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List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia

April 13, 2024

This is a list of ancient cities, towns, villages, and fortresses in and around Thrace and Dacia. A number of these settlements were Dacian and Thracian, but some were Celtic, Greek, Roman, Paeonian, or Persian.

A number of cities in Dacia and Thrace were built on or close to the sites of preexisting Dacian or Thracian settlements. Some settlements in this list may have a double entry, such as the Paeonian Astibo and Latin Astibus. It is believed that Thracians did not build true cities even if they were named as such; the largest Thracian settlements were large villages.[1] The only known attempt to build a polis by the Thracians was Seuthopolis.,[2][3] although Strabo considered the Thracian cities with "bria" ending polises. Some of the Dacian settlements and fortresses employed the traditional Murus Dacicus construction technique.

Note: Throughout these lists, an asterisk [*] indicates that the toponym is reconstructed.

Daco and Thracian edit

 
Dacian towns and fortresses in Dacia during Burebista
 
Onomastic range of some towns with the dava ending

Many city names were composed of an initial lexical element affixed to -dava, -daua, -deva, -deba, -daba, or -dova, which meant "city" or "town" Endings on more southern regions are exclusively -bria ("town, city"), -disza, -diza, -dizos ("fortress, walled settlement"), -para, -paron, -pera, -phara ("town, village"). Strabo translated -bria as polis, but that may not be accurate.[4] Thracian -disza, -diza, and -dizos are derived from Proto-Indo-European *dheigh-, "to knead clay", hence to "make bricks", "build walls", "wall", "walls", and so on. These Thracian lexical items show a satemization of PIE *gh-. Cognates include Ancient Greek teichos ("wall, fort, fortified town", as in the town of Didymoteicho) and Avestan da?za ("wall").

It is suggested that the "dava" endings are from the Dacian language, while the rest from the Thracian language. However "dava" towns can be found as south as Sandanski and Plovdiv. Some "dava" toponyms contain the same linguistic features as "diza" toponyms, e.g. Pirodiza and Pirodava. The first written mention of the name "Dacians" is in Roman sources. Strabo specified that the Daci are the Getae, identified as a Thracian tribe. The Dacians, Getae and their kings were always considered as Thracians by the ancients (Dio Cassius, Trogus Pompeius, Appian, Strabo, Herodotus and Pliny the Elder) and were said to speak the same language. The Dacian language is considered a variety of the Thracian language.[5] Such lexical differentiation -dava vs. para, would be hardly enough evidence to separate Dacian from Thracian, thus they are classified as dialects.[6] It is also possible that '-dava' and '-bria' mean two different things in the same language, rather than meaning the same thing in two different languages. Thus bria could have been used for urbanized settlements, similar in scale and design to those of the "civilised" peoples like Greeks and Romans, whereas '-dava' could mean a settlement which is rural, being situated in the steppe-like part of the Thracian lands.

 
Map of Ancient Thrace made by Abraham Ortelius, at 1585

Unknown names edit

Aghireșu
Ardan
Ardeu
Arpașu de Sus
Augustin
Băile Tușnad
Băleni-Români
Bănița
Bâzdâna
Beidaud
Bocșa
Boroșneu Mic
Boșorod
Botfei
Breaza
Bretea Mureșană
Bucium
Căpâlna
Cernat
Cetățeni
Cioclovina
Clopotiva
"Costești-Blidaru"
"Costești-Cetățuie"
Cotnari
Coțofenii din Dos
Covasna
Cozia
Crăsanii de Jos
Crivești
Crizbav
Cuciulata
"Cucuiș - Dealul Golu"
"Cucuiș - Vârful Berianului"
Cugir
Cârlomănești
Dalboșeț
Densuș
Divici
Drajna de Sus
Dumitrița
Eliseni
Feldioara
"Fețele Albe"
Grădiștea de Munte
Iedera de Jos
Feleac
Jigodin
Liubcova
Mala Kopania
Marca
Mataraua
Merești
Moinești
Monariu
Monor
Moșna
Ocolișu Mic
Odorheiu Secuiesc
Olteni
Orăștie Mountains
Petrila
Petroșani
"Piatra Roșie"
Pietroasa Mică
Pinticu
Pisculești
Poiana cu Cetate
Polovragi
Ponor
Popești (Călărași)
Porumbenii Mari
Praid
Racoș
Racu
Radovanu - Gorgana I
Radovanu - Jidovescu
Roadeș
Rovinari
Rușor
Sacalasău
Satu Mare (Harghita)
Satu Nou
Sânzieni
Seimeni
Socol
Sprâncenata
Stâncești
Stoina
Șeica Mică
Tășad
Telița
Teliu
Tilișca
Timișu de Jos
Turia
Unip
Uroi
Valea Seacă
Viișoara Moșneni
Zemplín
Zetea

Thraco-Illyrian edit

Greek and Macedon edit

See also: Second Greek colonisation, Greeks in pre-Roman Crimea, and Pontic Greeks

Thrace, from Strymon to Nestos edit

Thrace, from Nestos to Hebros edit

Inland Thrace edit

Thracian Chersonesos edit

Propontic Thrace edit

West Pontic coast edit

Other edit

Persian edit

Roman edit

 
Cities during the Roman period

Celtic edit

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC by John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, E. Sollberger, and N. G. L. Hammond ,ISBN 0-521-22717-8, 1992, page 612: "Thrace possessed only fortified areas and cities such as Cabassus would have been no more than large villages. In general the population lived in villages and hamlets..."
  2. ^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 888, "It was meant to be a polis but this was no reason to think that it was anything other than a native settlement."
  3. ^ a b The Thracians 700 BC-AD 46 by Christopher Webber, ISBN 1-84176-329-2, 2001, page 1, "...the city of Seuthopolis seems to be the only significant town in Thrace not built by Greeks..."
  4. ^ The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC by John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, E. Sollberger, and N. G. L. Hammond, ISBN 0-521-22717-8, 1992, page 612: "According to Strabo (vii.6.1cf.st.Byz.446.15) the Thracian -bria word meant polis but it is an inaccurate translation."
  5. ^ Peregrine, Peter N.; Ember, Melvin (2001). Encyclopedia of Prehistory. 4 : Europe. Springer. ISBN 978-0-306-46258-0.
  6. ^ Polomé, Edgar Charles (1982). "20e". In Boardman, John. Balkan Languages (Illyrian, Thracian and Daco-Moesian). The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 3, Part 1: The Prehistory of the Balkans; and the Middle East and the Aegean world, tenth to eighth centuries B.C. (2nd ed.). London: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-22496-3.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Grumeza 2009, p. 13.
  8. ^ Velkov 1977, p. 92.
  9. ^ a b Olteanu.
  10. ^ *Procopii Caesariensis opera omnia. Edited by J. Haury; revised by G. Wirth. 3 vols. Leipzig: Teubner, 1976-64. Greek text.
  11. ^ TSR9, Proc. 123. 26
  12. ^ Schütte 1917, p. 96.
  13. ^ a b c d Grumeza 2009, p. 12.
  14. ^ Grumeza 2009, p. 88.
  15. ^ A History of the Byzantine State and Society by Warren Treadgold, 1997, page 419: "...Internal Reforms, 780-842 419 army, refounding Thracian Beroea under the name of Irenopolis, and reaching Philippopolis..."
  16. ^ "The Cambridge Ancient History 1992, page 612"
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h Grumeza 2009, p. 14.
  18. ^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 856, "A thracian settlement"
  19. ^ History of Rome, VII, Books 26-27 (Loeb Classical Library No. 367) by Livy and Frank Gardner Moore, 1943, page 96: "... waste the country and to besiege the city of Iamphorynna, the capital and citadel of Maedica..."
  20. ^ kabileti tribe
  21. ^ The History of Rome, Volume 4 by Theodor Mommsen, 2009, page 53: "... defeated the Bessi in their mountains, took their capital Uscudama (Adrianople), and compelled them to submit to the Roman supremacy."
  22. ^ Valeva, Julia; Nankov, Emil; Graninger, Denver (15 June 2015). A Companion to Ancient Thrace. ISBN 9781444351040.
  23. ^ Ethnic continuity in the Carpatho-Danubian area by Elemér Illyés, 1988, ISBN 0-88033-146-1, page 223
  24. ^ . Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
  25. ^ a b An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 465: "Megara was principal or sole founder of...Kalchedo...Selymbria...Byzantion...Astakos...Herakleia pontike and possible Olbia..."
  26. ^ A New Classical Dictionary of Greek And Roman Biography, Mythology And Geography V2, 2006, ISBN 1-4286-4561-6, page 196, "Subzupara (now in Zarvi), a town in Thrace on the road from Phillipopolis to Hadrianopolis..."
  27. ^ Меч Мидас. "Мигдония - это... Что такое Мигдония?". Dictionary_of_ancient.academic.ru. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
  28. ^ "МИГДОНИЯ - В. Д. Гладкий. Древний мир. Энциклопедический словарь в 2-х томах - История".
  29. ^ . Archived from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
  30. ^ Lepper, F. A. (1988). Trajan's Column: A New Edition of the Cichorius Plates. Alan Sutton. p. 138. ISBN 9780862994679. Stuart Jones noted the Dacian - sounding place - name ' Thermidava ' on the Lissus Naissus road : but see Miller col . 557, for the evidence on this. The place was most probably called ' Theranda ' and there is no evidence for any settlement there of pro-Roman Dacians now, nor is it very likely. (..) Most scholars, however, have supposed, as did Cichorius, that we are now north of the Danube, somewhere in the Banat area where the local inhabitants are frightened that they may lose their recently acquired 'liberty'.
  31. ^ The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 1: The Prehistory of the Balkans, the Middle East and the Aegean World, Tenth to Eighth Centuries BC by John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, N. G. L. Hammond, and E. Sollberger,1982, page 876: "... proper and the southern Danube borderland, e.g. in Bessapara, Keipenapa, Tranupara; of -dita 'fortified town', found only in Thracia proper; ..."
  32. ^ Taylor 2001, p. 214.
  33. ^ a b c d e An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 856
  34. ^ a b An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 855: "The Thasians... they founded Krenides and Daton"
  35. ^ Hatzfeld, Jean. History of Ancient Greece (trans. by Andre Aymard, 1968, W.W. Norton & Co., New York), pp. 34–35.
  36. ^ a b An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 782, "The Thasians are said to have colonised the Hedonian city of Myrkinos, Galepsos and Oisyme..."
  37. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, Index
  38. ^ a b c d e An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 857
  39. ^ Readings in Greek History: Sources and Interpretations by D. Brendan Nagle and Stanley M. Burstein, 2006, page 232: A GREEK TRADING POST IN THRACE"... Maronea, Apollonia, and Thasos living in the trading post of Pistiros."
  40. ^ The Histories, by Herodotus, Carolyn Dewald, and Robin Waterfield, 2008, page 442: "... bed of the Lisus, Xerxes passed the Greek towns of Maronea, Dicaea, and Abdera. His route also took him past a..."
  41. ^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 870: "Colonists from Mytilene and Kyme founded Ainos"
  42. ^ a b The Histories by Herodotus, Carolyn Dewald, and Robin Waterfield, 2008, page 442: "... bed of the Lisus, Xerxes passed the Greek towns of Maronea, Dicaea, and Abdera. His route also took him past a ..."
  43. ^ Back Matter: "... sites identified solely by coins' location site Thessaly, Atrax, Kieron, Larissa, Thrace, Ainos, Bizye, Byzantium, Deultum, Maroneia, Mesembra, Pantalia..."
  44. ^ Hammond Concise Atlas of World History by Geoffrey Barraclough, 2001, Index, "Mesembria/Greek Colony"
  45. ^ The Histories, by Herodotus, John M. Marincola, and Aubery de Selincourt, 2003, page 451: "... most westerly of which is Mesembria; the next place is Stryme, a town belonging to the Thasians. ..."
  46. ^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 892
  47. ^ Women and slaves in Greco-Roman culture: differential equations, by Sandra Rae Joshel, Sheila Murnaghan, 1998, page 214: "Philip II founded cities at Beroe, Kabyle, and Philippopolis in 342/1, and Aegean-style urban life began to penetrate Thrace."
  48. ^ Late Roman villas in the Danube-Balkan region, by Lynda Mulvin, 2002, page 19: "Other roads went through Beroe (founded by Philip II of Macedon)"
  49. ^ Philip of Macedon, by Louïza D. Loukopoulou, 1980, page 98: "Upriver in the valley between the Rhodope and Haimos Philip founded Beroe (Stara Zagora) and Philippolis (Plovdiv)."
  50. ^ Velkov 1977, p. 128.
  51. ^ From Mycenae to Constantinople: Major Cities of the Greek and Roman World, by Richa Tomlinson, 1992, page 8: "...this means, a Macedonian city established in a non-Macedonian area (Philippopolis in Thrace, for example) becomes a means of establishing a..."
  52. ^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 895: "The emporion of Pistiros was an inland trading station originally founded by merchants coming from the polis of Pistiros a dependency of Thasos situated piston the Thracian coast"
  53. ^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 903: "Aigos potamoi is called a deserted polichne by Strabo and a polis by Steph.Byz."
  54. ^ a b An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 636: "In the archaic period Athens colonised Sigeion, Elaious, Chersonesus, Paktye, Sestus, Kardia..."
  55. ^ The Penguin Historical atlas of Ancient Greece by Robert Morkot, page 48
  56. ^ . Archived from the original on 25 January 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2009.
  57. ^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 910: "Sestos was colonised by Lesbians"
  58. ^ Ancient Greek Colonies in the Black Sea 2, Dēmētrios V. Grammenos, ISBN 1-4073-0110-1, 2007, page 1182
  59. ^ Velkov 1977, p. 124.
  60. ^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 914: "Bisanthe was a colony founded by the Samians"
  61. ^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 918
  62. ^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 913
  63. ^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 919: "Heraion Teichos was a colony of Samos"
  64. ^ a town near Perinthus, Xerxes' commissariat there: Hdt. 7.25
  65. ^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 912: "The European coast of Propontis was settled by Megarians and Samians.By 480 four colonies are recorded; viz from the east to the west, Megarian Byzantion and Selymbria and Samian Perinthos and Bisanthe along with two smaller and presumably dependant settlements, Tyrodiza and Heraion."
  66. ^ Grumeza 2009, p. 132.
  67. ^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 934: "Kallatis was colonized by Herakleia"
  68. ^ A Companion to Archaic Greece, by Kurt A. Raaflaub and Hans van Wees, 2009, page 337: "... On the western shore, Odessos was founded by the Milesians, and the expansion of existing Greek cities in the western ..."
  69. ^ Katičic', Radoslav. Ancient Languages of the Balkans, Part One. Paris: Mouton, 1976: 147
  70. ^ The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 6: The Fourth Century BC, by D. M. Lewis, page 469: "Philip's new foundation at Heracle Sintica"
  71. ^ The Greek Wars: The Failure of Persia, by George Cawkwell, 2006, page 58: "... 'The lands beyond the sea' Persian city, Boryza' on the Black Sea coast (FGH t Fí66) but that ..."
  72. ^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 891, "Note that the only one which is explicitly called a polis by Hekataios is Boryza (fr.166) and here we learn that it is a polis inhabited by Persians i.e not by Greeks or Thracians."

References edit

  • Grumeza, Ion (2009). Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe. Hamilton Books. ISBN 978-0-7618-4465-5. The shores of the Danube were well monitored from the Dacian fortresses Acidava, Buricodava, Dausadava (the shrine of the wolves), Diacum, Drobeta (Turnu Severin), Nentivava (Oltenia), Suvidava (Corabia), Tsirista, Tierna/Dierna (Orsova) and what is today Zimnicea. Downstream were also other fortresses: Axiopolis (Cernadova), Barbosi, Buteridava, Capidava(Topalu), Carsium(Harsova), Durostorum(Silistra), Sacidava/Sagadava (Dunareni) along with still others...[better source needed]
  • Olteanu, Sorin. . Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum (in Romanian and English). Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2010.[self-published source?]
  • Schütte, Gudmund (1917). Ptolemy's maps of northern Europe: a reconstruction of the prototypes. Copenhagen: H. Hagerup.
  • Taylor, Timothy (2001). Northeastern European Iron Age. Springer Published in conjunction with the Human Relations Area Files. ISBN 978-0-306-46258-0.
  • Velkov, Velizar Iv (1977). The cities in Thrace and Dacia in late antiquity: (studies and materials). Hakkert. ISBN 90-256-0723-3.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ancient Thrace and Ancient Thracians.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dacia and Dacians.
  • Durdinov, Ivan. "The Language of the Thracians".
  • Duridanov's paper on Thracian toponyms
  • Placenames in the Compilation 'notitia dignitatum' (Cnd)
  • Lists of Dacian fortresses, towns and citadels 20 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  • Dacian Map[permanent dead link]
  • Thracians and Dacians
  • Thracians 700-46 BC 30 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine

April 13, 2024
list, ancient, cities, thrace, dacia, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, some, this, article, listed, sources, reliable, please, help, improve, this, artic. This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages Some of this article s listed sources may not be reliable Please help improve this article by looking for better more reliable sources Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed July 2012 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article may contain excessive or inappropriate references to self published sources Please help improve it by removing references to unreliable sources where they are used inappropriately February 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message This is a list of ancient cities towns villages and fortresses in and around Thrace and Dacia A number of these settlements were Dacian and Thracian but some were Celtic Greek Roman Paeonian or Persian A number of cities in Dacia and Thrace were built on or close to the sites of preexisting Dacian or Thracian settlements Some settlements in this list may have a double entry such as the Paeonian Astibo and Latin Astibus It is believed that Thracians did not build true cities even if they were named as such the largest Thracian settlements were large villages 1 The only known attempt to build a polis by the Thracians was Seuthopolis 2 3 although Strabo considered the Thracian cities with bria ending polises Some of the Dacian settlements and fortresses employed the traditional Murus Dacicus construction technique Note Throughout these lists an asterisk indicates that the toponym is reconstructed Contents 1 Daco and Thracian 1 1 Unknown names 2 Thraco Illyrian 3 Greek and Macedon 3 1 Thrace from Strymon to Nestos 3 2 Thrace from Nestos to Hebros 3 3 Inland Thrace 3 4 Thracian Chersonesos 3 5 Propontic Thrace 3 6 West Pontic coast 3 7 Other 4 Persian 5 Roman 6 Celtic 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External linksDaco and Thracian editThis section may contain information not important or relevant to the article s subject Please help improve this section September 2009 Learn how and when to remove this template message nbsp Dacian towns and fortresses in Dacia during Burebista nbsp Onomastic range of some towns with the dava endingMany city names were composed of an initial lexical element affixed to dava daua deva deba daba or dova which meant city or town Endings on more southern regions are exclusively bria town city disza diza dizos fortress walled settlement para paron pera phara town village Strabo translated bria as polis but that may not be accurate 4 Thracian disza diza and dizos are derived from Proto Indo European dheigh to knead clay hence to make bricks build walls wall walls and so on These Thracian lexical items show a satemization of PIE gh Cognates include Ancient Greek teichos wall fort fortified town as in the town of Didymoteicho and Avestan da za wall It is suggested that the dava endings are from the Dacian language while the rest from the Thracian language However dava towns can be found as south as Sandanski and Plovdiv Some dava toponyms contain the same linguistic features as diza toponyms e g Pirodiza and Pirodava The first written mention of the name Dacians is in Roman sources Strabo specified that the Daci are the Getae identified as a Thracian tribe The Dacians Getae and their kings were always considered as Thracians by the ancients Dio Cassius Trogus Pompeius Appian Strabo Herodotus and Pliny the Elder and were said to speak the same language The Dacian language is considered a variety of the Thracian language 5 Such lexical differentiation dava vs para would be hardly enough evidence to separate Dacian from Thracian thus they are classified as dialects 6 It is also possible that dava and bria mean two different things in the same language rather than meaning the same thing in two different languages Thus bria could have been used for urbanized settlements similar in scale and design to those of the civilised peoples like Greeks and Romans whereas dava could mean a settlement which is rural being situated in the steppe like part of the Thracian lands Abydos Acidava 7 Acidaua a fortress town close to the Danube located in today s Piatra Olt Olt County Romania Acmonia Abdera Acatapara Aedava 8 Aedeva Aedabe Aedeba or Aedadeba placed by Procopius on the Danubian road between Augustae and Variana 9 in Moesia the present Northern Bulgaria Aedeva modern Pernik Agatapara Ahypara Aiadava 9 Aiadaba or Aeadaba Greek Aἰadaba 10 a locality in the Remesiana region in present day Bela Palanka Serbia 11 Aizis Alaaibria Aixis Aixim Airzis Azizis Azisis Aizisis Alzisis Aigis Aigizidava Zizis mentioned by Emperor Trajan in Dacica Amutria Amutrion Amutrium Ancient Greek Ἀmoytrion a Dacian town close to the Danube possibly today s Motru Gorj County Romania 12 Apulon Apoulon Apula a fortress city close to modern Alba Iulia Romania from which the Latin name of Apulum is derived Arcina 7 Arcinna a fortress town in Wallachia Apsynthus Arcobadara 13 Argedava 14 Argedauon Sargedava Sargedauon Zargedava Zargedauon Ancient Greek Argedayon Sargedayon mentioned in the Decree of Dionysopolis potentially the dava discovered at Popești a district in the town of Mihăilești Giurgiu County Romania and maybe Burebista s court or capital Argidava Argidaua Arcidava Arcidaua Argedava Argedauon Sargedava Sargedauon Zargedava Zargedauon Ancient Greek Ἀrgidaya Argedayon Sargedayon potentially Burebista s court or capital located in today s Vărădia Caraș Severin County Romania Artanes modern Lom Arutela Apulon Atipara Authiparu Bergula Berzobis 7 ancient Barzava Romania Bataldeua Bazopara Bediza Belaidipara Bendipara Beodiza Bergula modern Luleburgaz Beripara Beroea 15 modern Stara Zagora Bessapara of the Bessi tribe today Sinitovo Bizye capital of the Odrysae Bolbabria Bortudiza Bospara Bregedava Breierphara near modern Komotini Brentopara Briparon Buatpara Buricodava 7 Buridava 13 Burridava today s Ocnele Mari Romania Burtudiza Busipara Buteridava 7 Cabassus 16 Capidava 7 Kapidaua a fortress town on the southern side of the lower Danube Caria modern Shabla Carsidava or Karsidaua Cedonia near Sibiu Chesdupara Cleipadava Crenides Cumidava 7 Comidava Komidaua ancient Rașnov Romania Cumlideva Cypasis Danedebai 17 Dausdava Dausadava Dausdavua 7 The shrine of wolves a fortress town close to the Danube Debelt Dentheletica capital of the Dentheletae tribe modern Kyustendil Desudaba or Maedius of the Maedi tribe modern Sandanski Diacum 7 Dierna Dinogetia 7 located above the Danube delta Docidava or Dokidaua Dodopara Drabeskos 18 Drobeta 7 located on the left bank of the Danube at Turnu Severin Drusipara Egeta 17 Ergines Eumolpias later Pulpudeva translating Philippopolis the name resulted in modern Plovdiv prehistoric settlement Gatae Gazoros Gellipara Genucla 17 settlement located south of the Danube Germania hot water modern Sapareva Banya site of the Dentheletae tribe Germisara hot water Gildova 17 Gildoba located along the Vistula river Giridava 17 Hesdupara Iamphorynna capital of the Maedi tribe 19 Itadeba 17 Itadava Isgipara Ismara Istria Olbia Jidava 7 near Campulung Muscel Romania Jidova 7 Kabyle of the Kabileti tribe capital of the Odrysae 20 Keliadeva Keirpara Keriparon Kipsela modern Ipsala Kirpiza Kistidiza Klepidaua Krabnopara Krasalopara Kuimedaba Longinopara Lygos modern Istanbul Malva a Dacian settlement where Roman Romula was built citation needed Marcodava Dacia Markodaua Maskiobria Melsambria modern Nessebar Melta modern Lovech Murideba Mutzipara Napoca ancient Cluj Napoca Romania Naulochas modern Obzor Nentinava 13 Netindaua ancient Slobozia Romania Nentivava 7 ancient Olteniţa Romania Netindava Nipsa near Panisus Oescus of the Triballi tribe Odryssa or Uscudama modern Edirne capital of the Odrysae or Bessi tribe 21 Onokarsis capital residence of the Odrysae possibly modern Starosel Orsudisza Ostudiza Patridava Patridaua Patruissa Pelendava 7 Pelendova ancient Craiova Romania Perburidava Perperikon Pinon Piroboridava Petra fort of Maedi 22 Petrodava 13 Petrodaua located in Piatra Neamț Piroboridava Piroboridaua Pizos Polondava Polymbria Potaissa Patavissa ancient Turda Romania Predava Priskupera Quemedava mentioned by Procopius in Dardania 23 Ramidava Rhamidaua Ratiaria Recidava Remesiana Romboses Rusidava 7 Rusidava Ruconium Sacidava Sacidaba Sagadava Salmydessos modern Kiyikoy residence of the Odrysae Sandava Sangidaua Sarmizegetusa 17 Sarmisegetuza Decebalus s capital and holy place Scaidava Skedeba Scaptopara of the Dentheletae tribe modern Blagoevgrad 24 Scaripara Scedabria Scelabria Scept Selymbria modern Silivri in European Turkey 25 Serdica of the Serdi tribe modern Sofia Setidava 7 Setidaua mentioned by Ptolemy as a thriving settlement Seuthopolis 3 Singidava Singidaua Sintica of the Sintoi tribe Skaripara Skaskopara Spinopara Stratopara Strupil Subzupara 26 Sucidava 7 Suvidava Sukidaua located in Corabia Olt County Romania Susudava 7 mentioned by Ptolemy as a thriving settlement Sykidaba Tamasidava Tamasidaua Tarpodiza Tapae a Dacian outpost guarding Sarmisegetuza and the site of two major battles between Dacians and Romans Teichos residence of the Odryssae Therma of the Mygdones tribe modern Thessaloniki 27 28 29 Thermidava placed by Ptolemy on the Lissus Naissus route The toponym is most probably a misreading of a settlement which most scholars in contemporary research locate near present day Banat Serbia 30 Thynia town of the Thyni Tibiscum Tirista Tsirista 7 Tranopara Tranupara 31 Tsgipera Tsierna Dierna 7 Tyrida Tyrodiza Urdoviza modern Kiten Utidava Utidaua Zalcdaba Zaldapa 17 Zargidava Zargidaua Zburulus Sarmicegetusa Zeugma Zesutera Zidava Zikideva Zimnicea 7 site where Alexander the Great fought the Dacians Ziridava Ziridaua identified archaeologically with Pecica Arad Romania 32 Zirmai Zisnudeba Zisnedeva 7 Zisnudeva Zisnudeba located in Dacian Moesia Zucidaua Zurobara Zusidava nbsp Map of Ancient Thrace made by Abraham Ortelius at 1585Unknown names edit Aghireșu Ardan Ardeu Arpașu de Sus Augustin Băile Tușnad Băleni Romani Bănița Bazdana Beidaud Bocșa Boroșneu Mic Boșorod Botfei Breaza Bretea Mureșană Bucium Căpalna Cernat Cetățeni Cioclovina Clopotiva Costești Blidaru Costești Cetățuie Cotnari Coțofenii din Dos Covasna Cozia Crăsanii de Jos Crivești Crizbav Cuciulata Cucuiș Dealul Golu Cucuiș Varful Berianului Cugir Carlomănești Dalboșeț Densuș Divici Drajna de Sus Dumitrița Eliseni Feldioara Fețele Albe Grădiștea de Munte Iedera de Jos Feleac Jigodin Liubcova Mala Kopania Marca Mataraua Merești Moinești Monariu Monor Moșna Ocolișu Mic Odorheiu Secuiesc Olteni Orăștie Mountains Petrila Petroșani Piatra Roșie Pietroasa Mică Pinticu Pisculești Poiana cu Cetate Polovragi Ponor Popești Călărași Porumbenii Mari Praid Racoș Racu Radovanu Gorgana I Radovanu Jidovescu Roadeș Rovinari Rușor Sacalasău Satu Mare Harghita Satu Nou Sanzieni Seimeni Socol Sprancenata Stancești Stoina Șeica Mică Tășad Telița Teliu Tilișca Timișu de Jos Turia Unip Uroi Valea Seacă Viișoara Moșneni Zemplin ZeteaThraco Illyrian editChesdupara Daradapara Scupi of the Dardani tribe SirmiumGreek and Macedon editSee also Second Greek colonisation Greeks in pre Roman Crimea and Pontic Greeks Thrace from Strymon to Nestos edit Amphipolis founded by colonists from Athens Akontisma 33 Antisara 33 Creston modern Kilkis Datos founded by colonists from Thasos 34 Drabeskos 33 Eion founded by colonists from Athens Ennea Hodoi 33 Galepsus founded by colonists from Thasos 35 Gasoros 33 Heraclea Sintica Krenides founded by colonists from Thasos 34 Mastira mentioned by Demosthenes 341 BCE in his The Oration on the State of the Chersonesus This town was unknown to the scholar Harpocration 100 200 CE who suggests that instead of Mastira we should read Bastira a known Thracian town of that name Myrkinos founded by colonists from Miletus 36 in 497 BC Neapolis founded by colonists from Thasos 37 modern Kavala Oesyme founded by colonists from Thasos 36 Paroikopolis 38 Pergamos 38 Phagres founded by colonists from Thasos 37 Philippi founded by Philip II of Macedon 37 rebuilt Crenides Philippopolis modern Plovdiv Pistyros founded by colonists from Thasos 39 Sirra founded by Philip II of Macedon 37 rebuilt town of the Siriopeoni modern Serres Skapte Hyle 38 Skotoussa 38 Tristolos 38 Thrace from Nestos to Hebros edit Abdera founded by colonists from Klazomenai 40 Ainos Poltymbria founded by colonists from Alopeke Mytilene and Kyme 41 Bergepolis 37 founded by colonists from Abdera Doriskos 37 Drys founded by colonists from Samothrace Dikaia founded by colonists from Samos 42 Kypsela 37 Larissa 43 Maroneia founded by colonists from Chios 42 Menebria founded by colonists from Samothrace 44 on a town named Melsambria modern Nessebar Orthagoria 37 Sale founded by colonists from Samothrace 37 Stryme founded from colonists from Thasos 45 Zone founded by colonists from Samothrace 37 Inland Thrace edit Alexandropolis Maedica 46 Beroea founded by Philip II of Macedon 47 48 49 50 in 342 BC Philippopolis Pulpudeva Philippopolis today s city of Plovdiv in Bulgaria founded by Philip II of Macedon in a town formerly called Eumolpias 51 Stanimachos founded by colonists from Istiaia modern Asenovgrad Pistiros 52 founded by Pistyrians from the coastThracian Chersonesos edit Aegospotami Aegospotamos 53 Alokopennesos founded by colonists from Aeolis 37 Araplos 37 Callipolis Chersonesos Agora founded by colonists from Athens 37 Derris 37 Elaious founded by colonists from Athens 54 Ide 37 Kardia founded by colonists from Athens 54 Kressa 37 Krithotai founded by colonists from Athens Limnae founded by colonists from Miletus 55 56 Madytos founded by colonists from Lesbos 37 Pactya founded by colonists from Athens 37 Paion 37 Sestos founded by colonists from Lesbos 57 Propontic Thrace edit Athyra 58 59 Byzantion founded by colonists from Megara on a town called Lygos modern Istanbul Bisanthe founded by colonists from Samos 60 Daminon Teichos 61 Ergiske 62 Heraclea Perinthus citation needed Heraion founded by colonists from Samos 63 Lysimachia citation needed Neapolis Thracian Chersonese founded by colonists from Athens Orestias rebuilt Perinthus founded by colonists from Samos 37 Rhaedestus citation needed founded by colonists from Samos Serrion Teichos 37 Selymbria modern Silivri in European Turkey 25 of Thracian etymology Tyrodiza 64 65 of Thracian etymologyWest Pontic coast edit Aegyssos modern Tulcea 66 Aquae Calidae Ahtopol founded by colonists from Athens Anchialos modern Pomorie founded by colonists from Appolonia Apollonia modern Sozopol founded by Ionians 37 Berga founded by colonists from Thasos 37 Bizone founded by colonists from Miletus 37 modern Kavarna Krutoi modern Balchik founded by Miletian colonists Dionysopolis modern Balchik founded by colonists from Miletus 37 Heliopolis modern Obzor Histria founded by colonists from Miletus 37 Kallatis Callatis founded from colonists from Herakleia Pontike 67 modern day Mangalia Romania Mesembria modern Nesebar settled during the 6th century BC by Dorians from Megara Odessos modern Varna founded by colonists from Miletus 68 Nikonion founded by colonists from Istros 37 Salmydessos from IE salm udes salty water cf Greek alme sea water brine ydos water 69 Tomis modern Constanta rebuilt Scythian townOther edit Aison citation needed Brea founded by colonists from Athens 37 Gazoros Heraclea Sintica 70 on a tribe of the Sintoi tribe Kossaia citation needed Persian editBoryza city 71 72 DoriscusRoman edit nbsp Cities during the Roman periodAbritus Acumincum Ad Medium Agura Piatra Regianum Appiaria Apros Aquis Augustae Augusta Traiana formerly Beroe later Stara Zagora Burgenae Camistrum Caenophrurium Cypsella Deultum rebuilt Debelt Deltum Diocletianopolis modern Hisarya Doracium Durorstorum modern Silistra Drobeta Gensis Hadrianople rebuild Uscudama Justiniana Prima Margus Marcianopolis modern Devnya Maximianopolis Morisena Montana Nicopolis ad Istrum Nicopolis ad Nestum rebuilt Alexandrupolis Novae Oescus Pautalia modern Kyustendil Pescium modern Pec Plotinopolis modern Hissarya Porolissum Resculum castra Remesiana Sexagnita Prista modern Ruse Sirmium Theranda Traianopolis Transmarisca modern Tutrakan Tropaeum Traiani Turres modern Pirot Ulmetum Ulpiana Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa Valve modern Vratsa Vicianum modern Vucitrn Viminacium Zaldapa Zikideva the rest after conquestCeltic editDunonia modern Vidin Malata Naissus modern Nis Noviodunum Serdica modern Sofia Singidunum modern Belgrade Taurunum TylisSee also edit nbsp Poetry portalList of ancient tribes in Thrace and Dacia List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia List of ancient cities in Illyria List of rulers of Illyria Dacian Dava Dacian Fortresses of the Orăstie Mountains Tabula Peutingeriana Notitia DignitatumNotes edit The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 3 Part 2 The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC by John Boardman I E S Edwards E Sollberger and N G L Hammond ISBN 0 521 22717 8 1992 page 612 Thrace possessed only fortified areas and cities such as Cabassus would have been no more than large villages In general the population lived in villages and hamlets An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen 2005 page 888 It was meant to be a polis but this was no reason to think that it was anything other than a native settlement a b The Thracians 700 BC AD 46 by Christopher Webber ISBN 1 84176 329 2 2001 page 1 the city of Seuthopolis seems to be the only significant town in Thrace not built by Greeks The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 3 Part 2 The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC by John Boardman I E S Edwards E Sollberger and N G L Hammond ISBN 0 521 22717 8 1992 page 612 According to Strabo vii 6 1cf st Byz 446 15 the Thracian bria word meant polis but it is an inaccurate translation Peregrine Peter N Ember Melvin 2001 Encyclopedia of Prehistory 4 Europe Springer ISBN 978 0 306 46258 0 Polome Edgar Charles 1982 20e In Boardman John Balkan Languages Illyrian Thracian and Daco Moesian The Cambridge Ancient History Vol 3 Part 1 The Prehistory of the Balkans and the Middle East and the Aegean world tenth to eighth centuries B C 2nd ed London Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 22496 3 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Grumeza 2009 p 13 Velkov 1977 p 92 a b Olteanu Procopii Caesariensis opera omnia Edited by J Haury revised by G Wirth 3 vols Leipzig Teubner 1976 64 Greek text TSR9 Proc 123 26 Schutte 1917 p 96 a b c d Grumeza 2009 p 12 Grumeza 2009 p 88 A History of the Byzantine State and Society by Warren Treadgold 1997 page 419 Internal Reforms 780 842 419 army refounding Thracian Beroea under the name of Irenopolis and reaching Philippopolis The Cambridge Ancient History 1992 page 612 a b c d e f g h Grumeza 2009 p 14 An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen 2005 page 856 A thracian settlement History of Rome VII Books 26 27 Loeb Classical Library No 367 by Livy and Frank Gardner Moore 1943 page 96 waste the country and to besiege the city of Iamphorynna the capital and citadel of Maedica kabileti tribe The History of Rome Volume 4 by Theodor Mommsen 2009 page 53 defeated the Bessi in their mountains took their capital Uscudama Adrianople and compelled them to submit to the Roman supremacy Valeva Julia Nankov Emil Graninger Denver 15 June 2015 A Companion to Ancient Thrace ISBN 9781444351040 Ethnic continuity in the Carpatho Danubian area by Elemer Illyes 1988 ISBN 0 88033 146 1 page 223 Heart of Bulgaria s Southeast Archived from the original on 8 August 2016 Retrieved 31 May 2016 a b An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen 2005 page 465 Megara was principal or sole founder of Kalchedo Selymbria Byzantion Astakos Herakleia pontike and possible Olbia A New Classical Dictionary of Greek And Roman Biography Mythology And Geography V2 2006 ISBN 1 4286 4561 6 page 196 Subzupara now in Zarvi a town in Thrace on the road from Phillipopolis to Hadrianopolis Mech Midas Migdoniya eto Chto takoe Migdoniya Dictionary of ancient academic ru Retrieved 12 April 2022 MIGDONIYa V D Gladkij Drevnij mir Enciklopedicheskij slovar v 2 h tomah Istoriya Belomorie Archived from the original on 18 June 2015 Retrieved 31 May 2016 Lepper F A 1988 Trajan s Column A New Edition of the Cichorius Plates Alan Sutton p 138 ISBN 9780862994679 Stuart Jones noted the Dacian sounding place name Thermidava on the Lissus Naissus road but see Miller col 557 for the evidence on this The place was most probably called Theranda and there is no evidence for any settlement there of pro Roman Dacians now nor is it very likely Most scholars however have supposed as did Cichorius that we are now north of the Danube somewhere in the Banat area where the local inhabitants are frightened that they may lose their recently acquired liberty The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 3 Part 1 The Prehistory of the Balkans the Middle East and the Aegean World Tenth to Eighth Centuries BC by John Boardman I E S Edwards N G L Hammond and E Sollberger 1982 page 876 proper and the southern Danube borderland e g in Bessapara Keipenapa Tranupara of dita fortified town found only in Thracia proper Taylor 2001 p 214 a b c d e An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen 2005 page 856 a b An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen 2005 page 855 The Thasians they founded Krenides and Daton Hatzfeld Jean History of Ancient Greece trans by Andre Aymard 1968 W W Norton amp Co New York pp 34 35 a b An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen 2005 page 782 The Thasians are said to have colonised the Hedonian city of Myrkinos Galepsos and Oisyme a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen 2005 Index a b c d e An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen 2005 page 857 Readings in Greek History Sources and Interpretations by D Brendan Nagle and Stanley M Burstein 2006 page 232 A GREEK TRADING POST IN THRACE Maronea Apollonia and Thasos living in the trading post of Pistiros The Histories by Herodotus Carolyn Dewald and Robin Waterfield 2008 page 442 bed of the Lisus Xerxes passed the Greek towns of Maronea Dicaea and Abdera His route also took him past a An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen 2005 page 870 Colonists from Mytilene and Kyme founded Ainos a b The Histories by Herodotus Carolyn Dewald and Robin Waterfield 2008 page 442 bed of the Lisus Xerxes passed the Greek towns of Maronea Dicaea and Abdera His route also took him past a Back Matter sites identified solely by coins location site Thessaly Atrax Kieron Larissa Thrace Ainos Bizye Byzantium Deultum Maroneia Mesembra Pantalia Hammond Concise Atlas of World History by Geoffrey Barraclough 2001 Index Mesembria Greek Colony The Histories by Herodotus John M Marincola and Aubery de Selincourt 2003 page 451 most westerly of which is Mesembria the next place is Stryme a town belonging to the Thasians An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen 2005 page 892 Women and slaves in Greco Roman culture differential equations by Sandra Rae Joshel Sheila Murnaghan 1998 page 214 Philip II founded cities at Beroe Kabyle and Philippopolis in 342 1 and Aegean style urban life began to penetrate Thrace Late Roman villas in the Danube Balkan region by Lynda Mulvin 2002 page 19 Other roads went through Beroe founded by Philip II of Macedon Philip of Macedon by Louiza D Loukopoulou 1980 page 98 Upriver in the valley between the Rhodope and Haimos Philip founded Beroe Stara Zagora and Philippolis Plovdiv Velkov 1977 p 128 From Mycenae to Constantinople Major Cities of the Greek and Roman World by Richa Tomlinson 1992 page 8 this means a Macedonian city established in a non Macedonian area Philippopolis in Thrace for example becomes a means of establishing a An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen 2005 page 895 The emporion of Pistiros was an inland trading station originally founded by merchants coming from the polis of Pistiros a dependency of Thasos situated piston the Thracian coast An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen 2005 page 903 Aigos potamoi is called a deserted polichne by Strabo and a polis by Steph Byz a b An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen 2005 page 636 In the archaic period Athens colonised Sigeion Elaious Chersonesus Paktye Sestus Kardia The Penguin Historical atlas of Ancient Greece by Robert Morkot page 48 Texas edu Colonies and Metropoleis Archived from the original on 25 January 2012 Retrieved 27 August 2009 An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen 2005 page 910 Sestos was colonised by Lesbians Ancient Greek Colonies in the Black Sea 2 Demetrios V Grammenos ISBN 1 4073 0110 1 2007 page 1182 Velkov 1977 p 124 An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen 2005 page 914 Bisanthe was a colony founded by the Samians An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen 2005 page 918 An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen 2005 page 913 An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen 2005 page 919 Heraion Teichos was a colony of Samos a town near Perinthus Xerxes commissariat there Hdt 7 25 An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen 2005 page 912 The European coast of Propontis was settled by Megarians and Samians By 480 four colonies are recorded viz from the east to the west Megarian Byzantion and Selymbria and Samian Perinthos and Bisanthe along with two smaller and presumably dependant settlements Tyrodiza and Heraion Grumeza 2009 p 132 An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen 2005 page 934 Kallatis was colonized by Herakleia A Companion to Archaic Greece by Kurt A Raaflaub and Hans van Wees 2009 page 337 On the western shore Odessos was founded by the Milesians and the expansion of existing Greek cities in the western Katicic Radoslav Ancient Languages of the Balkans Part One Paris Mouton 1976 147 The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 6 The Fourth Century BC by D M Lewis page 469 Philip s new foundation at Heracle Sintica The Greek Wars The Failure of Persia by George Cawkwell 2006 page 58 The lands beyond the sea Persian city Boryza on the Black Sea coast FGH t Fi66 but that An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen 2005 page 891 Note that the only one which is explicitly called a polis by Hekataios is Boryza fr 166 and here we learn that it is a polis inhabited by Persians i e not by Greeks or Thracians References editGrumeza Ion 2009 Dacia Land of Transylvania Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe Hamilton Books ISBN 978 0 7618 4465 5 The shores of the Danube were well monitored from the Dacian fortresses Acidava Buricodava Dausadava the shrine of the wolves Diacum Drobeta Turnu Severin Nentivava Oltenia Suvidava Corabia Tsirista Tierna Dierna Orsova and what is today Zimnicea Downstream were also other fortresses Axiopolis Cernadova Barbosi Buteridava Capidava Topalu Carsium Harsova Durostorum Silistra Sacidava Sagadava Dunareni along with still others better source needed Olteanu Sorin Linguae Thraco Daco Moesorum Toponyms Section Linguae Thraco Daco Moesorum in Romanian and English Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 Retrieved 8 December 2010 self published source Schutte Gudmund 1917 Ptolemy s maps of northern Europe a reconstruction of the prototypes Copenhagen H Hagerup Taylor Timothy 2001 Northeastern European Iron Age Springer Published in conjunction with the Human Relations Area Files ISBN 978 0 306 46258 0 Velkov Velizar Iv 1977 The cities in Thrace and Dacia in late antiquity studies and materials Hakkert ISBN 90 256 0723 3 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ancient Thrace and Ancient Thracians nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dacia and Dacians Durdinov Ivan The Language of the Thracians Sorin Olteanu s Project Linguae Thraco Daco Moesorum Toponyms Section Duridanov s paper on Thracian toponyms Placenames in the Compilation notitia dignitatum Cnd Lists of Dacian fortresses towns and citadels Archived 20 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine Dacia Dacian Map permanent dead link Thracians and Dacians Thracians 700 46 BC Archived 30 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w 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