Daphnis
In Greek mythology, Daphnis (/ˈdæfnɪs/; Ancient Greek: Δάφνις, from δάφνη, daphne, "Bay Laurel"[1]) was a legendary Sicilian cowherd who was said to be the inventor of pastoral poetry.[2][3] According to Diodorus the Sicilian (1st century BC), Daphnis was born in the Heraean Mountains of central Sicily
Mythology Edit
According to tradition, he was the son of Hermes and a nymph,[3] despite which fact Daphnis himself was mortal. As an infant, Daphnis' mother exposed him under a laurel tree, where he was found by some herdsmen and named after the tree (Greek daphnē) under which he was found. The cows that tended to him as an infant were said to be sisters to the ones Helios owned. He was also sometimes said to be Hermes' eromenos (beloved) rather than his son.[4] In some versions, Daphnis was taught how to play the panpipes by the god Pan himself, and eventually the two also became lovers.[5][6]
Daphnis became a follower of the goddess Artemis, accompanying her in hunting and entertaining her with his singing of pastoral songs and playing of the panpipes. A naiad (possibly Echenais or Nomia) was in love with him and prophesied that he would be blinded if he loved another woman. However, he was seduced, with the aid of wine, by the daughter of a king, and, in revenge, this nymph blinded him[3][7] or changed him into stone.[8][9]
Daphnis, who endeavoured to console himself by playing the flute and singing herdsmen's songs, soon afterwards died. He fell from a cliff, or was changed into a rock, or was taken up to heaven by his father Hermes, who caused a spring of water to gush out from the spot where his son had been carried off. Ever afterwards the Sicilians offered sacrifices at this spring as an expiatory offering for the youth's early death. There is little doubt that Aelian in his account follows Stesichorus of Himera, who in like manner had been blinded by the vengeance of a woman (Helen) and probably sang of the sufferings of Daphnis in his recantation. Nothing is said of Daphnis's blindness by Theocritus, who dwells on his amour with Nais; his victory over Menalcas in a poetical competition; his love for Xenea brought about by the wrath of Aphrodite; his wanderings through the woods while suffering the torments of unrequited love; his death just at the moment when Aphrodite, moved by compassion, endeavours (but too late) to save him; the deep sorrow, shared by nature and all created things, for his untimely end (Theocritus i. vii. viii.). A later form of the legend identifies Daphnis with a Phrygian hero, and makes him the teacher of Marsyas. The legend of Daphnis and his early death may be compared with those of Hyacinthus, Narcissus, Linus and Adonis—all beautiful youths cut off in their prime, typical of the luxuriant growth of vegetation in the spring, and its sudden withering away beneath the scorching summer sun.[10]
Daphnis (nymph) Edit
The geographer Pausanias mentions a mountain nymph called Daphnís (Greek Δαφνίς, with a different accentuation). He writes: "Many and different are the stories told about Delphoi (Delphi), and even more so about the oracle of Apollo. For they say that in earliest times the oracular seat belonged to Ge (Gaea, the Earth), who appointed as prophetess Daphnis, one of the Nymphai (Nymphs) of the mountain [Mount Parnassos]." (Pausanias, Description of Greece, 10.5.5, trans. Jones).
Cultural depictions Edit
- Daphnis is the subject of Theocritus's first Idyll, which describes his death.
- Virgil's Fifth Eclogue contains two songs sung by herdsmen, one lamenting the death of Daphnis, and the other celebrating his acceptance into heaven as a god. In his Tenth Eclogue he imagines his friend the poet Cornelius Gallus dying of love in Arcadia, taking parts of Idyll I as his model.
- Longus's prose tale of Daphnis and Chloe describes two children who grow up together and gradually develop mutual love, eventually marrying after many adventures.
- Maurice Ravel wrote the 1912 ballet Daphnis et Chloé for Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes. The scenario was adapted by Michel Fokine from the romance by Longus.
Gallery Edit
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Sculpture of Pan teaching Daphnis to play the pan flute; ca. 100 B.C. Found in Pompeii
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Daphnis, Roman copy from a group from the 2nd century AD at the Cinquantenaire Museum
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Cavaliere Tempesta showing Pan and Daphnis by Pieter Mulier, c. 1668-1676
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Daphnis Running Toward Chloe by François Gérard, 1798
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Daphnis et Chloé by Pierre-Paul Prud'hon, 1808
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Daphnis et Chloe by Louise Marie-Jeanne Hersent, 1837
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Daphné et Chloé by Dominique Louis Papety, 1848
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The Wooing of Daphnis by Arthur Lemon, 1881
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Daphnis and Chloe by Gaston Renault, 1881
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Raphael Collin, 1890 cover
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Daphnis und Chloe, 1958 statue by Ursula Querner at Hamburg-Altona, Germany
Notes Edit
- ^ "δάφνη", Henry George Liddel, Robert Scott, A Greek-English lexicon, 9th ed., 1940, Oxford University Press.
- ^ "Daphnis" The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Edited by M. C. Howatson. Oxford University Press Inc. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. 16 June 2012
- ^ a b c Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 826.
- ^ Aelian, Varia Historia 10.18
- ^ Cohen, Beth (November 22, 2021). Not the Classical Ideal: Athens and the Construction of the Other in Greek Art. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill Publications. pp. 169-170. ISBN 978-90-04-11618-4.
- ^ Also testified by Clement in Homilies 5.16. Clement, a Christian pope, was trying to discredit pagans and their beliefs in his works, however other finds seem to support this particular claim.
- ^ Diodorus Siculus, Historic Library 4.84.1
- ^ Ovid, Metamorphoses 4.275 ff
- ^ Smith, s.v. Daphnis
- ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Daphnis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 826.
External links Edit
- Daphnis Encyclopædia Britannica
- The Death of Daphnis A poem by Theocritus