Death row, also known as condemned row, is a place in a prison that houses inmates awaiting execution after being convicted of a capital crime and sentenced to death. The term is also used figuratively to describe the state of awaiting execution ("being on death row"), even in places where no special facility or separate unit for condemned inmates exists. In the United States, after an individual is found guilty of a capital offense in states where execution is a legal penalty, the judge will give the jury the option of imposing a death sentence or life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. It is then up to the jury to decide whether to give the death sentence; this usually has to be a unanimous decision. If the jury agrees on death, the defendant will remain on death row during appeal and habeas corpus procedures, which may continue for several decades.
Opponents of capital punishment claim that a prisoner's isolation and uncertainty over their fate constitute a form of psychological abuse and that especially long-time death row inmates are prone to develop a mental disorder, if they do not already suffer from such a condition. This is referred to as the death row phenomenon. Estimations reveal that five to ten percent of all inmates on death row suffer from mental illness.[1] Some inmates may attempt suicide. There have been some calls for a ban on the imposition of the death penalty for inmates with mental illness[2] and also case law such as Atkins v. Virginia to further this. Executions still take place for those with clear intellectual disabilities due to poor legal representation and high standards of proof.[3]
In 1933, Giuseppe Zangara attempted to kill President Elect Franklin D. Roosevelt but injured and killed Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak. He was convicted of Cermak's murder and sentenced to death. Due to Florida law, an inmate could not be housed in a cell with an inmate who was awaiting execution so a prisoner awaiting execution was to be held in a separate waiting cell. Raiford Prison, where Zangara was being held, already had one prisoner waiting in their "death cell" so the waiting area was expanded to a row of cells, becoming a "Death Row".[4]
In the United States, prisoners may wait many years before execution can be carried out due to the complex and time-consuming appeals procedures mandated in the jurisdiction. The time between sentencing and execution has increased relatively steadily between 1977 and 2010, including a 21% jump between 1989 and 1990 and a similar jump between 2008 and 2009. In 2010, a death row inmate waited an average of 178 months (roughly 15 years) between sentencing and execution.[5] Nearly a quarter of inmates on death row in the U.S. die of natural causes while awaiting execution.[6]
There were 2,721 people on death row in the United States on October 1, 2018.[7] Since 1977, the states of Texas (464), Virginia (108) and Oklahoma (94) have executed the most death row inmates.[5] As of 2010[update], California (683), Florida (390), Texas (330) and Pennsylvania (218) housed more than half of all inmates pending on death row. As of 2020[update], the longest-serving prisoner on death row in the US who has been executed was Thomas Knight who served over 39 years. He was executed in Florida in 2014.[8][9] While Knight was the longest-serving executed inmate, Gary Alvord arrived on Florida's death row in 1974 and died 39 years later on May 19, 2013, from a brain tumor, having spent more time on death row than any American.[10]Brandon Astor Jones spent 36 years on death row (with a brief period in the general prison population during his re-sentencing trial) before being executed for felony murder by the state of Georgia in 2016, at the age of 72.[11] The oldest prisoner on death row in the United States was Leroy Nash, age 94, in Arizona. He died of natural causes on February 12, 2010.[12]
Nearly all European countries have abolished capital punishment.[44] As of 2021, Belarus remains the only European country to use the death penalty.[45]
Around 70% of the world's countries have abolished capital punishment.[46] These countries are frequently concerned with their citizens in the United States criminal system.[46] There have even been instances of other countries citing human rights laws against the United States, or refusing to extradite incriminating material, in fear of their citizens being put on death row.[46]
On November 9th, 2020, the United States received persistent criticism on its use of capital punishment during a United Nations review of its human rights record.[47] Many allies of the United States urged that the U.S. cease executions.[47] France urged the US halt executions, Germany suggested a federal moratorium on and eventual abolition, Austria called for immediate cessation of executions and then abolition, and Australia, the Netherlands, and Switzerland all called for abolition entirely.[47]
Other countries
According to Amnesty International, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Iran are responsible for most executions worldwide.[48][contradictory]When the United Kingdom had capital punishment, there were generally no 'death rows'. The condemned were however separated from the general prison population in one of two 'condemned cells' located adjacent to the execution chamber. Sentenced inmates were given one appeal. If that appeal was found to involve an important point of law it was taken up to the House of Lords, and if the appeal was successful, at that point the sentence was changed to life in prison.[49] The Home Secretary had the power to exercise the Sovereign's royal prerogative of mercy to grant a reprieve on execution and change the sentence to life imprisonment. Essentially the speedy process from conviction to execution, re-sentencing or reprieve meant that there were low numbers, (if any) prisoners under sentence of death at any one time and so there was no need for a 'death row'. Assistant executioner Syd Dernley used the term "death row" in his 1990 memoir The Hangman's Tale to refer to the situation at Wandsworth Prison in April 1951 where, as only up to two persons could be hanged at one time, the execution of murderer James Virrels had to await the prior double execution of murderers/robbers Joseph Brown and Edward Smith a day earlier, before going ahead on 26 April.[50]
In some Caribbean countries that still authorize execution, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is the ultimate court of appeals. It has upheld appeals by prisoners who have spent several years under sentence of death, stating that it does not desire to see the death row phenomenon emerge in countries under its jurisdiction.
^J. Wilson, Richard (2016). "The Death Penalty and Mental Illness in International Human Rights Law: Toward Abolition". Washington and Lee Law Review. 73 (3): 1470. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
^"Mental Illness". Death Penalty Information Centre. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
^"Intellectual Disability". Death Penalty Information Centre. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
^Oliver, Willard; Marion, Nancy (2010). Killing the President: Assassinations, Attempts, and Rumored Attempts on U.S. Commanders in Chief. Westport, California: Praeger Publishing. p. 96. ISBN978-0313364747. OCLC 733346450.
^ ab"Department of Justice: Capital Punishment, 2010 Figures". Journalist's Resource.org. 4 January 2012.
^. usdoj.gov. Archived from the original on 2007-08-21. Retrieved 2007-08-21.
^"DEATH PENALTY INFORMATION CENTER : Facts about the Death Penalty" (PDF). Deathpenaltyinfo.org. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
^"Facing Execution at 72, Georgia's Oldest Death Row Inmate Exposes Death Penalty's Racist Roots". Theintercept.com. 31 January 2016.
^"BBC News - Oldest US death row inmate dies aged 94". news.bbc.co.uk. 14 February 2010. Retrieved 2016-11-01.
^"Special Confinement Unit Opens at USP Terre Haute." Federal Bureau of Prisons. July 13, 1999. Retrieved on October 3, 2010.
^Marshall, John. "Lisa Montgomery gets death penalty for killing pregnant woman 2013-11-05 at the Wayback Machine." Associated Press at the Southeast Missourian. Friday April 4, 2008. Retrieved on October 3, 2010. "Department of Justice spokesman Don Ledford said Montgomery will likely be sent to the Federal Medical Center Carswell in Fort Worth, Texas, a women's correctional facility that has medical services for inmates."
^"Lisa M Montgomery." Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved on October 3, 2010.
^"Angela Johnson 2013-10-10 at the Wayback Machine." Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved on October 14, 2010.
^"Annual Report Fiscal Year 2003." Alabama Department of Corrections. 33/84. Retrieved on August 15, 2010. "which also included a cellblock for 20 death row inmates."
^"Annual Report Fiscal Year 2003." Alabama Department of Corrections. 21/84. Retrieved on August 15, 2010. "Donaldson has a death row unit with a capacity of 24 inmates."
^"Annual Report Fiscal Year 2003." Alabama Department of Corrections. 45/84. Retrieved on August 15, 2010. "Tutwiler also has a death row,"
^ ab"Death Row Information." Arizona Department of Corrections. Retrieved on March 16, 2023.
^"State Capitol Week in Review." State of Arkansas. June 13, 2008. Retrieved on August 15, 2010. "Executions are carried out in the Cummins Unit, which is adjacent to Varner."
^Haddigan, Michael. "" Arkansas Times. April 9, 1999. Retrieved on August 15, 2010.
^ ab"History of Capital Punishment in California July 24, 2010, at the Wayback Machine." California Department of Corrections. Retrieved on August 16, 2010. "All male prisoners on condemned status are housed at a maximum-security custody level in three units at San Quentin State Prison. Females are housed in a maximum-security unit at Central California Women's Facility in Chowchilla."
^"Inmates Under Death Sentence January 1, 2012 Changes to UDS Population During 2011." () Georgia Department of Corrections. Retrieved on November 18, 2012.
^Barrouquere, Brett. "Inmate challenges sedatives used in lethal injections Wilson also claims state doesn't provide enough information to inmates." The Harlan Daily Enterprise. November 24, 2007. Retrieved on September 8, 2010.
^"Kentucky State Penitentiary Prepares For 165th Execution." WLKY. Retrieved on September 8, 2010.
^"Life After Death Row." CBS News. April 25, 2010. Retrieved on August 16, 2010. "Rideau was sent to Louisiana's Angola Prison, where he spent a decade waiting to be executed."
^ ab"Division of Institutions State Prisons 2002-12-06 at the Wayback Machine." Mississippi Department of Corrections. April 21, 2010. Retrieved on May 21, 2010.
^Lombardi, George, Richard D. Sluder, and Donald Wallace. "The Management of Death-Sentenced Inmates: Issues, Realities, and Innovative Strategies." Missouri Department of Corrections. 8-9. Retrieved on September 18, 2010.
^"Graham (Camille Griffin) Correctional Institution 2010-10-13 at the Wayback Machine." South Carolina Department of Corrections. Retrieved on August 17, 2010. "The institution also functions as a major special management unit with the ability to house female death row inmates and county safekeepers."
^"Opinion | Europe's View of the Death Penalty (Published 2001)". The New York Times. 2001-05-13. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
^"Belarus: The secret executions in Europe's 'last dictatorship'". BBC News. 2018-05-14. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
^ abc"International". Death Penalty Information Center. Retrieved 2020-11-19.
^ abc"US capital punishment criticised by UN Human Rights Council during human rights review". Death Penalty Information Center. Retrieved 2020-11-19.
^"Infographic: Which countries still have the death penalty?". Aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
^. Stephen-stratford.co.uk. Archived from the original on 8 August 2010. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
^Dernley & Newman The Hangman's Tale: Memoirs of a Public Executioner, Trans-Atlantic Publications, 1990 ISBN0-330-31633-8 (page 151)
External links
Death Row Conditions: Death Penalty Worldwide Academic research database on the laws, practice, and statistics of capital punishment for every death penalty country in the world.
death, other, uses, disambiguation, also, known, condemned, place, prison, that, houses, inmates, awaiting, execution, after, being, convicted, capital, crime, sentenced, death, term, also, used, figuratively, describe, state, awaiting, execution, being, death. For other uses see Death row disambiguation Death row also known as condemned row is a place in a prison that houses inmates awaiting execution after being convicted of a capital crime and sentenced to death The term is also used figuratively to describe the state of awaiting execution being on death row even in places where no special facility or separate unit for condemned inmates exists In the United States after an individual is found guilty of a capital offense in states where execution is a legal penalty the judge will give the jury the option of imposing a death sentence or life imprisonment without the possibility of parole It is then up to the jury to decide whether to give the death sentence this usually has to be a unanimous decision If the jury agrees on death the defendant will remain on death row during appeal and habeas corpus procedures which may continue for several decades Opponents of capital punishment claim that a prisoner s isolation and uncertainty over their fate constitute a form of psychological abuse and that especially long time death row inmates are prone to develop a mental disorder if they do not already suffer from such a condition This is referred to as the death row phenomenon Estimations reveal that five to ten percent of all inmates on death row suffer from mental illness 1 Some inmates may attempt suicide There have been some calls for a ban on the imposition of the death penalty for inmates with mental illness 2 and also case law such as Atkins v Virginia to further this Executions still take place for those with clear intellectual disabilities due to poor legal representation and high standards of proof 3 Contents 1 Etymology 2 United States 2 1 Death row locations 3 European criticism of death row 4 Other countries 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksEtymology EditIn 1933 Giuseppe Zangara attempted to kill President Elect Franklin D Roosevelt but injured and killed Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak He was convicted of Cermak s murder and sentenced to death Due to Florida law an inmate could not be housed in a cell with an inmate who was awaiting execution so a prisoner awaiting execution was to be held in a separate waiting cell Raiford Prison where Zangara was being held already had one prisoner waiting in their death cell so the waiting area was expanded to a row of cells becoming a Death Row 4 United States Edit United States Penitentiary Terre Haute houses the male death row prisoners sentenced by the U S federal government Allan B Polunsky Unit houses the male death row prisoners sentenced by the U S state of Texas Louisiana State Penitentiary which houses the male death row prisoners sentenced by the State of Louisiana The Mississippi State Penitentiary which houses male death row prisoners sentenced by the State of Mississippi Oklahoma State Penitentiary which houses male death row prisoners sentenced by the state of Oklahoma In the United States prisoners may wait many years before execution can be carried out due to the complex and time consuming appeals procedures mandated in the jurisdiction The time between sentencing and execution has increased relatively steadily between 1977 and 2010 including a 21 jump between 1989 and 1990 and a similar jump between 2008 and 2009 In 2010 a death row inmate waited an average of 178 months roughly 15 years between sentencing and execution 5 Nearly a quarter of inmates on death row in the U S die of natural causes while awaiting execution 6 There were 2 721 people on death row in the United States on October 1 2018 7 Since 1977 the states of Texas 464 Virginia 108 and Oklahoma 94 have executed the most death row inmates 5 As of 2010 update California 683 Florida 390 Texas 330 and Pennsylvania 218 housed more than half of all inmates pending on death row As of 2020 update the longest serving prisoner on death row in the US who has been executed was Thomas Knight who served over 39 years He was executed in Florida in 2014 8 9 While Knight was the longest serving executed inmate Gary Alvord arrived on Florida s death row in 1974 and died 39 years later on May 19 2013 from a brain tumor having spent more time on death row than any American 10 Brandon Astor Jones spent 36 years on death row with a brief period in the general prison population during his re sentencing trial before being executed for felony murder by the state of Georgia in 2016 at the age of 72 11 The oldest prisoner on death row in the United States was Leroy Nash age 94 in Arizona He died of natural causes on February 12 2010 12 Death row locations Edit See also Capital punishment in the United States Federal Men s death row Women s death rowCivilian United States Penitentiary Terre Haute Indiana ADX Florence Fremont County Colorado and USMCFP Springfield Missouri 13 Federal Medical Center Carswell Fort Worth Texas 14 15 16 Military United States Disciplinary Barracks Fort Leavenworth Kansas Naval Consolidated Brig Miramar San Diego California A State Men s death row Women s death rowAlabama Holman Correctional Facility Atmore 17 and William E Donaldson Correctional Facility Bessemer 18 Julia Tutwiler Prison for Women Wetumpka 19 Arizona Arizona State Prison Complex Eyman Florence Arizona and Arizona State Prison Complex Florence Florence Arizona 20 Arizona State Prison Complex Perryville Goodyear 20 Arkansas Varner Unit Varner 21 McPherson Unit Newport 22 California San Quentin State Prison San Quentin and Corcoran State Prison Corcoran 23 Central California Women s Facility Chowchilla 23 Florida Union Correctional Institution Union County and Florida State Prison Bradford County 24 Lowell Correctional Institution Annex Marion County 24 Georgia Georgia Diagnostic and Classification Prison Butts County 25 Arrendale State Prison Habersham County 26 Idaho Idaho Maximum Security Institution Kuna Pocatello Women s Correctional Center PocatelloIndiana Indiana State Prison Michigan City Indiana Women s Prison IndianapolisKansas El Dorado Correctional Facility El Dorado Topeka Correctional Facility TopekaKentucky Kentucky State Penitentiary Eddyville 27 Kentucky Correctional Institute for Women Shelby County 28 Louisiana Louisiana State Penitentiary West Feliciana Parish 29 Louisiana Correctional Institute for Women St Gabriel 30 Mississippi Mississippi State Penitentiary Sunflower County 31 Central Mississippi Correctional Facility Rankin County 31 Missouri Potosi Correctional Center Washington County 32 Women s Eastern Reception Diagnostic and Correctional Center Vandalia citation needed Montana Montana State Prison Deer Lodge Montana Women s Prison BillingsNebraska Tecumseh State Correctional Institution Tecumseh Nebraska Correctional Center for Women YorkNevada Ely State Prison Ely 33 Florence McClure Women s Correctional Center North Las Vegas 34 New Hampshire New Hampshire State Prison for Men Concord New Hampshire State Prison for Women GoffstownNew Mexico Penitentiary of New Mexico Santa Fe County Northwest New Mexico Correctional Facility GrantsNorth Carolina Central Prison Raleigh 35 North Carolina Correctional Institution for Women Raleigh 35 Ohio Chillicothe Correctional Institution Ross County 36 Ohio State Penitentiary Youngstown 36 and Franklin Medical Center Columbus 36 Ohio Reformatory for Women Marysville 36 Oklahoma Oklahoma State Penitentiary McAlester Mabel Bassett Correctional Center McLoud OklahomaOregon Oregon State Penitentiary Salem 37 Coffee Creek Correctional Facility Wilsonville 37 Pennsylvania SCI Greene Franklin Townshipand SCI Phoenix Skippack Township 38 SCI Muncy Clinton Township 38 South Carolina Broad River Correctional Institution Columbia 39 Camille Griffin Graham Correctional Institution Columbia 40 South Dakota South Dakota State Penitentiary Sioux Falls South Dakota Women s Prison PierreTennessee Riverbend Maximum Security Institution Nashville 41 Tennessee Prison for Women Nashville 41 Texas Polunsky Unit West Livingston and Jester IV Unit Fort Bend 42 43 Mountain View Unit Gatesville 43 Utah Utah State Correctional Facility Salt Lake City Central Utah Correctional Facility GunnisonWyoming Wyoming State Penitentiary Rawlins Wyoming Women s Center LuskNotes Naval Consolidated Brig Miramar is the only facility in the United States Department of Defense designated to house female Level III inmates European criticism of death row EditNearly all European countries have abolished capital punishment 44 As of 2021 Belarus remains the only European country to use the death penalty 45 Around 70 of the world s countries have abolished capital punishment 46 These countries are frequently concerned with their citizens in the United States criminal system 46 There have even been instances of other countries citing human rights laws against the United States or refusing to extradite incriminating material in fear of their citizens being put on death row 46 On November 9th 2020 the United States received persistent criticism on its use of capital punishment during a United Nations review of its human rights record 47 Many allies of the United States urged that the U S cease executions 47 France urged the US halt executions Germany suggested a federal moratorium on and eventual abolition Austria called for immediate cessation of executions and then abolition and Australia the Netherlands and Switzerland all called for abolition entirely 47 Other countries EditAccording to Amnesty International Saudi Arabia Iraq and Iran are responsible for most executions worldwide 48 contradictory When the United Kingdom had capital punishment there were generally no death rows The condemned were however separated from the general prison population in one of two condemned cells located adjacent to the execution chamber Sentenced inmates were given one appeal If that appeal was found to involve an important point of law it was taken up to the House of Lords and if the appeal was successful at that point the sentence was changed to life in prison 49 The Home Secretary had the power to exercise the Sovereign s royal prerogative of mercy to grant a reprieve on execution and change the sentence to life imprisonment Essentially the speedy process from conviction to execution re sentencing or reprieve meant that there were low numbers if any prisoners under sentence of death at any one time and so there was no need for a death row Assistant executioner Syd Dernley used the term death row in his 1990 memoir The Hangman s Tale to refer to the situation at Wandsworth Prison in April 1951 where as only up to two persons could be hanged at one time the execution of murderer James Virrels had to await the prior double execution of murderers robbers Joseph Brown and Edward Smith a day earlier before going ahead on 26 April 50 In some Caribbean countries that still authorize execution the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is the ultimate court of appeals It has upheld appeals by prisoners who have spent several years under sentence of death stating that it does not desire to see the death row phenomenon emerge in countries under its jurisdiction See also EditLive from Death Row The Green Mile The Chamber Dead Man Walking Fourteen Days in May Somebody Has to Shoot the Picture List of death row inmates in the United States List of women on death row in the United States List of exonerated death row inmates Execution chamber List of wrongful convictions in the United StatesReferences Edit J Wilson Richard 2016 The Death Penalty and Mental Illness in International Human Rights Law Toward Abolition Washington and Lee Law Review 73 3 1470 Retrieved 17 February 2021 Mental Illness Death Penalty Information Centre Retrieved 17 February 2021 Intellectual Disability Death Penalty Information Centre Retrieved 6 May 2021 Oliver Willard Marion Nancy 2010 Killing the President Assassinations Attempts and Rumored Attempts on U S Commanders in Chief Westport California Praeger Publishing p 96 ISBN 978 0313364747 OCLC 733346450 a b Department of Justice Capital Punishment 2010 Figures Journalist s Resource org 4 January 2012 United States Department of Justice usdoj gov Archived from the original on 2007 08 21 Retrieved 2007 08 21 DEATH PENALTY INFORMATION CENTER Facts about the Death Penalty PDF Deathpenaltyinfo org Retrieved March 2 2022 Thomas Knight 1360 Clarkprosecutor org Jack Alderman Executed reprieve org uk Archived from the original on 2008 09 26 Retrieved 2008 09 23 A man too crazy to be executed Tampa Bay Times Facing Execution at 72 Georgia s Oldest Death Row Inmate Exposes Death Penalty s Racist Roots Theintercept com 31 January 2016 BBC News Oldest US death row inmate dies aged 94 news bbc co uk 14 February 2010 Retrieved 2016 11 01 Special Confinement Unit Opens at USP Terre Haute Federal Bureau of Prisons July 13 1999 Retrieved on October 3 2010 Marshall John Lisa Montgomery gets death penalty for killing pregnant woman Archived 2013 11 05 at the Wayback Machine Associated Press at the Southeast Missourian Friday April 4 2008 Retrieved on October 3 2010 Department of Justice spokesman Don Ledford said Montgomery will likely be sent to the Federal Medical Center Carswell in Fort Worth Texas a women s correctional facility that has medical services for inmates Lisa M Montgomery Federal Bureau of Prisons Retrieved on October 3 2010 Angela Johnson Archived 2013 10 10 at the Wayback Machine Federal Bureau of Prisons Retrieved on October 14 2010 Annual Report Fiscal Year 2003 Alabama Department of Corrections 33 84 Retrieved on August 15 2010 which also included a cellblock for 20 death row inmates Annual Report Fiscal Year 2003 Alabama Department of Corrections 21 84 Retrieved on August 15 2010 Donaldson has a death row unit with a capacity of 24 inmates Annual Report Fiscal Year 2003 Alabama Department of Corrections 45 84 Retrieved on August 15 2010 Tutwiler also has a death row a b Death Row Information Arizona Department of Corrections Retrieved on March 16 2023 State Capitol Week in Review State of Arkansas June 13 2008 Retrieved on August 15 2010 Executions are carried out in the Cummins Unit which is adjacent to Varner Haddigan Michael They Kill Women Don t They Arkansas Times April 9 1999 Retrieved on August 15 2010 a b History of Capital Punishment in California Archived July 24 2010 at the Wayback Machine California Department of Corrections Retrieved on August 16 2010 All male prisoners on condemned status are housed at a maximum security custody level in three units at San Quentin State Prison Females are housed in a maximum security unit at Central California Women s Facility in Chowchilla a b Death Row Florida Department of Corrections Retrieved on December 30 2020 Georgia Diagnostic and Classification Prison Archived 2010 04 23 at the Wayback Machine Georgia Department of Corrections Retrieved on July 18 2010 Inmates Under Death Sentence January 1 2012 Changes to UDS Population During 2011 Archive Georgia Department of Corrections Retrieved on November 18 2012 Barrouquere Brett Inmate challenges sedatives used in lethal injections Wilson also claims state doesn t provide enough information to inmates The Harlan Daily Enterprise November 24 2007 Retrieved on September 8 2010 Kentucky State Penitentiary Prepares For 165th Execution WLKY Retrieved on September 8 2010 Life After Death Row CBS News April 25 2010 Retrieved on August 16 2010 Rideau was sent to Louisiana s Angola Prison where he spent a decade waiting to be executed Louisiana Correctional Institute for Women Archived 2010 09 24 at the Wayback Machine Louisiana Department of Public Safety and Corrections Retrieved on August 16 2010 a b Division of Institutions State Prisons Archived 2002 12 06 at the Wayback Machine Mississippi Department of Corrections April 21 2010 Retrieved on May 21 2010 Lombardi George Richard D Sluder and Donald Wallace The Management of Death Sentenced Inmates Issues Realities and Innovative Strategies Missouri Department of Corrections 8 9 Retrieved on September 18 2010 Organization Nevada Department of Corrections Retrieved on September 5 2010 Lone woman on Nevada s death row dies in prison Associated Press at North County Times January 31 2005 Retrieved on September 5 2010 a b Death Row and Death Watch North Carolina Department of Correction Retrieved on September 1 2010 a b c d CCI death row receives final inmates Archived 2015 07 14 at the Wayback Machine Chillicothe Gazette Retrieved on February 2 2012 a b Capital Punishment in Oregon Oregon Department of Corrections Retrieved on December 28 2012 a b Death Penalty FAQ Pennsylvania Department of Corrections 2 2 4 Retrieved on July 26 2010 Death Row Capital Punishment Archived 2010 10 07 at the Wayback Machine South Carolina Department of Corrections Retrieved on July 8 2018 Graham Camille Griffin Correctional Institution Archived 2010 10 13 at the Wayback Machine South Carolina Department of Corrections Retrieved on August 17 2010 The institution also functions as a major special management unit with the ability to house female death row inmates and county safekeepers a b Death Row Facts Tennessee Department of Correction Retrieved on December 30 2020 West Livingston CDP Texas Archived June 6 2011 at the Wayback Machine U S Census Bureau Retrieved on May 9 2010 a b Death Row Facts Archived August 6 2009 at the Wayback Machine Texas Department of Criminal Justice Retrieved on August 15 2010 Opinion Europe s View of the Death Penalty Published 2001 The New York Times 2001 05 13 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2020 11 30 Belarus The secret executions in Europe s last dictatorship BBC News 2018 05 14 Retrieved 2022 02 07 a b c International Death Penalty Information Center Retrieved 2020 11 19 a b c US capital punishment criticised by UN Human Rights Council during human rights review Death Penalty Information Center Retrieved 2020 11 19 Infographic Which countries still have the death penalty Aljazeera com Retrieved 2022 02 07 History of Capital Punishment Stephen stratford co uk Archived from the original on 8 August 2010 Retrieved 2 March 2022 Dernley amp Newman The Hangman s Tale Memoirs of a Public Executioner Trans Atlantic Publications 1990 ISBN 0 330 31633 8 page 151 External links EditDeath Row Conditions Death Penalty Worldwide Academic research database on the laws practice and statistics of capital punishment for every death penalty country in the world Portal Law Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Death row amp oldid 1145026983, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
