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Āgama (Buddhism)

January 01, 1970

For other uses of the term, see Agama (disambiguation).

In Buddhism, an āgama (आगम Sanskrit and Pāli, Tibetan ལུང་ (Wylie: lung) for "sacred work"[1] or "scripture"[2]) is a collection of early Buddhist texts.

The five āgama together comprise the Suttapiṭaka of the early Buddhist schools, which had different recensions of each āgama. In the Pali Canon of the Theravada, the term nikāya is used. The word āgama does not occur in this collection.

Meaning edit

In Buddhism, the term āgama is used to refer to a collection of discourses (Sanskrit: sūtra; Pali: sutta) of the early Buddhist schools, which were preserved primarily in Chinese translation, with substantial material also surviving in Prakrit/Sanskrit and lesser but still significant amounts surviving in Gāndhārī and in Tibetan translation. These sutras correspond to the first four Nikāyas (and parts of the fifth) of the Sutta-Pitaka of the Pali Canon, which are also occasionally called āgamas. In this sense, āgama is a synonym for one of the meanings of nikāya. The content of both collections, the āgama (here: Northern Collection), and the nikāya (here: Southern Collection), are dissimilar to an extent. Large parts of the Anguttara nikāya and Samyutta nikāya do not occur in the āgama, and several sutras/suttas are dissimilar in content.[3]

Sometimes the word āgama is used to refer not to a specific scripture, but to a class of scripture. In this case, its meaning can also encompass the Sutta-pitaka, which the Theravada tradition holds to be the oldest and most historically accurate representation of the teachings of Gautama Buddha, together with the Vinaya-pitaka.[4]

In the 4th century Mahāyāna abhidharma work Abhidharmasamuccaya, Āsaṅga refers to the collection which contains the Prakrit/Sanskrit āgamas as the Śrāvakapiṭaka, and associates it with the śrāvakas and pratyekabuddhas.[5] Āsaṅga classifies the Mahāyāna sūtras as belonging to the Bodhisattvapiṭaka, which is designated as the collection of teachings for bodhisattvas.[5]

History edit

Jens-Uwe Hartmann writes,[6]

According to tradition, the Buddha's discourses were already collected by the time of the first council, held shortly after the Buddha's death ... Scholars, however, see the texts as continually growing in number and size from an unknown nucleus, thereby undergoing various changes in language and content ...

It is clear that, among the early schools, at a minimum the Sarvāstivāda, Kāśyapīya, Mahāsāṃghika, and Dharmaguptaka had recensions of four of the five Prakrit/Sanskrit āgamas that differed. The āgamas have been compared to the Pali Canon's nikāyas by contemporary scholars in an attempt to identify possible changes and root phrasings.[3] The āgamas' existence and similarity to the Sutta Pitaka are sometimes used by scholars to assess to what degree these teachings are a historically authentic representation of the Canon of Early Buddhism.[7] Sometimes also the differences between them are used to suggest an alternative meaning to the accepted meaning of a sutta in either of the two recensions.

The various āgamas edit

There are four extant collections of āgamas, and one for which we have only references and fragments (the Kṣudrakāgama). The four extant collections are preserved in their entirety only in Chinese translation (āgama: 阿含經), although small portions of all four have recently been discovered in Sanskrit, and portions of four of the five āgamas are preserved in Tibetan.[8] The five Āgamas are:

Dīrgha Āgama edit

The Dīrgha Āgama ("Long Discourses," Cháng Ahánjīng 長阿含經 Taishō 1)[9] corresponds to the Dīgha Nikāya of the Theravada school. A complete version of the Dīrgha Āgama of the Dharmaguptaka (法藏部) school was done by Buddhayaśas (佛陀耶舍) and Zhu Fonian (竺佛念) in the Late Qin dynasty (後秦), dated to 413 CE. It contains 30 sūtras in contrast to the 34 suttas of the Theravadin Dīgha Nikāya. A "very substantial" portion of the Sarvāstivādin Dīrgha Āgama survives in Sanskrit,[10] and portions survive in Tibetan translation.

Madhyama Āgama edit

The Madhyama Āgama (traditional Chinese: 中阿含經 "Middle-length Discourses")[9] corresponds to the Majjhima Nikāya of the Theravada school. A complete translation of the Madhyama Āgama of the Sarvāstivāda school was done by Saṃghadeva (Chinese: 僧伽提婆) in the Eastern Jin dynasty in 397-398 CE. The Madhyama Āgama of the Sarvāstivāda school contains 222 sūtras, in contrast to the 152 suttas of the Pāli Majjhima Nikāya.[11] Portions of the Sarvāstivāda Madhyama Āgama also survive in Tibetan translation.

Saṃyukta Āgama edit

The Saṃyukta Āgama ("Connected Discourses", Zá Ahánjīng 雜阿含經 Taishō 2.99)[9] corresponds to the Saṃyutta Nikāya of the Theravada school. A Chinese translation of the complete Saṃyukta Āgama of the Sarvāstivāda (說一切有部) school was done by Guṇabhadra (求那跋陀羅) in the Song state (宋), dated to 435-443 CE. Portions of the Sarvāstivāda Saṃyukta Āgama also survive in Sanskrit[12] and Tibetan translation. In 2014, The Collation and Annotation of Saṃyuktāgama (雜阿含經校釋, Chinese version), written by Wang Jianwei and Jin Hui, was published in China.

There is also an incomplete Chinese translation of the Saṃyukta Āgama (別譯雜阿含經 Taishō 100) of the Kāśyapīya (飲光部) school by an unknown translator, from around the Three Qin (三秦) period, 352-431 CE.[8] A comparison of the Sarvāstivādin, Kāśyapīya, and Theravadin texts reveals a considerable consistency of content, although each recension contains texts not found in the others.

Ekottara Āgama edit

The Ekottara Āgama ("Numbered Discourses," Zēngyī Ahánjīng, 增壹阿含經 Taishō 125)[9] corresponds to the Anguttara Nikāya of the Theravada school. A complete version of the Ekottara Āgama was translated by Dharmanandi (曇摩難提) of the Fu Qin state (苻秦), and edited by Gautama Saṃghadeva in 397–398 CE. Some believed that it came from the Sarvāstivāda school, but more recently the Mahāsāṃghika branch has been proposed as well.[13] According to A.K. Warder, the Ekottara Āgama references 250 Prātimokṣa rules for monks, which agrees only with the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya, which is also located in the Chinese Buddhist canon. He also views some of the doctrine as contradicting tenets of the Mahāsāṃghika school, and states that they agree with Dharmaguptaka views currently known. He therefore concludes that the extant Ekottara Āgama is that of the Dharmaguptaka school.[14]

Of the four Āgamas of the Sanskritic Sūtra Piṭaka in the Chinese Buddhist Canon, it is the one which differs most from the Theravādin version. The Ekottara Āgama contains variants on such standard teachings as the Noble Eightfold Path.[13] According to Keown, "there is considerable disparity between the Pāli and the [Chinese] versions, with more than two-thirds of the sūtras found in one but not the other compilation, which suggests that much of this portion of the Sūtra Piṭaka was not formed until a fairly late date."[15]

Kṣudraka Āgama or Kṣudraka Piṭaka edit

The Kṣudraka Āgama ("Minor Collection") corresponds to the Khuddaka Nikāya, and existed in some schools. The Dharmaguptaka in particular had a Kṣudraka Āgama.[16] The Chinese translation of the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya provides a table of contents for the Dharmaguptaka recension of the Kṣudraka Āgama, and fragments in Gandhari appear to have been found.[17] Items from this Āgama also survive in Tibetan and Chinese translation—fourteen texts, in the latter case.[16][18][19] Some schools, notably the Sarvāstivāda, recognized only four Āgamas—they had a "Kṣudraka" which they did not consider to be an "Āgama."[18][20] Others—including even the Dharmaguptaka, according to some contemporary scholars—preferred to term it a "Kṣudraka Piṭaka." As with its Pāḷi counterpart, the Kṣudraka Āgama appears to have been a miscellany, and was perhaps never definitively established among many early schools.

Additional materials edit

In addition, there is a substantial quantity of āgama-style texts outside of the main collections. These are found in various sources:

  1. Partial āgama collections and independent sutras within the Chinese canon.
  2. Small groups of sutras or independent sutras within the Tibetan canon.
  3. Sutras reconstructed from ancient manuscripts in Sanskrit, Gandhari, or other ancient Indic languages.
  4. Passages and quotes from āgama sutras preserved within Mahayana Sutras, Abhidharma texts, later commentaries, and so on.
  5. Isolated phrases preserved in inscriptions. For example, the Ashoka pillar at Lumbini declares iha budhe jāte, a quote from the Mahaparinirvana Sutra.

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Monier-Williams (1899), p. 129, see "Āgama," retrieved 12 Dec 2008 from "U. Cologne" at http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/MWScanpdf/mw0129-Akhara.pdf.
  2. ^ Rhys Davids & Stede (1921-25), p. 95, entry for "Āgama," retrieved 12 Dec 2008 from "U. Chicago" at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:2582.pali.
  3. ^ a b Chizen Akanuma, The Comparative Catalogue of Chinese Āgama & Pali Nikāya, Delhi 1929
  4. ^ The traditional Theravada view regarding the authenticity of the Pali Canon is contested by some modern scholars such as Brough (2001) whose own methodology involves triangulating the texts of the Pali Canon and the āgamas to make inferences about pre-sectarian texts.
  5. ^ a b Boin-Webb, Sara (tr). Rahula, Walpola (tr). Asanga. Abhidharma Samuccaya: The Compendium of Higher Teaching. 2001. pp. 199-200
  6. ^ Hartmann, Jens-Uwe (2003). "Agamas", in Buswell, Robert E. ed.; Encyclopedia of Buddhism, New York: Macmillan Reference Lib. ISBN 0028657187. Vol. 1, p. 10.
  7. ^ See, e.g., Norman (1983), Brough (2001) and Ānandajoti (2004) regarding the authenticity of the Pali Canon's Dhammapada, Sutta Nipata and other texts when juxtaposed with other non-Pali early Buddhist texts.
  8. ^ a b A Dictionary of Buddhism, by Damien Keown, Oxford University Press: 2004
  9. ^ a b c d Muller, Charles. Digital Dictionary of Buddhism, entry on 阿含經
  10. ^ Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE by Patrick Olivelle. Oxford University Press, 2006 ISBN 0-19-530532-9 pg 356
  11. ^ Analayo 2012, p. 1.
  12. ^ Tripaṭhī 1962.
  13. ^ a b Sujato, Bhikkhu. "About the EA". ekottara.googlepages.com. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
  14. ^ Warder, A.K. Indian Buddhism. 2000. p. 6
  15. ^ Keown, Damien. A Dictionary of Buddhism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
  16. ^ a b Andrew Skilton (2004). A Concise History of Buddhism. Windhorse Publications. p. 82. ISBN 0-904766-92-6.
  17. ^ Richard Salomon; Frank Raymond Allchin; Mark Barnard (1999). Ancient Buddhist scrolls from Gandhāra: the British Library Kharoṣṭhī fragments. University of Washington Press. p. 161. ISBN 0-295-97769-8.
  18. ^ a b Sean Gaffney. The Pali Nidanakatha and its Tibetan Translation: Its Textual Precursors and Associated Literature.
  19. ^ T. Skorupski (1996). The Buddhist Forum, Volume 2. Routledge. p. 78. ISBN 0-7286-0255-5.
  20. ^ T. Skorupski (1996). The Buddhist Forum, Volume 2. Routledge. p. 77. ISBN 0-7286-0255-5.

Sources edit

Bibliography edit

  • Enomoto, Fumio (1986). On the Formation of the Original Texts of the Chinese Agamas, Buddhist Study Reviews 3 (1), 19-30
  • The Collation and Annotation of Saṃyuktāgama《<雜阿含經>校釋》,(Chinese version). Wang Jianwei and Jin Hui, East China Normal University Press, 2014.

External links edit

  • Ekottara Agama: The One-up Discourses of the Buddha
  • A Digital Comparative Edition and Translation of the Shorter Chinese Saṃyukta Āgama (T.100)

January 01, 1970
Āgama, buddhism, other, uses, term, agama, disambiguation, buddhism, āgama, आगम, sanskrit, pāli, tibetan, wylie, lung, sacred, work, scripture, collection, early, buddhist, texts, five, āgama, together, comprise, suttapiṭaka, early, buddhist, schools, which, d. For other uses of the term see Agama disambiguation In Buddhism an agama आगम Sanskrit and Pali Tibetan ལ ང Wylie lung for sacred work 1 or scripture 2 is a collection of early Buddhist texts The five agama together comprise the Suttapiṭaka of the early Buddhist schools which had different recensions of each agama In the Pali Canon of the Theravada the term nikaya is used The word agama does not occur in this collection Contents 1 Meaning 2 History 3 The various agamas 3 1 Dirgha Agama 3 2 Madhyama Agama 3 3 Saṃyukta Agama 3 4 Ekottara Agama 3 5 Kṣudraka Agama or Kṣudraka Piṭaka 3 6 Additional materials 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Sources 7 Bibliography 8 External linksMeaning editIn Buddhism the term agama is used to refer to a collection of discourses Sanskrit sutra Pali sutta of the early Buddhist schools which were preserved primarily in Chinese translation with substantial material also surviving in Prakrit Sanskrit and lesser but still significant amounts surviving in Gandhari and in Tibetan translation These sutras correspond to the first four Nikayas and parts of the fifth of the Sutta Pitaka of the Pali Canon which are also occasionally called agamas In this sense agama is a synonym for one of the meanings of nikaya The content of both collections the agama here Northern Collection and the nikaya here Southern Collection are dissimilar to an extent Large parts of the Anguttara nikaya and Samyutta nikaya do not occur in the agama and several sutras suttas are dissimilar in content 3 Sometimes the word agama is used to refer not to a specific scripture but to a class of scripture In this case its meaning can also encompass the Sutta pitaka which the Theravada tradition holds to be the oldest and most historically accurate representation of the teachings of Gautama Buddha together with the Vinaya pitaka 4 In the 4th century Mahayana abhidharma work Abhidharmasamuccaya Asaṅga refers to the collection which contains the Prakrit Sanskrit agamas as the Sravakapiṭaka and associates it with the sravakas and pratyekabuddhas 5 Asaṅga classifies the Mahayana sutras as belonging to the Bodhisattvapiṭaka which is designated as the collection of teachings for bodhisattvas 5 History editJens Uwe Hartmann writes 6 According to tradition the Buddha s discourses were already collected by the time of the first council held shortly after the Buddha s death Scholars however see the texts as continually growing in number and size from an unknown nucleus thereby undergoing various changes in language and content It is clear that among the early schools at a minimum the Sarvastivada Kasyapiya Mahasaṃghika and Dharmaguptaka had recensions of four of the five Prakrit Sanskrit agamas that differed The agamas have been compared to the Pali Canon s nikayas by contemporary scholars in an attempt to identify possible changes and root phrasings 3 The agamas existence and similarity to the Sutta Pitaka are sometimes used by scholars to assess to what degree these teachings are a historically authentic representation of the Canon of Early Buddhism 7 Sometimes also the differences between them are used to suggest an alternative meaning to the accepted meaning of a sutta in either of the two recensions The various agamas editThere are four extant collections of agamas and one for which we have only references and fragments the Kṣudrakagama The four extant collections are preserved in their entirety only in Chinese translation agama 阿含經 although small portions of all four have recently been discovered in Sanskrit and portions of four of the five agamas are preserved in Tibetan 8 The five Agamas are Dirgha Agama edit The Dirgha Agama Long Discourses Chang Ahanjing 長阿含經 Taishō 1 9 corresponds to the Digha Nikaya of the Theravada school A complete version of the Dirgha Agama of the Dharmaguptaka 法藏部 school was done by Buddhayasas 佛陀耶舍 and Zhu Fonian 竺佛念 in the Late Qin dynasty 後秦 dated to 413 CE It contains 30 sutras in contrast to the 34 suttas of the Theravadin Digha Nikaya A very substantial portion of the Sarvastivadin Dirgha Agama survives in Sanskrit 10 and portions survive in Tibetan translation Madhyama Agama edit The Madhyama Agama traditional Chinese 中阿含經 Middle length Discourses 9 corresponds to the Majjhima Nikaya of the Theravada school A complete translation of the Madhyama Agama of the Sarvastivada school was done by Saṃghadeva Chinese 僧伽提婆 in the Eastern Jin dynasty in 397 398 CE The Madhyama Agama of the Sarvastivada school contains 222 sutras in contrast to the 152 suttas of the Pali Majjhima Nikaya 11 Portions of the Sarvastivada Madhyama Agama also survive in Tibetan translation Saṃyukta Agama edit The Saṃyukta Agama Connected Discourses Za Ahanjing 雜阿含經 Taishō 2 99 9 corresponds to the Saṃyutta Nikaya of the Theravada school A Chinese translation of the complete Saṃyukta Agama of the Sarvastivada 說一切有部 school was done by Guṇabhadra 求那跋陀羅 in the Song state 宋 dated to 435 443 CE Portions of the Sarvastivada Saṃyukta Agama also survive in Sanskrit 12 and Tibetan translation In 2014 The Collation and Annotation of Saṃyuktagama 雜阿含經校釋 Chinese version written by Wang Jianwei and Jin Hui was published in China There is also an incomplete Chinese translation of the Saṃyukta Agama 別譯雜阿含經 Taishō 100 of the Kasyapiya 飲光部 school by an unknown translator from around the Three Qin 三秦 period 352 431 CE 8 A comparison of the Sarvastivadin Kasyapiya and Theravadin texts reveals a considerable consistency of content although each recension contains texts not found in the others Ekottara Agama edit The Ekottara Agama Numbered Discourses Zengyi Ahanjing 增壹阿含經 Taishō 125 9 corresponds to the Anguttara Nikaya of the Theravada school A complete version of the Ekottara Agama was translated by Dharmanandi 曇摩難提 of the Fu Qin state 苻秦 and edited by Gautama Saṃghadeva in 397 398 CE Some believed that it came from the Sarvastivada school but more recently the Mahasaṃghika branch has been proposed as well 13 According to A K Warder the Ekottara Agama references 250 Pratimokṣa rules for monks which agrees only with the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya which is also located in the Chinese Buddhist canon He also views some of the doctrine as contradicting tenets of the Mahasaṃghika school and states that they agree with Dharmaguptaka views currently known He therefore concludes that the extant Ekottara Agama is that of the Dharmaguptaka school 14 Of the four Agamas of the Sanskritic Sutra Piṭaka in the Chinese Buddhist Canon it is the one which differs most from the Theravadin version The Ekottara Agama contains variants on such standard teachings as the Noble Eightfold Path 13 According to Keown there is considerable disparity between the Pali and the Chinese versions with more than two thirds of the sutras found in one but not the other compilation which suggests that much of this portion of the Sutra Piṭaka was not formed until a fairly late date 15 Kṣudraka Agama or Kṣudraka Piṭaka edit The Kṣudraka Agama Minor Collection corresponds to the Khuddaka Nikaya and existed in some schools The Dharmaguptaka in particular had a Kṣudraka Agama 16 The Chinese translation of the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya provides a table of contents for the Dharmaguptaka recension of the Kṣudraka Agama and fragments in Gandhari appear to have been found 17 Items from this Agama also survive in Tibetan and Chinese translation fourteen texts in the latter case 16 18 19 Some schools notably the Sarvastivada recognized only four Agamas they had a Kṣudraka which they did not consider to be an Agama 18 20 Others including even the Dharmaguptaka according to some contemporary scholars preferred to term it a Kṣudraka Piṭaka As with its Paḷi counterpart the Kṣudraka Agama appears to have been a miscellany and was perhaps never definitively established among many early schools Additional materials edit In addition there is a substantial quantity of agama style texts outside of the main collections These are found in various sources Partial agama collections and independent sutras within the Chinese canon Small groups of sutras or independent sutras within the Tibetan canon Sutras reconstructed from ancient manuscripts in Sanskrit Gandhari or other ancient Indic languages Passages and quotes from agama sutras preserved within Mahayana Sutras Abhidharma texts later commentaries and so on Isolated phrases preserved in inscriptions For example the Ashoka pillar at Lumbini declares iha budhe jate a quote from the Mahaparinirvana Sutra See also editEarly Buddhist Texts Early Buddhist schools Pali Canon Sutta Piṭaka Anguttara Nikaya Majjhima Nikaya Samyutta Nikaya Digha Nikaya Khuddaka Nikaya NikayaNotes edit Monier Williams 1899 p 129 see Agama retrieved 12 Dec 2008 from U Cologne at http www sanskrit lexicon uni koeln de scans MWScan MWScanpdf mw0129 Akhara pdf Rhys Davids amp Stede 1921 25 p 95 entry for Agama retrieved 12 Dec 2008 from U Chicago at http dsal uchicago edu cgi bin philologic getobject pl c 0 1 2582 pali a b Chizen Akanuma The Comparative Catalogue of Chinese Agama amp Pali Nikaya Delhi 1929 The traditional Theravada view regarding the authenticity of the Pali Canon is contested by some modern scholars such as Brough 2001 whose own methodology involves triangulating the texts of the Pali Canon and the agamas to make inferences about pre sectarian texts a b Boin Webb Sara tr Rahula Walpola tr Asanga Abhidharma Samuccaya The Compendium of Higher Teaching 2001 pp 199 200 Hartmann Jens Uwe 2003 Agamas in Buswell Robert E ed Encyclopedia of Buddhism New York Macmillan Reference Lib ISBN 0028657187 Vol 1 p 10 See e g Norman 1983 Brough 2001 and A nandajoti 2004 regarding the authenticity of the Pali Canon s Dhammapada Sutta Nipata and other texts when juxtaposed with other non Pali early Buddhist texts a b A Dictionary of Buddhism by Damien Keown Oxford University Press 2004 a b c d Muller Charles Digital Dictionary of Buddhism entry on 阿含經 Between the Empires Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE by Patrick Olivelle Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0 19 530532 9 pg 356 Analayo 2012 p 1 Tripaṭhi 1962 a b Sujato Bhikkhu About the EA ekottara googlepages com Retrieved 2009 03 01 Warder A K Indian Buddhism 2000 p 6 Keown Damien A Dictionary of Buddhism Oxford Oxford University Press 2004 a b Andrew Skilton 2004 A Concise History of Buddhism Windhorse Publications p 82 ISBN 0 904766 92 6 Richard Salomon Frank Raymond Allchin Mark Barnard 1999 Ancient Buddhist scrolls from Gandhara the British Library Kharoṣṭhi fragments University of Washington Press p 161 ISBN 0 295 97769 8 a b Sean Gaffney The Pali Nidanakatha and its Tibetan Translation Its Textual Precursors and Associated Literature T Skorupski 1996 The Buddhist Forum Volume 2 Routledge p 78 ISBN 0 7286 0255 5 T Skorupski 1996 The Buddhist Forum Volume 2 Routledge p 77 ISBN 0 7286 0255 5 Sources editAnalayo Bhikkhu 2012 Madhyama agama Studies PDF Dharma Drum Publishing Analayo Bhikkhu 2013 Mahayana in the Ekottarika agama PDF Singaporean Journal of Buddhist Studies 1 5 43 archived from the original PDF on 2014 03 11 A nandajoti Bhikkhu 2004 The Uraga Sutta Retrieved 13 Dec 2008 from Ancient Buddhist Texts at http www ancient buddhist texts net Buddhist Texts C4 Uraga Verses index htm Bingenheimer Marcus Bucknell Rodney S Analayo Bhikkhu 2013 The Madhyama Agama Middle length Discourses 1 PDF Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai ISBN 978 1886439474 Brough John 2001 The Gandhari Dharmapada Delhi Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited Monier Williams Monier 1899 1964 A Sanskrit English Dictionary London Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 864308 X Retrieved 12 Dec 2008 from Cologne University at http www sanskrit lexicon uni koeln de scans MWScan index php sfx pdf Ichimura Shohei trans 2016 2017 The Canonical Book of the Buddha s Lengthy Discourses Vol I Vol II Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai Amerika Norman K R 1983 Pali Literature Including the Canonical Literature in Prakrit and Sanskrit of All the Hinayana Schools of Buddhism Wiesbaden Otto Harrassowitz Rhys Davids T W amp William Stede eds 1921 5 The Pali Text Society s Pali English Dictionary Chipstead Pali Text Society Retrieved 12 Dec 2008 from U Chicago at http dsal uchicago edu dictionaries pali Tripaṭhi Chandra Ed 1962 Funfundzwanzig Sutras Des Nidanasaṃyukta in Sanskrittexte aus den Turfanfunden Vol VIII Edited by Ernst Waldschmidt Berlin Akademie Verlag 1962 Includes translation into German Bibliography editEnomoto Fumio 1986 On the Formation of the Original Texts of the Chinese Agamas Buddhist Study Reviews 3 1 19 30 The Collation and Annotation of Saṃyuktagama lt 雜阿含經 gt 校釋 Chinese version Wang Jianwei and Jin Hui East China Normal University Press 2014 External links editEkottara Agama The One up Discourses of the Buddha A Digital Comparative Edition and Translation of the Shorter Chinese Saṃyukta Agama T 100 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Agama Buddhism amp oldid 1221632816 Dirgha Agama, wikipedia, 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