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Częstochowa Ghetto

January 01, 1970

The Częstochowa Ghetto was a World War II ghetto set up by Nazi Germany for the purpose of persecution and exploitation of local Jews in the city of Częstochowa during the German occupation of Poland. The approximate number of people confined to the ghetto was around 40,000 at the beginning and in late 1942 at its peak, immediately before mass deportations, 48,000. Most ghetto inmates were delivered by the Holocaust trains to Treblinka extermination camp, where they were murdered. In June 1943, the remaining ghetto inhabitants launched the Częstochowa Ghetto uprising, which was extinguished by the SS after a few days of fighting.[1][2]

Częstochowa Ghetto
Jewish men clearing snow for German troops, Częstochowa Ghetto, Poland c. 1941–1942
Częstochowa
Częstochowa location in the Holocaust in Poland
LocationCzęstochowa, German-occupied Poland
Incident typeImprisonment, forced labor, starvation
OrganizationsSchutzstaffel (SS)
CampTreblinka extermination camp
Victims48,000 Polish Jews

Ghetto history edit

Further information: Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland

The official order for the creation of the ghetto in Częstochowa was issued on 9 April 1941 by Stadthauptmann Richard Wendler. In addition to Jews from Częstochowa, more Jews were brought in by rail from nearby towns and villages of the Generalgouvernement part of occupied south-western Second Polish Republic, including from Krzepice, Olsztyn, Mstów, Janów, and Przyrów, on top of expellees from Polish lands annexed into the Reich at the beginning of war, mostly from Płock and Łódź. The ghetto inmates were forced to work as slave labour in the armaments industry, a majority of them in the expanded Polish foundry "Metalurgia" located on Krotka Street (which had been taken over by the German manufacturer HASAG, and renamed Hassag-Eisenhütte AG) as well as in other local factories or workshops.[3]

The Nazis began liquidating the ghetto on 22 September 1942 during Operation Reinhard (the day after Yom Kippur). The first wave of deportations concluded on the night of 7 October. The action was carried out by German units together with their Ukrainian and Latvian auxiliaries (Hiwis), known as Trawniki men, under the command of captain of the Schupo police, Paul Degenhardt. Every day, the Jews were being assembled on Daszyński square for "resettlement" and then transported by the Holocaust freight trains – men, women and children – to Treblinka extermination camp: around 40,000 victims in total.[1]

Righteous Among the Nations who helped Częstochowa Ghetto's Jews included Helena Sitkowska,[4] the Koźmiński family[5] the Klewicki family,[6] and the Sikora family.[7] Jan Brust from Żegota was shot in the first half of 1944 for delivering food to the Jewish inmates of the slave labour facility.[8] Other members of the Brust family in Częstochowa helped to aid and shelter Jews, and after the war received the Righteous award.[9]

The uprising edit

Those who survived the main thrust of ghetto liquidation (about 5,000–6,000 slave workers and their families) were put in the so-called Small Ghetto for the Hugo Schneider munitions factory. There, 850 Jews were executed. Soon, a clandestine Jewish Fighting Organisation was formed by Mordechaj Zilberberg, Sumek Abramowicz and Heniek Pesak among others. The organization consisted of 300 members.[3]

 
Częstochowa warning poster about death penalty for leaving the ghetto and aiding Jews, signed by Eberhardt Franke, 1942

When the Germans moved in to liquidate the Small Ghetto on 26 June 1943 the Częstochowa Ghetto Uprising erupted. Zylberberg committed suicide when the Germans stormed his bunker. 1,500 Jews died in the fighting. On 30 June the resistance was suppressed with additional 500 Jews burned alive or buried beneath the rubble. 3,900 Jews were captured and put to work in labour camps Apparatebau, Warthewerk and Eisenhütte. 400 people were shot following a selection. In December that year 1,200 prisoners were transported to Germany. The men were sent to Buchenwald, the women to Dachau (all perished). However, the much needed foundry camps were revived in the second half of 1944 with around 10,000 new workers sent in from Łódź, Kielce, Radomsk and Skarżysko-Kamienna. On 15 and 16 January 1945, ahead of the Soviet advance, about 3,000 prisoners were sent to Germany; all perished. The remaining 5,200 Jews employed in Częstochowa slave-labor camps were liberated by the Red Army.[2][3]

See also edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Częstochowa ghetto.

Notes and references edit

  1. ^ a b The statistical data compiled on the basis of "Glossary of 2,077 Jewish towns in Poland" 8 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine by Virtual Shtetl Museum of the History of the Polish Jews  (in English), as well as "Getta Żydowskie," by Gedeon,  (in Polish) and "Ghetto List" by Michael Peters at www.deathcamps.org/occupation/ghettolist.htm  (in English). Accessed July 12, 2011.
  2. ^ a b Shmuel Krakowski (translated from Hebrew by David Fachler) (2010). "Armed Resistance". YIVO Institute for Jewish Research. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
  3. ^ a b c . Virtual Shtetl Museum of the History of Polish Jews. p. 4. Archived from the original on 20 February 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
  4. ^ Polscy Sprawiedliwi – Polish Righteous (2015). . Sprawiedliwy wśród Narodów Świata – tytuł przyznany (Polish Righteous Among the Nations – Titles awarded). Przywracanie Pamięci. Alphabetical listing. Archived from the original on 13 November 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  5. ^ Zuzanna Benesz, Polscy Sprawiedliwi (March 2011). . Sprawiedliwy wśród Narodów Świata – tytuł przyznany. Przywracanie Pamięci. Alphabetical listing. Archived from the original on 13 November 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  6. ^ Polscy Sprawiedliwi (2016). . Sprawiedliwy wśród Narodów Świata – tytuł przyznany. Przywracanie Pamięci. Alphabetical listing. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  7. ^ Polscy Sprawiedliwi (2016). . Sprawiedliwy wśród Narodów Świata – tytuł przyznany. Przywracanie Pamięci. Alphabetical listing. Archived from the original on 13 November 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  8. ^ Irene Tomaszewski; Tecia Werbowski (2010). Code Name Żegota: Rescuing Jews in Occupied Poland, 1942–1945 : the Most Dangerous Conspiracy in Wartime Europe. ABC-CLIO. p. 75. ISBN 978-0313383915.
  9. ^ "Brust". The Righteous Among the Nations Database. Retrieved 24 May 2020.

50°48′45″N 19°07′38″E / 50.8125°N 19.12730°E / 50.8125; 19.12730

External links edit

January 01, 1970
częstochowa, ghetto, world, ghetto, nazi, germany, purpose, persecution, exploitation, local, jews, city, częstochowa, during, german, occupation, poland, approximate, number, people, confined, ghetto, around, beginning, late, 1942, peak, immediately, before, . The Czestochowa Ghetto was a World War II ghetto set up by Nazi Germany for the purpose of persecution and exploitation of local Jews in the city of Czestochowa during the German occupation of Poland The approximate number of people confined to the ghetto was around 40 000 at the beginning and in late 1942 at its peak immediately before mass deportations 48 000 Most ghetto inmates were delivered by the Holocaust trains to Treblinka extermination camp where they were murdered In June 1943 the remaining ghetto inhabitants launched the Czestochowa Ghetto uprising which was extinguished by the SS after a few days of fighting 1 2 Czestochowa GhettoJewish men clearing snow for German troops Czestochowa Ghetto Poland c 1941 1942CzestochowaCzestochowa location in the Holocaust in PolandLocationCzestochowa German occupied PolandIncident typeImprisonment forced labor starvationOrganizationsSchutzstaffel SS CampTreblinka extermination campVictims48 000 Polish Jews Contents 1 Ghetto history 2 The uprising 3 See also 4 Notes and references 5 External linksGhetto history editFurther information Jewish ghettos in German occupied Poland The official order for the creation of the ghetto in Czestochowa was issued on 9 April 1941 by Stadthauptmann Richard Wendler In addition to Jews from Czestochowa more Jews were brought in by rail from nearby towns and villages of the Generalgouvernement part of occupied south western Second Polish Republic including from Krzepice Olsztyn Mstow Janow and Przyrow on top of expellees from Polish lands annexed into the Reich at the beginning of war mostly from Plock and Lodz The ghetto inmates were forced to work as slave labour in the armaments industry a majority of them in the expanded Polish foundry Metalurgia located on Krotka Street which had been taken over by the German manufacturer HASAG and renamed Hassag Eisenhutte AG as well as in other local factories or workshops 3 The Nazis began liquidating the ghetto on 22 September 1942 during Operation Reinhard the day after Yom Kippur The first wave of deportations concluded on the night of 7 October The action was carried out by German units together with their Ukrainian and Latvian auxiliaries Hiwis known as Trawniki men under the command of captain of the Schupo police Paul Degenhardt Every day the Jews were being assembled on Daszynski square for resettlement and then transported by the Holocaust freight trains men women and children to Treblinka extermination camp around 40 000 victims in total 1 Righteous Among the Nations who helped Czestochowa Ghetto s Jews included Helena Sitkowska 4 the Kozminski family 5 the Klewicki family 6 and the Sikora family 7 Jan Brust from Zegota was shot in the first half of 1944 for delivering food to the Jewish inmates of the slave labour facility 8 Other members of the Brust family in Czestochowa helped to aid and shelter Jews and after the war received the Righteous award 9 The uprising editThose who survived the main thrust of ghetto liquidation about 5 000 6 000 slave workers and their families were put in the so called Small Ghetto for the Hugo Schneider munitions factory There 850 Jews were executed Soon a clandestine Jewish Fighting Organisation was formed by Mordechaj Zilberberg Sumek Abramowicz and Heniek Pesak among others The organization consisted of 300 members 3 nbsp Czestochowa warning poster about death penalty for leaving the ghetto and aiding Jews signed by Eberhardt Franke 1942 When the Germans moved in to liquidate the Small Ghetto on 26 June 1943 the Czestochowa Ghetto Uprising erupted Zylberberg committed suicide when the Germans stormed his bunker 1 500 Jews died in the fighting On 30 June the resistance was suppressed with additional 500 Jews burned alive or buried beneath the rubble 3 900 Jews were captured and put to work in labour camps Apparatebau Warthewerk and Eisenhutte 400 people were shot following a selection In December that year 1 200 prisoners were transported to Germany The men were sent to Buchenwald the women to Dachau all perished However the much needed foundry camps were revived in the second half of 1944 with around 10 000 new workers sent in from Lodz Kielce Radomsk and Skarzysko Kamienna On 15 and 16 January 1945 ahead of the Soviet advance about 3 000 prisoners were sent to Germany all perished The remaining 5 200 Jews employed in Czestochowa slave labor camps were liberated by the Red Army 2 3 See also edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Czestochowa ghetto Timeline of TreblinkaNotes and references edit a b The statistical data compiled on the basis of Glossary of 2 077 Jewish towns in Poland Archived 8 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine by Virtual Shtetl Museum of the History of the Polish Jews in English as well as Getta Zydowskie by Gedeon in Polish and Ghetto List by Michael Peters at www deathcamps org occupation ghettolist htm in English Accessed July 12 2011 a b Shmuel Krakowski translated from Hebrew by David Fachler 2010 Armed Resistance YIVO Institute for Jewish Research Retrieved 16 July 2011 a b c Czestochowa ghetto History Virtual Shtetl Museum of the History of Polish Jews p 4 Archived from the original on 20 February 2017 Retrieved 16 July 2011 Polscy Sprawiedliwi Polish Righteous 2015 The Sitkowski Family Sprawiedliwy wsrod Narodow Swiata tytul przyznany Polish Righteous Among the Nations Titles awarded Przywracanie Pamieci Alphabetical listing Archived from the original on 13 November 2016 Retrieved 23 February 2016 Zuzanna Benesz Polscy Sprawiedliwi March 2011 The Kozminski Family Sprawiedliwy wsrod Narodow Swiata tytul przyznany Przywracanie Pamieci Alphabetical listing Archived from the original on 13 November 2016 Retrieved 23 February 2016 Polscy Sprawiedliwi 2016 The Klewicki Family Sprawiedliwy wsrod Narodow Swiata tytul przyznany Przywracanie Pamieci Alphabetical listing Archived from the original on 13 June 2016 Retrieved 23 February 2016 Polscy Sprawiedliwi 2016 The Sikora Family Sprawiedliwy wsrod Narodow Swiata tytul przyznany Przywracanie Pamieci Alphabetical listing Archived from the original on 13 November 2016 Retrieved 23 February 2016 Irene Tomaszewski Tecia Werbowski 2010 Code Name Zegota Rescuing Jews in Occupied Poland 1942 1945 the Most Dangerous Conspiracy in Wartime Europe ABC CLIO p 75 ISBN 978 0313383915 Brust The Righteous Among the Nations Database Retrieved 24 May 2020 50 48 45 N 19 07 38 E 50 8125 N 19 12730 E 50 8125 19 12730External links editCzestochowa Poland at JewishGen Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Czestochowa Ghetto amp oldid 1170586196, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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