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Wikipedia

Dancehall pop

May 20, 2023

Dancehall pop is a sub-genre of the Jamaican genre dancehall that originated in the early 2000s.[1] Developing from the sounds of reggae, dancehall pop is characteristically different in its fusion with western pop music and digital music production.[2] Dancehall pop is also different from dancehall in that most songs use lesser Jamaican Patois in lyrics––allowing it to be globally understood and consumed. It also incorporates the key pop music elements of having melodies, hooks, and the verse-chorus format. Additionally, the genre moves away from the reggae and roots reggae music origins in social and political protest,[3] now lyrically centering on partying, dancing, and sexuality.[4]

Dancehall pop
Stylistic origins
Cultural originsEarly 2000s,
  • Jamaica
  • United States
  • Canada
  • United Kingdom

In the early 2000s, dancehall pop had its entrance into the global mainstream music industry charts. By the 2010s dancehall pop became a popular genre used by multiple western music artists and producers, with numerous chart topping songs affirming its mass-audience success.

History

Early developments

Main article: Dancehall

As the sub-genre of its fathering music style Dancehall, dancehall pop combines instrumental reggae and drum patterns of Jamaican sound[5] with the vocal melodies and catchy lyrics of pop music.[6] The name of the genre itself is also credited to Jamaican music lifestyle, where artists and producers would play music from sound systems in local dancehalls.[7] The socio-political changes after the 1970s government change in Jamaica affected dancehall styles, where lyrics moved away from political protest and more towards partying lifestyle.[8] The dancehall genre trend of reusing beats, also known as “reworking”, is also still evident in dancehall pop as well, with many artists sampling old school dancehall track instrumentals––colloquially known as "riddims".[4]

While dancehall music has its cultural origins in Jamaican sound and music,[2] dancehall pop genre combines rhythm and sounds from across in the Caribbean[9] including that of Soca, Calypso, and Reggaeton. The fusion between dancehall and pop is attributed to the early digitisation of musical production in Jamaica, where the format of pop music––such as the melodic verse-chorus structure and repeated choruses––could be combined with the fast-paced instrumental rhythms of dancehall.[10] Dancehall pop music did not make its mainstream arrival into the music industry until the early 2000s. Dancehall and soca songs such as Kevin Lyttle's "Turn Me On" and Rupee's "Tempted to Touch", both released in 2002 and 2003 respectively, are examples of the early combinations of digital pop style and Caribbean rhythms into the western music scene. It was dancehall pop artist Sean Paul, who released his second studio album Dutty Rock in 2002, including the hit singles "Get Busy" and "Gimmie the Light" that put the genre on highly rated chart positions, with the album reaching a peak position of number 4 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart.[11] Sean Paul's song collaboration on the album with at-the-time rising pop star, Beyonce, titled "Baby Boy", reached number 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100.[12] This marked the beginning of the mainstream dancehall and pop fusion.[1] Barbadian singer-songwriter Rihanna then released her debut single dancehall pop single in 2005, "Pon De Replay", which reached number two on the US Billboard Hot 100[13] and UK Singles Chart.[14]

The genre had a small absence from the pop charts and then reemerged again in the 2010s with numerous Caribbean artists such as Kranium, Konshens, and Popcaan entering the dance-pop music charts.[15] As these artists curated their names in the music industry, chart-topping pop artists like Drake, Rihanna, and Major Lazer incorporated the dancehall pop sounds into their respective hit singles "One Dance", "Work", and "Boom" which each gained top 20 spots on the US Billboard Hot 100.[16][17][18] Drake's dancehall pop and rap inspired track, "One Dance", became a best-selling and chart-topping single, giving credit to the genre within the mainstream music scene.[19] Named as the "song of the summer",[19] the song which features Nigerian Afrobeats artist Wizkid and British singer Kyla received 757 million streams on music-streaming service Spotify[20] and spent over two months as number 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100,[16] largely contributing to the mass-audience recognition of dancehall pop.[1]

The presence of the dancehall pop sound in mainstream pop music steadily continued into the 2010s, with the emergence of Caribbean artists featuring in Western pop hit songs such as Jamaican singer Kranium's song "Can't Believe" featuring American singer Ty Dolla $ign, and British-Jamaican rapper Stefflon Don's collaboration song "Hurtin Me" with American rapper French Montana, which both earned top 10 spots on the US Billboard Hot 100.[21][22]

Dancehall pop in the 2000s

The dancehall pop style of music began to gain attention in the early 2000s. This new fusion style of dancehall and pop was characterized by the adoption of pop song formatting, including choruses and melodies, and a larger fusion of English and Patois in lyrics. Its early contributing artists include Sean Paul, Rihanna, Beyonce, and Kevin Lyttle.[1] It was Sean Paul's sophomore album, Dutty Rock (2002), that started the trend of the dancehall and pop fusion. Sean Paul's second single off the album, "Get Busy" (2003), became the first dancehall-pop inspired song to reach #1 on the US Billboard Hot 100.[11] The song received high acclaim and mainstream success, selling over 2 million copies in the United States,[23] and went on to win Best Reggae Album at the 46th Annual Grammy Awards in 2003.[24] Fellow Caribbean singer Rihanna also incorporated dancehall pop music into her debut album, Music of the Sun (2005), with her debut single "Pon De Replay" (2005), was compared to Beyonce and Sean Paul's hit #1 US Billboard Hot 100 single "Baby Boy" (2003) because of their combined "dancehall-pop mixture".[25] While majority of the song's lyrics are in English, the title which is written in Rihanna's native Bajan patois, as well as the vocal tone of the song being dubbed to have a "reggae vocal cadence".[26] This is a nod to the Caribbean roots of dancehall pop existing both within musical style and language.[9] Other Caribbean artists such as Kevin Lyttle, Notch, Rupee, as well as American artists such as Lumidee and Nina Sky, released songs that incorporated dancehall pop rhythms in the 2000s decade.

Dancehall pop in the 2010s

Dancehall pop gained more mainstream attention throughout the 2010s, with a larger number of western artists releasing and featuring on songs influenced by the genre.[10] Jamaican dancehall and reggae artist Kranium entered the US music charts with his single "Nobody Has to Know" (2013), which featured American singer Ty Dolla $ign, reaching a peak position of #3 on the US Billboard Hot 100.[27] Fusions of dancehall pop and electronic dance music begun with Jamie xx's 2015 song, "I Know There's Gonna Be (Good Times)" which featured American rapper Young Thug and Jamaican dancehall artist Popcaan, landing a #35 position on the US Billboard Hot 100.[28] In 2015, Jamaican singer OMI's #1 single "Cheerleader" was named "song of the summer" by Billboard, remaining as US Billboard Hot 100 for 35 weeks.[29][30] The crossover of dancehall pop and electronic dance music, alternatively classified as tropical house, continued with British pop-duo AlunaGeorge releasing "I'm in Control" (2016) with featured dancehall artist Popcaan. The track reached a peak position of #18 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and #39 on the UK Charts.[31][32]

In 2016, Canadian rapper Drake released his fourth studio album Views, with dancehall pop inspired tracks "One Dance", "Controlla", and "Too Good" which featured Rihanna. Drake's single off the album, "One Dance", remained as #1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 for 10 weeks and was named the "song of the summer" in 2016,[16][19] while the fourth single from the album, "Controlla", was infused with Jamaican patois lyrics and also featured Jamaican dancehall artist Popcaan. Drake has also stated his musical aspirations of adopting the Jamaican dancehall trend of reworking riddims into the R&B and hip-hop genre, where numerous artists may record their own lyrics over the same beat.[33] This trend saw some success in the western music industry, with fellow Canadian rapper Tory Lanez releasing his own rework of Drake's "Controlla",[34] as well as Jamaican dancehall artist Popcaan, who featured on Drake's original version of the song, reworked another one of Drake's dancehall pop-tropical house inspired tracks, titled "Come Closer".[35]

The 2010s saw various Caribbean artists collaborating with American artists on dancehall pop and tropical house tracks. Popcaan featured on numerous hip-hop songs, female Jamaican dancehall artist Spice featured on American rapper Kid Ink's "Nasty" (2016), self-proclaimed "king of dancehall"[36] Beenie Man featured on British rap duo Krept & Konan's "Freak of the Week" (2015), and Chris Brown featured on Konshen's 2016 hit "Bruk Off Yuh Back".[37] Rihanna's continued this trend with her number #1 single, "Work" (2016), which featured Drake. The song reached number #1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 for nine weeks, and it placed within the top 5 for music charts in the UK and Australia.[38][39] Billboard author Taj Rani noted that the hit single reintroduced dancehall pop back into the mainstream American music industry, with the last dancehall track by a native Caribbean to hit number one being Sean Paul's 2006 hit, Temperature.[40] Rihanna's lyrics in the song are sung almost entirely in a slurred form of Barbadian patois,[41] matching the official music video visuals which is set in a Caribbean-style club, in which Rihanna wears a dress with Rastafarian colours.[42] The singer, who won the 2016 VMA's Michael Jackson Video Vanguard award––given to artists who have successfully influenced the culture and art of the music industry[43]––performed a medley of her famous dance hits, including "Work" (2016), Rude Boy (2009), and What's My Name (2010), each reworked onto famous ragga songs.[44] The performance was called an "homage to her Caribbean roots",[44] with a background of dancers wearing club-inspired clothing and casual party choreography performing in what resembled a Caribbean dance hall.[45]

 
Electronic dance music trio Major Lazer and its members: Diplo, Jillionaire, and Walshy Fire

The fusion of electronic dance music and dancehall pop arose in the 2010s under the name "tropical house", a term coined by Australian DJ Thomas Jack in 2014.[46] Tropical house is characterised by its steady 120 beats per minute, using slower rhythms from the dancehall, reggae, and soca genres to create a "melo island vibe".[46][10] Pop-hit "Sorry" (2016), by Canadian singer Justin Bieber was listed as a "tropical house" dance track by US magazine Rolling Stones because of its "tonal similarities" to some Caribbean music.[10] Electronic Dance Music artists such as Kygo, Skrillex, and Major Lazer have all been identified as tropical house artists who utilise digitised instrumental rhythms from dancehall and soca––such as "synthesized pan flutes and marimbas".[10] The electronic dance trio, Major Lazer, are seen as "genre-blending" DJ's who draw inspiration from dancehall rhythms, aiming to introduce international waves of music to a mainstream audience.[47] The group, consisting of American DJ Diplo, Trinidadian DJ Jillionaire, and Jamaican-American DJ Walshy Fire.[48] The trio released multiple dancehall pop and tropical house tracks featuring mainstream pop-stars, the most popular being "Lean On" (2015) featuring Danish singer MØ and "Cold Water" (2016) featuring Justin Bieber, which both earned top 3 spots on the US Billboard Hot 100.[49] The genre has also received critiques for being a "whitewashed" genre that has appropriated the sounds of dancehall and reggae without recognising its Jamaican history.[50]

Characteristics

Dancehall pop adopted the instrumental "drum and bass lines"[51] that were originally taken from reggae music accompaniment.[4] The trend of voice-over ad-libs, mostly in the form of talking rather than singing, has remained a distinct characteristic in both dancehall and dancehall pop music style that grew from DJ's in Jamaican dance halls playing instrumental reggae tracks.[51] The boom in digital production technology is one of the factors which led to the dancehall fusion with pop, in which multiple producers can remix, recreate, and access various types of sounds.[52] This digitisation has allowed the trend of sampling and interpolating old dancehall and reggae riddims to continue into modern dancehall pop music, combining the pop melody and song format. For example, 1993 hit dancehall single "Murder She Wrote" by Chaka Demus & Pilers has been interpolated multiple times to form chart-topping singles such as Omarion and Chris Browns "Post to Be", Nicki Minaj and French Montana's "Freaks", and Jason Derulo's "Too Hot".[53] While such song maintain dancehall melodies, they adopt the verse-chorus and hook format used in most pop songs.

Lyrics in dancehall songs are usually written and sung using both English and Jamaican patois. To make dancehall pop music easily understood, Jamaican patois is used lesser in songs that feature western pop artists that release music in English. Popular patois slang terms that have become popularised as a result of cultural attributes absorption into pop culture, and rising multiculturalism, are continuously incorporated into dancehall pop songs.[54] Rihanna's number 1 single "Work" is almost entirely sung in a combination of the singers native Bajan patois and English, with Canadian rapper Drake's following hook incorporating elements of patois into his verse as well. Popular patois slang, adopted from languages across the Caribbean, such as "ting", "man dem", and "dun know" are now found in lyrics outside the dancehall and dancehall pop genres, most often in hip-hop and rap music.[55]

Language and slang

Dancehall pop retains it Jamaican cultural roots despite its mainstream reach, and this is visible in the infusion of Jamaican patois lyrics that are used in lyrics for both Caribbean and non-Caribbean artists.[54][5] Patois words themselves are used often by native Caribbean singers such as Rihanna, Sean Paul, and Kranium in their lyrics. Caribbean slang, which is described as "hybridised diasporic slang"[54] by US magazine FADER author Eternity Martis, has become popularised by mainstream media and adopted into the colloquial language globally as a result of "cultural prevalence"[54] and the rising popularity of dancehall genres themselves. Canadian rapper Drake has been criticised numerous times for his casual use of patois slang in his daily life and song lyrics.[5] Drake's usage of Jamaican patois has been explained as a result of the large communities of Jamaicans in Toronto,[56] in which the large diasporic presence has resulted in a fusion into modern lifestyle.[57] The scale of integration between slang terms and Jamaican patois has been attributed to the survival of Jamaican and Caribbean culture over time,[58] as well as the growing popularity of the music from the region. Sean Paul has also claimed that patois may be a barricade for the potential global popularity of the dancehall genre, where artists who sing in "hardcore patois" create a language barrier for non-Patois speaking consumers.[59] The criticism Rihanna received when her single "Work" (2016) released shared similar sentiments, where numerous magazine tabloids and social media platforms negatively critiqued her use of Barbadian patois.[60][61]

Criticism

Whitewashing and cultural appropriation

Non-Caribbean artists involved in the dancehall pop-tropical house genre has been criticised for whitewashing and cultural appropriation. Canadian rapper Drake has been targeted as a "culture vulture", for appropriating the slang, rhythms, and artists of dancehall––as well as the UK Grime scene––without proper accreditation to its upcoming artists and cultural history. Drake has been criticised numerous times for his casual imitation of a Jamaican accent in his music,[57] as well as his "profiting" of popular cultures during their times of mainstream recognition.[62] However, Drake's usage of Jamaican slang has been attributed to his Toronto roots, where a large diaspora of Jamaicans exist and influence urban culture.[57] The rapper has also given credit to Vybz Kartel as a musical influence of his.[63] Tropical house artists such as Kygo, Thomas Jack, Duke Dumont have also been critiqued for their classification of their music production into tropical and deep house genres, with critics claiming their sounds have been derived from dancehall and reggae roots.[10] Pop culture magazine tabloids such as Rolling Stone have also faced criticism for classifying dancehall pop songs "Work" (2016) and "One Dance" (2016) as "tropical house-flavoured".[10] FUSE author Bianca Gracie claims that this genre title of "tropical house" suggests the rhythms and musical style originated in Europe, and disconnects the cultural connection to Jamaica.[64] Bianca Garcie also stated that the critiques of Rihanna's Bajan lyrics to "Work" (2016) were wrongly turned into online memes.[64]

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May 20, 2023
dancehall, genre, jamaican, genre, dancehall, that, originated, early, 2000s, developing, from, sounds, reggae, dancehall, characteristically, different, fusion, with, western, music, digital, music, production, also, different, from, dancehall, that, most, so. Dancehall pop is a sub genre of the Jamaican genre dancehall that originated in the early 2000s 1 Developing from the sounds of reggae dancehall pop is characteristically different in its fusion with western pop music and digital music production 2 Dancehall pop is also different from dancehall in that most songs use lesser Jamaican Patois in lyrics allowing it to be globally understood and consumed It also incorporates the key pop music elements of having melodies hooks and the verse chorus format Additionally the genre moves away from the reggae and roots reggae music origins in social and political protest 3 now lyrically centering on partying dancing and sexuality 4 Dancehall popStylistic originsDancehallpopR amp Breggaeroots reggaerapreggaetonCultural originsEarly 2000s JamaicaUnited StatesCanadaUnited KingdomIn the early 2000s dancehall pop had its entrance into the global mainstream music industry charts By the 2010s dancehall pop became a popular genre used by multiple western music artists and producers with numerous chart topping songs affirming its mass audience success Contents 1 History 1 1 Early developments 1 2 Dancehall pop in the 2000s 1 3 Dancehall pop in the 2010s 2 Characteristics 2 1 Language and slang 3 Criticism 3 1 Whitewashing and cultural appropriation 4 ReferencesHistory EditEarly developments Edit Main article Dancehall As the sub genre of its fathering music style Dancehall dancehall pop combines instrumental reggae and drum patterns of Jamaican sound 5 with the vocal melodies and catchy lyrics of pop music 6 The name of the genre itself is also credited to Jamaican music lifestyle where artists and producers would play music from sound systems in local dancehalls 7 The socio political changes after the 1970s government change in Jamaica affected dancehall styles where lyrics moved away from political protest and more towards partying lifestyle 8 The dancehall genre trend of reusing beats also known as reworking is also still evident in dancehall pop as well with many artists sampling old school dancehall track instrumentals colloquially known as riddims 4 While dancehall music has its cultural origins in Jamaican sound and music 2 dancehall pop genre combines rhythm and sounds from across in the Caribbean 9 including that of Soca Calypso and Reggaeton The fusion between dancehall and pop is attributed to the early digitisation of musical production in Jamaica where the format of pop music such as the melodic verse chorus structure and repeated choruses could be combined with the fast paced instrumental rhythms of dancehall 10 Dancehall pop music did not make its mainstream arrival into the music industry until the early 2000s Dancehall and soca songs such as Kevin Lyttle s Turn Me On and Rupee s Tempted to Touch both released in 2002 and 2003 respectively are examples of the early combinations of digital pop style and Caribbean rhythms into the western music scene It was dancehall pop artist Sean Paul who released his second studio album Dutty Rock in 2002 including the hit singles Get Busy and Gimmie the Light that put the genre on highly rated chart positions with the album reaching a peak position of number 4 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart 11 Sean Paul s song collaboration on the album with at the time rising pop star Beyonce titled Baby Boy reached number 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 12 This marked the beginning of the mainstream dancehall and pop fusion 1 Barbadian singer songwriter Rihanna then released her debut single dancehall pop single in 2005 Pon De Replay which reached number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 13 and UK Singles Chart 14 The genre had a small absence from the pop charts and then reemerged again in the 2010s with numerous Caribbean artists such as Kranium Konshens and Popcaan entering the dance pop music charts 15 As these artists curated their names in the music industry chart topping pop artists like Drake Rihanna and Major Lazer incorporated the dancehall pop sounds into their respective hit singles One Dance Work and Boom which each gained top 20 spots on the US Billboard Hot 100 16 17 18 Drake s dancehall pop and rap inspired track One Dance became a best selling and chart topping single giving credit to the genre within the mainstream music scene 19 Named as the song of the summer 19 the song which features Nigerian Afrobeats artist Wizkid and British singer Kyla received 757 million streams on music streaming service Spotify 20 and spent over two months as number 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 16 largely contributing to the mass audience recognition of dancehall pop 1 The presence of the dancehall pop sound in mainstream pop music steadily continued into the 2010s with the emergence of Caribbean artists featuring in Western pop hit songs such as Jamaican singer Kranium s song Can t Believe featuring American singer Ty Dolla ign and British Jamaican rapper Stefflon Don s collaboration song Hurtin Me with American rapper French Montana which both earned top 10 spots on the US Billboard Hot 100 21 22 Dancehall pop in the 2000s Edit The dancehall pop style of music began to gain attention in the early 2000s This new fusion style of dancehall and pop was characterized by the adoption of pop song formatting including choruses and melodies and a larger fusion of English and Patois in lyrics Its early contributing artists include Sean Paul Rihanna Beyonce and Kevin Lyttle 1 It was Sean Paul s sophomore album Dutty Rock 2002 that started the trend of the dancehall and pop fusion Sean Paul s second single off the album Get Busy 2003 became the first dancehall pop inspired song to reach 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 11 The song received high acclaim and mainstream success selling over 2 million copies in the United States 23 and went on to win Best Reggae Album at the 46th Annual Grammy Awards in 2003 24 Fellow Caribbean singer Rihanna also incorporated dancehall pop music into her debut album Music of the Sun 2005 with her debut single Pon De Replay 2005 was compared to Beyonce and Sean Paul s hit 1 US Billboard Hot 100 single Baby Boy 2003 because of their combined dancehall pop mixture 25 While majority of the song s lyrics are in English the title which is written in Rihanna s native Bajan patois as well as the vocal tone of the song being dubbed to have a reggae vocal cadence 26 This is a nod to the Caribbean roots of dancehall pop existing both within musical style and language 9 Other Caribbean artists such as Kevin Lyttle Notch Rupee as well as American artists such as Lumidee and Nina Sky released songs that incorporated dancehall pop rhythms in the 2000s decade Dancehall pop in the 2010s Edit Dancehall pop gained more mainstream attention throughout the 2010s with a larger number of western artists releasing and featuring on songs influenced by the genre 10 Jamaican dancehall and reggae artist Kranium entered the US music charts with his single Nobody Has to Know 2013 which featured American singer Ty Dolla ign reaching a peak position of 3 on the US Billboard Hot 100 27 Fusions of dancehall pop and electronic dance music begun with Jamie xx s 2015 song I Know There s Gonna Be Good Times which featured American rapper Young Thug and Jamaican dancehall artist Popcaan landing a 35 position on the US Billboard Hot 100 28 In 2015 Jamaican singer OMI s 1 single Cheerleader was named song of the summer by Billboard remaining as US Billboard Hot 100 for 35 weeks 29 30 The crossover of dancehall pop and electronic dance music alternatively classified as tropical house continued with British pop duo AlunaGeorge releasing I m in Control 2016 with featured dancehall artist Popcaan The track reached a peak position of 18 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and 39 on the UK Charts 31 32 In 2016 Canadian rapper Drake released his fourth studio album Views with dancehall pop inspired tracks One Dance Controlla and Too Good which featured Rihanna Drake s single off the album One Dance remained as 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 for 10 weeks and was named the song of the summer in 2016 16 19 while the fourth single from the album Controlla was infused with Jamaican patois lyrics and also featured Jamaican dancehall artist Popcaan Drake has also stated his musical aspirations of adopting the Jamaican dancehall trend of reworking riddims into the R amp B and hip hop genre where numerous artists may record their own lyrics over the same beat 33 This trend saw some success in the western music industry with fellow Canadian rapper Tory Lanez releasing his own rework of Drake s Controlla 34 as well as Jamaican dancehall artist Popcaan who featured on Drake s original version of the song reworked another one of Drake s dancehall pop tropical house inspired tracks titled Come Closer 35 The 2010s saw various Caribbean artists collaborating with American artists on dancehall pop and tropical house tracks Popcaan featured on numerous hip hop songs female Jamaican dancehall artist Spice featured on American rapper Kid Ink s Nasty 2016 self proclaimed king of dancehall 36 Beenie Man featured on British rap duo Krept amp Konan s Freak of the Week 2015 and Chris Brown featured on Konshen s 2016 hit Bruk Off Yuh Back 37 Rihanna s continued this trend with her number 1 single Work 2016 which featured Drake The song reached number 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 for nine weeks and it placed within the top 5 for music charts in the UK and Australia 38 39 Billboard author Taj Rani noted that the hit single reintroduced dancehall pop back into the mainstream American music industry with the last dancehall track by a native Caribbean to hit number one being Sean Paul s 2006 hit Temperature 40 Rihanna s lyrics in the song are sung almost entirely in a slurred form of Barbadian patois 41 matching the official music video visuals which is set in a Caribbean style club in which Rihanna wears a dress with Rastafarian colours 42 The singer who won the 2016 VMA s Michael Jackson Video Vanguard award given to artists who have successfully influenced the culture and art of the music industry 43 performed a medley of her famous dance hits including Work 2016 Rude Boy 2009 and What s My Name 2010 each reworked onto famous ragga songs 44 The performance was called an homage to her Caribbean roots 44 with a background of dancers wearing club inspired clothing and casual party choreography performing in what resembled a Caribbean dance hall 45 Electronic dance music trio Major Lazer and its members Diplo Jillionaire and Walshy Fire The fusion of electronic dance music and dancehall pop arose in the 2010s under the name tropical house a term coined by Australian DJ Thomas Jack in 2014 46 Tropical house is characterised by its steady 120 beats per minute using slower rhythms from the dancehall reggae and soca genres to create a melo island vibe 46 10 Pop hit Sorry 2016 by Canadian singer Justin Bieber was listed as a tropical house dance track by US magazine Rolling Stones because of its tonal similarities to some Caribbean music 10 Electronic Dance Music artists such as Kygo Skrillex and Major Lazer have all been identified as tropical house artists who utilise digitised instrumental rhythms from dancehall and soca such as synthesized pan flutes and marimbas 10 The electronic dance trio Major Lazer are seen as genre blending DJ s who draw inspiration from dancehall rhythms aiming to introduce international waves of music to a mainstream audience 47 The group consisting of American DJ Diplo Trinidadian DJ Jillionaire and Jamaican American DJ Walshy Fire 48 The trio released multiple dancehall pop and tropical house tracks featuring mainstream pop stars the most popular being Lean On 2015 featuring Danish singer MO and Cold Water 2016 featuring Justin Bieber which both earned top 3 spots on the US Billboard Hot 100 49 The genre has also received critiques for being a whitewashed genre that has appropriated the sounds of dancehall and reggae without recognising its Jamaican history 50 Characteristics EditDancehall pop adopted the instrumental drum and bass lines 51 that were originally taken from reggae music accompaniment 4 The trend of voice over ad libs mostly in the form of talking rather than singing has remained a distinct characteristic in both dancehall and dancehall pop music style that grew from DJ s in Jamaican dance halls playing instrumental reggae tracks 51 The boom in digital production technology is one of the factors which led to the dancehall fusion with pop in which multiple producers can remix recreate and access various types of sounds 52 This digitisation has allowed the trend of sampling and interpolating old dancehall and reggae riddims to continue into modern dancehall pop music combining the pop melody and song format For example 1993 hit dancehall single Murder She Wrote by Chaka Demus amp Pilers has been interpolated multiple times to form chart topping singles such as Omarion and Chris Browns Post to Be Nicki Minaj and French Montana s Freaks and Jason Derulo s Too Hot 53 While such song maintain dancehall melodies they adopt the verse chorus and hook format used in most pop songs Lyrics in dancehall songs are usually written and sung using both English and Jamaican patois To make dancehall pop music easily understood Jamaican patois is used lesser in songs that feature western pop artists that release music in English Popular patois slang terms that have become popularised as a result of cultural attributes absorption into pop culture and rising multiculturalism are continuously incorporated into dancehall pop songs 54 Rihanna s number 1 single Work is almost entirely sung in a combination of the singers native Bajan patois and English with Canadian rapper Drake s following hook incorporating elements of patois into his verse as well Popular patois slang adopted from languages across the Caribbean such as ting man dem and dun know are now found in lyrics outside the dancehall and dancehall pop genres most often in hip hop and rap music 55 Language and slang Edit Dancehall pop retains it Jamaican cultural roots despite its mainstream reach and this is visible in the infusion of Jamaican patois lyrics that are used in lyrics for both Caribbean and non Caribbean artists 54 5 Patois words themselves are used often by native Caribbean singers such as Rihanna Sean Paul and Kranium in their lyrics Caribbean slang which is described as hybridised diasporic slang 54 by US magazine FADER author Eternity Martis has become popularised by mainstream media and adopted into the colloquial language globally as a result of cultural prevalence 54 and the rising popularity of dancehall genres themselves Canadian rapper Drake has been criticised numerous times for his casual use of patois slang in his daily life and song lyrics 5 Drake s usage of Jamaican patois has been explained as a result of the large communities of Jamaicans in Toronto 56 in which the large diasporic presence has resulted in a fusion into modern lifestyle 57 The scale of integration between slang terms and Jamaican patois has been attributed to the survival of Jamaican and Caribbean culture over time 58 as well as the growing popularity of the music from the region Sean Paul has also claimed that patois may be a barricade for the potential global popularity of the dancehall genre where artists who sing in hardcore patois create a language barrier for non Patois speaking consumers 59 The criticism Rihanna received when her single Work 2016 released shared similar sentiments where numerous magazine tabloids and social media platforms negatively critiqued her use of Barbadian patois 60 61 Criticism EditWhitewashing and cultural appropriation Edit Non Caribbean artists involved in the dancehall pop tropical house genre has been criticised for whitewashing and cultural appropriation Canadian rapper Drake has been targeted as a culture vulture for appropriating the slang rhythms and artists of dancehall as well as the UK Grime scene without proper accreditation to its upcoming artists and cultural history Drake has been criticised numerous times for his casual imitation of a Jamaican accent in his music 57 as well as his profiting of popular cultures during their times of mainstream recognition 62 However Drake s usage of Jamaican slang has been attributed to his Toronto roots where a large diaspora of Jamaicans exist and influence urban culture 57 The rapper has also given credit to Vybz Kartel as a musical influence of his 63 Tropical house artists such as Kygo Thomas Jack Duke Dumont have also been critiqued for their classification of their music production into tropical and deep house genres with critics claiming their sounds have been derived from dancehall and reggae roots 10 Pop culture magazine tabloids such as Rolling Stone have also faced criticism for classifying dancehall pop songs Work 2016 and One Dance 2016 as tropical house flavoured 10 FUSE author Bianca Gracie claims that this genre title of tropical house suggests the rhythms and musical style originated in Europe and disconnects the cultural connection to Jamaica 64 Bianca Garcie also stated that the critiques of Rihanna s Bajan lyrics to Work 2016 were wrongly turned into online memes 64 References Edit a b c d Is Dancehall Going To Be Mainstream Again The FADER Archived from the original on 2019 09 29 Retrieved 2020 01 23 a b Henriques Julian 2008 Sonic Diaspora Vibrations and Rhythm Thinking through the sounding of the Jamaican dancehall session PDF African and Black Diaspora 1 2 215 236 doi 10 1080 17528630802224163 S2CID 14966354 Schumann Anne 2015 09 02 Music at war reggae musicians as political actors in the Ivoirian crisis Journal of African Cultural Studies 27 3 342 355 doi 10 1080 13696815 2015 1028027 ISSN 1369 6815 S2CID 144777336 a b c Thompson Dave 2002 Reggae amp Caribbean Music Backbeat Books a b c Is Drake s Dancehall Obsession Homage Or Exploitation Genius Archived 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