David Copperfield (1935 film)
David Copperfield is a 1935 American film released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer based upon Charles Dickens' 1850 novel The Personal History, Adventures, Experience, & Observation of David Copperfield the Younger (though a number of characters and incidents from the novel were omitted).
| David Copperfield | |
|---|---|
1935 US theatrical poster | |
| Directed by | George Cukor |
| Written by | Hugh Walpole (adaptation) |
| Screenplay by | Howard Estabrook Lenore J. Coffee (uncredited)[1] |
| Based on | David Copperfield 1850 novel by Charles Dickens |
| Produced by | David O. Selznick |
| Starring | W. C. Fields Freddie Bartholomew Lionel Barrymore Madge Evans Maureen O'Sullivan Edna May Oliver Lewis Stone Frank Lawton Elizabeth Allan Roland Young |
| Cinematography | Oliver T. Marsh |
| Edited by | Robert J. Kern |
| Music by | Herbert Stothart William Axt (uncredited)[1] |
Production company | |
| Distributed by | Loew's Inc. |
Release date |
|
Running time | 129 or 133 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $1,073,000[2][3] |
| Box office | $3,064,000 (worldwide rentals)[3] |
The story was adapted by Hugh Walpole from the Dickens novel, and the film was directed by George Cukor from a screenplay by Howard Estabrook and Lenore J. Coffee, who was not credited.
The novel was adapted for three silent film versions prior to this, the first sound production.
Plot
David's father dies before his birth and therefore the young man is forced to spend his childhood without the presence of a father figure. He finds valid support in his mother and housekeeper Peggotty. David's mother, however, feels the need to have a husband and therefore marries Mr. Murdstone, a severe and insensitive man, and welcomes his sister into the house; she proves to be even more insensitive than her brother.
When David's mother dies, Murdstone sends David to London to work in his family's wine bottling plant. During this time he is assisted by the Micawber family and forms a close friendship with its members. Mr. Micawber, with his courtly language and with his head a little in the air, is unable to look after the expenses of the house and gets into debt; at this point David decides to run away from London. After a thousand adventures, he reaches Dover on foot, where his great-aunt, Betsie Trotwood, lives. His aunt welcomes him together with her roommate Mr. Dick and they send him to boarding school in Canterbury, where he rents a room with the lawyer Wickfield and forms a sincere friendship with Wickfield's daughter, Agnes.
David meets Dora Spenlow at the ballet and falls in love, eventually marrying her. Dora is young and flighty and inept at running a household, and dies not long after their marriage. David and Micawber then help to unmask Uriah Heep as the forger and cheat that he is and return Wickfield's firm to its rightful owner. David and Agnes end the film finally expressing their love for each other.
Production
David O. Selznick dearly wanted to film David Copperfield, as his Russian father, Lewis J. Selznick, had learned English through it, and read it to his sons every night. After failing to dissuade Selznick from the project, Louis B. Mayer, his father-in-law and employer, agreed that MGM would underwrite the production provided his star child contract actor, Jackie Cooper, was cast in the role of the young David. Selznick fought to remain true to the novel's origins and prevailed, and the role went to Freddie Bartholomew after an extensive talent search in Canada and Great Britain by Selznick and George Cukor.
Cedric Gibbons designed a recreation of 19th century London on the MGM backlot.[4] The scenes set outside Aunt Betsey's house atop the white cliffs of Dover were filmed at Malibu. MGM even filmed the exterior of Canterbury Cathedral, which only appears in the film for less than a minute. Special effects, including many matte shots, were by Slavko Vorkapić.[4]
Charles Laughton was originally cast in the role of Mr. Micawber, and was authentically made up with a bald cap, since Dickens describes the character as hairless. After two days' work, he disliked his performance in the dailies and asked to be replaced.[5] It was said at the time that "he looked as though he were about to molest the child."
Selznick released Laughton, who, in turn, recommended comedian and Dickens scholar W. C. Fields for the part. A clause in Fields' contract stated that he had to play the part with a British accent, but as he had difficulty learning the lines and had to read off cue cards he thus speaks in his own accent in the role. His defense: "My father was an Englishman and I inherited this accent from him! Are you trying to go against nature?!" This is the only film where Fields does not ad lib, and he plays the character in a straightforward manner (although he did want to add a juggling sequence; when this was denied, an anecdote about snakes, which was also denied). Director George Cukor said that when Fields did make a suggestion for a visual bit, such as accidentally dipping his quill in a teacup instead of an inkwell, it was always within the parameters of the character. The result was one of the finest performances of that year.[5]
Cast
(in order of appearance)
- Edna May Oliver as Betsey Trotwood
- Elizabeth Allan as Clara Copperfield
- Jessie Ralph as Clara Peggotty
- Harry Beresford as Dr. Chillip
- Freddie Bartholomew as David Copperfield as a boy
- Basil Rathbone as Edward Murdstone
- Hugh Walpole as the vicar
- Herbert Mundin as Barkis, coachman
- John Buckler as Ham Peggotty
- Faye Chaldecott as Little Em'ly as a child
- Una O'Connor as Mrs. Gummidge
- Lionel Barrymore as Dan'l Peggotty
- Violet Kemble Cooper as Jane Murdstone
- Elsa Lanchester as Clickett, Micawber's maid
- Jean Cadell as Emma Micawber
- W. C. Fields as Wilkins Micawber
- Lennox Pawle as Mr. Dick
- Renee Gadd as Janet, Aunt Betsey's maid
- Marilyn Knowlden as Agnes Wickfield as a child
- Lewis Stone as Mr. Wickfield
- Roland Young as Uriah Heep
- Frank Lawton as David Copperfield as a young man
- Madge Evans as Agnes Wickfield as a woman
- Hugh Williams as James Steerforth
- Maureen O'Sullivan as Dora Spenlow
- Florine McKinney as Little Em'ly as a woman
- Ivan F. Simpson as Littimer, Steerforth's servant
- Mabel Colcord as Mary Ann
Cast notes:
- Arthur Treacher has a cameo as the man with the donkey who steals young David's money, forcing him to walk from London to Dover.[6]
Reception
The film was well-received upon its release in January 1935. Andre Sennwald of The New York Times called it "the most profoundly satisfying screen manipulation of a great novel the camera has ever given us."[7] Variety wrote that it had "one of the most evenly good casts ever to have been assembled", with staging and costumes that were "almost always excellent."[8] John Mosher of The New Yorker found the first half of the film "one of the superb things of the movies" and the second half more conventional, though "all of it is good." Mosher also praised the casting and opined that Freddie Bartholemew put on "one of the prettiest performances ever given on the screen by a youngster."[9] David Copperfield topped the Film Daily year-end poll of 451 critics around the country as the best film of 1935.[10]
David Copperfield was nominated for three Academy Awards, including Academy Award for Best Picture, Best Film Editing (Robert J. Kern), and Best Assistant Director (Joseph M. Newman), and was nominated for the Mussolini Cup for Best Foreign Film at the Venice Film Festival (losing out to Anna Karenina).
It was the 20th most popular film at the British box office in 1935-1936 after Modern Times, Lives of a Bengal Lancer, Mutiny on the Bounty, Top Hat, The Great Ziegfeld, The Scarlet Pimpernel, Mr Deeds Goes to Town, Show Boat, The Iron Duke, Love Me Forever, Sanders of the River, Dark Angel, The Ghost Goes West, Follow the Fleet, Swing Time, Things to Come, The 39 Steps, Clive of India, and Escape Me Never.[11]
There were several notable differences in the film from the book. For instance, in the film David never attends Salem House boarding school, and so the characters he met there do not appear, with the exception of Steerforth, who instead made his appearance as head boy of David's school he attended after going to live with Betsey Trotwood.
It is shown in many countries on television at Christmas. It is rated with four out of four stars every year in Halliwell's Film Guide.
This was selected by The New York Times as one of the 1000 greatest movies ever made.
The film is referred to in the Dad's Army episode "The Deadly Attachment".
Box office
According to MGM records the film earned $2,969,000 at the box office worldwide and made a profit of $686,000. It earned an additional $95,000 from a reissue in 1937-1938.[3][12]
See also
References
- ^ a b Banks, Miranda J. (14 January 2015). The Writers: A History of American Screenwriters and Their Guild. ISBN 9780813571409.
- ^ Glancy, H. Mark When Hollywood Loved Britain: The Hollywood 'British' Film 1939-1945 (Manchester University Press, 1999)
- ^ a b c The Eddie Mannix Ledger, Los Angeles: Margaret Herrick Library, Center for Motion Picture Study.
- ^ a b Deschner, Donald (1966). The Films of W. C. Fields. New York: Cadillac Publishing by arrangement with The Citadel Press. p. 106.
- ^ a b Higham, Charles (Dec 1994) [1993]. Merchant of Dreams: Louis B. Mayer, M.G.M., and the Secret Hollywood (paperback ed.). Dell Publishing. p. 261. ISBN 0-440-22066-1.
- ^ "Arthur Treacher". IMDb. Retrieved 2018-10-11.
- ^ Sennwald, Andre (January 19, 1935). "Movie Review – David Copperfield". The New York Times. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
- ^ "David Copperfield". Variety. New York: 14. January 22, 1935.
- ^ Mosher, John (January 26, 1935). "The Current Cinema". The New Yorker. pp. 64–65.
- ^ ""Copperfield" Heads 1935 'Ten Best'". Film Daily. New York. January 9, 1936. p. 1. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
- ^ "The Film Business in the United States and Britain during the 1930s" by John Sedgwick and Michael Pokorny, The Economic History ReviewNew Series, Vol. 58, No. 1 (Feb., 2005), pp.79-112
- ^ David Thomson, Showman: The Life of David O. Selznick, Abacus, 1993 gives a slightly different figure p 188
Further reading
- Tibbetts, John C., and James M. Welsh, eds. The Encyclopedia of Novels Into Film (2nd ed. 2005) pp 89–91.
External links
- David Copperfield at the American Film Institute Catalog
- David Copperfield at IMDb
- David Copperfield at the TCM Movie Database
- David Copperfield at AllMovie
- David Copperfield at Rotten Tomatoes
- Charles Dicken's David Copperfield script, MSS 4068 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University