixel (2K @ 48 frame/s), 1.17 bits/pixel (4K @ 24 frame/s)
  • 250 Mbit/s maximum image bit rate

Stereoscopic 3D image edit

  • 2048×1080 (2K) at 48 frame/s - 24 frame/s per eye (4096×2160 4K not supported)
    • In 2K, for Scope (2.39:1) presentation 2048×858 pixels of the imager is used
    • In 2K, for Flat (1.85:1) presentation 1998×1080 pixels of the imager is used
    • Optionally, in the HD-SDI link only: 12 bit color, YCxCz 4:2:2 (i.e. chroma subsampling in XYZ space), each eye in separate stream

Audio edit

  • 24 bits per sample, 48 kHz or 96 kHz
  • Up to 16 channels
  • WAV container, uncompressed PCM

DCI has additionally published a document outlining recommended practice for High Frame Rate digital cinema.[9] This document discloses the following proposed frame rates: 60, 96, and 120 frames per second for 2D at 2K resolution; 48 and 60 for stereoscopic 3D at 2K resolution; 48 and 60 for 2D at 4K resolution. The maximum compressed bit rate for support of all proposed frame rates should be 500 Mbit/s.

Related information edit

The idea for DCI was originally mooted in late 1999 by Tom McGrath, then COO of Paramount Pictures, who applied to the U.S. Department of Justice for anti-trust waivers to allow the joint cooperation of all seven major motion picture studios.[citation needed]

Universal Pictures made one of the first feature-length DCPs created to DCI specifications, using their film Serenity.[10] Although it was not distributed theatrically, it had one public screening on November 7, 2005, at the USC Entertainment Technology Center's Digital Cinema Laboratory in the Pacific Theatre, Hollywood. Inside Man was Universal's first DCP commercial release, and, in addition to 35mm film distribution, was delivered via hard drive to 20 theatres in the United States along with two trailers.

The Academy Film Archive houses the Digital Cinema Initiatives, LLC Collection, which includes film and digital elements from DCI's Standard Evaluation Material (StEM), a 12-minute production shot on 35mm and 65mm film, created for vendors and standards organizations to test and evaluate image compression and digital projection technologies.[11]

Notes edit

  1. ^ Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer withdrew as a member of DCI in May 2005, prior to the release of the DCI Specification.
  2. ^ 20th Century Fox withdrew as a member of DCI in March 2019, as a consequence of its merger with The Walt Disney Company.
  3. ^ As of 1 January 2023, the following sixty-two SMPTE engineering guidelines, recommended practices, registered disclosure documents and standards had been adopted and published: • EG 1008:2022 Digital Cinema – Overview for the SMPTE 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, and 433 Document Suites • ST 427:2009 Link Encryption for 1.5 Gb/s Serial Digital Interface • ST 428-1:2019 Image Characteristics • ST 428-2:2006 Audio Characteristics • ST 428-3:2006 Audio Channel Mapping and Channel Labeling [withdrawn] • RP 428-4:2010 Audio File Formats and Delivery Constraints • RP 428-5:2010 Mapping of Images into Constrained Tag Image File • RP 428-6:2009 Digital Leader • ST 428-7:2014 Subtitle • ST 428-9:2008 Serial Digital Interface Signal Formatting • ST 428-10:2008 Closed Caption and Closed Subtitle • ST 428-11:2013 Additional Frame rates for D-Cinema • ST 428-12:2013 Common Audio Channels and Soundfield Groups • ST 428-19:2010 Additional Frame Rates Level AFR2 and Level AFR4 — Serial Digital Interface Signal Formatting • ST 428-21:2011 Archive Frame Rates for D-Cinema • ST 429-2:2020 DCP Operational Constraints • ST 429-3:2007 Sound and Picture Track File • ST 429-4:2020 MXF JPEG2000 Application • ST 429-5:2017 Timed Text Track File • ST 429-6:2006 MXF Track File Essence Encryption • ST 429-7:2006 Composition Playlist • ST 429-8:2007 Packing List • ST 429-9:2014 Asset Mapping and File Segmentation • ST 429-10:2008 Stereoscopic Picture Track File • ST 429-12:2008 Caption and Closed Subtitles • ST 429-13:2009 DCP Operational Constraints for Additional Frame Rates • ST 429-14:2014 Aux Data Track File • ST 429-16:2014 Additional Composition Metadata and Guidelines • ST 429-17:2017 XML Constraints • ST 429-18:2019 Immersive Audio Track File • ST 429-19:2019 DCP Operational Constraints for Immersive Audio • ST 430-1:2017 Key Delivery Message • ST 430-1:2017 Am1:2019 Key Delivery Message - Amendment 1 • ST 430-2:2017 Digital Certificate • ST 430-3:2012 Generic Extra-Theater Message Format • ST 430-4:2008 Log Record Specification • ST 430-4:2008 Am1:2011 Log Record Specification - Amendment 1 • ST 430-5:2011 Security Log Event Class and Constraints • ST 430-6:2010 Auditorium Security Messages for Intra-Theater Communications • ST 430-7:2008 Facility List Message [withdrawn] • ST 430-7:2008 Am1:2001 Facility List Message – Amendment 1 [withdrawn] • ST 430-9:2008 Key Delivery Bundle • ST 430-9:2008 Am1:2011 Key Delivery Bundle – Amendment 1 • ST 430-10:2010 Auxiliary Content Synchronisation Protocol • ST 430-11:2011 Auxiliary Resource Presentation List • ST 430-12:2014 FSK Synchronization Protocol • ST 430-12:2014 Am1:2019 FSK Synchronization Protocol – Amendment 1 • ST 430-14:2022 Digital Sync and Aux Data Transfer Protocol • ST 430-15:2017 Facility List Message Exchange Protocol • ST 430-16:2017 Extended Facility List Message • ST 430-17:2022 SMS-OMB Communications Protocol Specification • ST 431-1:2006 Screen Luminance Level, Chromaticity and Uniformity • RP 431-2:2011 Reference Projector and Environment • EG 432-1:2010 Color Processing for D-Cinema • EG 432-2:2006 D-Cinema Low Frequency Effects (LFE) Channel Audio Characteristics • ST 433:2008 XML Data Types • ST 433:2008 Am1:2011 XML Data Types – Amendment 1 • RDD 20:2010 Cinelink 2 Specification • RDD 28:2014 Dolby Atmos® Print Master File Specification • RDD 29:2019 Dolby Atmos® Bitstream Specification • RDD 52:2020 SMPTE DCP Bv2.1 Application Profile • RDD 57:2021 IAB Application Profile 1

References edit

  1. ^ DCI (home page)
  2. ^ Stereoscopic Digital Cinema Addendum (PDF), DCI, 2007-07-11
  3. ^ Cohen, David S (2007-04-15). "DCI announces digital, 3-D specs". Variety. Retrieved 2017-06-10.
  4. ^ DCSS Version 1.4 (PDF), DCI, 2020-07-20
  5. ^ DCSS Version 1.4.1 (PDF), DCI, 2021-10-13
  6. ^ DCSS Version 1.4.1, DCI, 2021-10-13
  7. ^ DCSS Version 1.4.2 (PDF), DCI, 2022-06-15
  8. ^ DCSS Version 1.4.2, DCI, 2022-06-15
  9. ^ High Frame Rates Digital Cinema Recommended Practice, DCI.
  10. ^ DCinemaToday
  11. ^ "Digital Cinema Initiatives, LLC Collection". Academy Film Archive. 20 August 2015.

Bibliography edit

  • High frame rates digital cinema recommended practice, DCI, 2015 (PDF)

External links edit

  • Official website

January 01, 1970
digital, cinema, initiatives, consortium, major, motion, picture, studios, formed, establish, specifications, common, systems, architecture, digital, cinema, systems, llccompany, typeprivateindustrymass, mediagenredigital, cinemafoundedmarch, 2002, years, 2002. Digital Cinema Initiatives LLC DCI is a consortium of major motion picture studios formed to establish specifications for a common systems architecture for digital cinema systems Digital Cinema Initiatives LLCCompany typePrivateIndustryMass mediaGenreDigital cinemaFoundedMarch 2002 22 years ago 2002 03 HeadquartersCaliforniaWebsitewww dcimovies com The organization was formed in March 2002 by Metro Goldwyn Mayer a Paramount Pictures Sony Pictures Entertainment 20th Century Fox b Universal Studios The Walt Disney Company and Warner Bros The primary purpose of DCI is to establish and document specifications for an open architecture for digital cinema that ensures a uniform and high level of technical performance reliability and quality 1 By establishing a common set of content requirements distributors studios exhibitors d cinema manufacturers and vendors can be assured of interoperability and compatibility Because of the relationship of DCI to many of Hollywood s key studios conformance to DCI s specifications is considered a requirement by software developers or equipment manufacturers targeting the digital cinema market Contents 1 Specification 2 Image and audio capability overview 2 1 2D image 2 2 Stereoscopic 3D image 2 3 Audio 3 Related information 4 Notes 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External linksSpecification editOn July 20 2005 DCI released Version 1 0 of its Digital Cinema System Specification commonly referred to as the DCI Specification The document describes overall system requirements and specifications for digital cinema Between March 28 2006 and March 21 2007 DCI issued 148 errata to Version 1 0 DCI released Version 1 1 of the DCI Specification on April 12 2007 incorporating the previous 148 errata into the DCI Specification On April 15 2007 at the annual NAB Digital Cinema Summit DCI announced the new version as well as some future plans They released the Stereoscopic Digital Cinema Addendum 2 to begin to establish 3 D technical specifications in response to the popularity of 3 D stereoscopic films It was also announced which studios would take over the leadership roles in DCI after the current leadership term expires at the end of September 3 Subsequently between August 27 2007 and February 1 2008 DCI issued 100 errata to Version 1 1 So DCI released Version 1 2 of the DCI Specification on March 7 2008 again incorporating the previous 100 errata into the specification document An additional 96 errata were issued by August 30 2012 so a revised Version 1 2 incorporating those additional errata was approved on October 10 2012 DCI approved DCI Specification Version 1 3 on June 27 2018 integrating the 45 errata issued to the previous version into a new document On July 20 2020 fifteen years to the day after Version 1 0 DCI issued a new DCI Specification Version 1 4 4 that assimilated 29 errata issued since Version 1 3 On October 13 2021 DCI approved a new DCI Specification Version 1 4 1 5 that integrated the 23 errata that had been issued to DCI Specification Version 1 4 For the convenience of users DCI also created an online HTML 6 version of DCI Specification Version 1 4 1 Due to the HTML conversion process the footnotes in the DCSS now appear as endnotes The PDF version contains pagination and page numbers whereas the HTML version does not DCI Specification Version 1 4 2 7 8 dated June 15 2022 includes revisions and refinements respecting Object Based Audio Essence OBAE also known as Immersive Audio Bitstream IAB Version 1 4 2 also implements post show log record collection utilizing SMPTE 430 17 SMS OMB Communications Protocol Specification Additionally Version 1 4 2 incorporated two prior addenda the Digital Cinema Object Based Audio Addendum dated October 1 2018 and the Stereoscopic Digital Cinema Addendum Version 1 0 dated July 11 2007 Users using Version 1 4 2 no longer need to refer to the separate addenda Previous DCSS versions are archived on the DCI web site Based on many SMPTE and ISO standards such as JPEG 2000 compressed image and broadcast wave PCM WAV sound the DCI Specification explains the route to create an entire Digital Cinema Package DCP from a raw collection of files known as the Digital Cinema Distribution Master DCDM as well as the specifics of its content protection encryption and forensic marking The DCI Specification also establishes standards for the decoder requirements and the presentation environment itself such as ambient light levels pixel aspect and shape image luminance white point chromaticity and those tolerances to be kept Even though it specifies what kind of information is required the DCI Specification does not include specific information about how data within a distribution package is to be formatted Formatting of this information is defined by the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers SMPTE digital cinema standards and related documents c Image and audio capability overview edit2D image edit nbsp Comparison of 4K DCI resolutions and 16 9 2048 1080 2K at 24 frame s or 48 frame s or 4096 2160 4K at 24 frame s In 2K for Scope 2 39 1 presentation 2048 858 pixels of the imager is used In 2K for Flat 1 85 1 presentation 1998 1080 pixels of the imager is used In 4K for Scope 2 39 1 presentation 4096 1716 pixels of the imager is used In 4K for Flat 1 85 1 presentation 3996 2160 pixels of the imager is used 12 bits per color component 36 bits per pixel via dual HD SDI encrypted 10 bits only permitted for 2K at 48 frame s CIE XYZ color space gamma corrected TIFF 6 0 container format one file per frame JPEG 2000 compression From 0 to 5 or from 1 to 6 wavelet decomposition levels for 2K or 4K resolutions respectively Compression rate of 4 71 bits pixel 2K 24 frame s 2 35 bits pixel 2K 48 frame s 1 17 bits pixel 4K 24 frame s 250 Mbit s maximum image bit rate Stereoscopic 3D image edit 2048 1080 2K at 48 frame s 24 frame s per eye 4096 2160 4K not supported In 2K for Scope 2 39 1 presentation 2048 858 pixels of the imager is used In 2K for Flat 1 85 1 presentation 1998 1080 pixels of the imager is used Optionally in the HD SDI link only 12 bit color YCxCz 4 2 2 i e chroma subsampling in XYZ space each eye in separate stream Audio edit 24 bits per sample 48 kHz or 96 kHz Up to 16 channels WAV container uncompressed PCM DCI has additionally published a document outlining recommended practice for High Frame Rate digital cinema 9 This document discloses the following proposed frame rates 60 96 and 120 frames per second for 2D at 2K resolution 48 and 60 for stereoscopic 3D at 2K resolution 48 and 60 for 2D at 4K resolution The maximum compressed bit rate for support of all proposed frame rates should be 500 Mbit s Related information editThe idea for DCI was originally mooted in late 1999 by Tom McGrath then COO of Paramount Pictures who applied to the U S Department of Justice for anti trust waivers to allow the joint cooperation of all seven major motion picture studios citation needed Universal Pictures made one of the first feature length DCPs created to DCI specifications using their film Serenity 10 Although it was not distributed theatrically it had one public screening on November 7 2005 at the USC Entertainment Technology Center s Digital Cinema Laboratory in the Pacific Theatre Hollywood Inside Man was Universal s first DCP commercial release and in addition to 35mm film distribution was delivered via hard drive to 20 theatres in the United States along with two trailers The Academy Film Archive houses the Digital Cinema Initiatives LLC Collection which includes film and digital elements from DCI s Standard Evaluation Material StEM a 12 minute production shot on 35mm and 65mm film created for vendors and standards organizations to test and evaluate image compression and digital projection technologies 11 Notes edit Metro Goldwyn Mayer withdrew as a member of DCI in May 2005 prior to the release of the DCI Specification 20th Century Fox withdrew as a member of DCI in March 2019 as a consequence of its merger with The Walt Disney Company As of 1 January 2023 the following sixty two SMPTE engineering guidelines recommended practices registered disclosure documents and standards had been adopted and published EG 1008 2022 Digital Cinema Overview for the SMPTE 428 429 430 431 432 and 433 Document Suites ST 427 2009 Link Encryption for 1 5 Gb s Serial Digital Interface ST 428 1 2019 Image Characteristics ST 428 2 2006 Audio Characteristics ST 428 3 2006 Audio Channel Mapping and Channel Labeling withdrawn RP 428 4 2010 Audio File Formats and Delivery Constraints RP 428 5 2010 Mapping of Images into Constrained Tag Image File RP 428 6 2009 Digital Leader ST 428 7 2014 Subtitle ST 428 9 2008 Serial Digital Interface Signal Formatting ST 428 10 2008 Closed Caption and Closed Subtitle ST 428 11 2013 Additional Frame rates for D Cinema ST 428 12 2013 Common Audio Channels and Soundfield Groups ST 428 19 2010 Additional Frame Rates Level AFR2 and Level AFR4 Serial Digital Interface Signal Formatting ST 428 21 2011 Archive Frame Rates for D Cinema ST 429 2 2020 DCP Operational Constraints ST 429 3 2007 Sound and Picture Track File ST 429 4 2020 MXF JPEG2000 Application ST 429 5 2017 Timed Text Track File ST 429 6 2006 MXF Track File Essence Encryption ST 429 7 2006 Composition Playlist ST 429 8 2007 Packing List ST 429 9 2014 Asset Mapping and File Segmentation ST 429 10 2008 Stereoscopic Picture Track File ST 429 12 2008 Caption and Closed Subtitles ST 429 13 2009 DCP Operational Constraints for Additional Frame Rates ST 429 14 2014 Aux Data Track File ST 429 16 2014 Additional Composition Metadata and Guidelines ST 429 17 2017 XML Constraints ST 429 18 2019 Immersive Audio Track File ST 429 19 2019 DCP Operational Constraints for Immersive Audio ST 430 1 2017 Key Delivery Message ST 430 1 2017 Am1 2019 Key Delivery Message Amendment 1 ST 430 2 2017 Digital Certificate ST 430 3 2012 Generic Extra Theater Message Format ST 430 4 2008 Log Record Specification ST 430 4 2008 Am1 2011 Log Record Specification Amendment 1 ST 430 5 2011 Security Log Event Class and Constraints ST 430 6 2010 Auditorium Security Messages for Intra Theater Communications ST 430 7 2008 Facility List Message withdrawn ST 430 7 2008 Am1 2001 Facility List Message Amendment 1 withdrawn ST 430 9 2008 Key Delivery Bundle ST 430 9 2008 Am1 2011 Key Delivery Bundle Amendment 1 ST 430 10 2010 Auxiliary Content Synchronisation Protocol ST 430 11 2011 Auxiliary Resource Presentation List ST 430 12 2014 FSK Synchronization Protocol ST 430 12 2014 Am1 2019 FSK Synchronization Protocol Amendment 1 ST 430 14 2022 Digital Sync and Aux Data Transfer Protocol ST 430 15 2017 Facility List Message Exchange Protocol ST 430 16 2017 Extended Facility List Message ST 430 17 2022 SMS OMB Communications Protocol Specification ST 431 1 2006 Screen Luminance Level Chromaticity and Uniformity RP 431 2 2011 Reference Projector and Environment EG 432 1 2010 Color Processing for D Cinema EG 432 2 2006 D Cinema Low Frequency Effects LFE Channel Audio Characteristics ST 433 2008 XML Data Types ST 433 2008 Am1 2011 XML Data Types Amendment 1 RDD 20 2010 Cinelink 2 Specification RDD 28 2014 Dolby Atmos Print Master File Specification RDD 29 2019 Dolby Atmos Bitstream Specification RDD 52 2020 SMPTE DCP Bv2 1 Application Profile RDD 57 2021 IAB Application Profile 1References edit DCI home page Stereoscopic Digital Cinema Addendum PDF DCI 2007 07 11 Cohen David S 2007 04 15 DCI announces digital 3 D specs Variety Retrieved 2017 06 10 DCSS Version 1 4 PDF DCI 2020 07 20 DCSS Version 1 4 1 PDF DCI 2021 10 13 DCSS Version 1 4 1 DCI 2021 10 13 DCSS Version 1 4 2 PDF DCI 2022 06 15 DCSS Version 1 4 2 DCI 2022 06 15 High Frame Rates Digital Cinema Recommended Practice DCI DCinemaToday Digital Cinema Initiatives LLC Collection Academy Film Archive 20 August 2015 Bibliography editHigh frame rates digital cinema recommended practice DCI 2015 PDF External links editOfficial website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Digital Cinema Initiatives amp oldid 1220732904, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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