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Cydonia (Mars)

April 15, 2024

Cydonia (/sɪˈdoʊniə/, /saɪˈdoʊniə/) is a region on the planet Mars that has attracted both scientific[1] and popular interest.[2][3] The name originally referred to the albedo feature (distinctively coloured area) that was visible from earthbound telescopes. The area borders the plains of Acidalia Planitia and the highlands of Arabia Terra.[4] The region includes the named features Cydonia Mensae, an area of flat-topped mesa-like features; Cydonia Colles, a region of small hills or knobs; and Cydonia Labyrinthus, a complex of intersecting valleys.[5][6] As with other albedo features on Mars, the name Cydonia was drawn from classical antiquity, in this case from Kydonia (Ancient Greek: Κυδωνία; Latin: Cydonia), a historic polis (city state) on the island of Crete.[7] Cydonia contains the "Face on Mars", located about halfway between the craters Arandas and Bamberg.[4]

Small part of the Cydonia region, taken by the Viking 1 orbiter and released by NASA/JPL on July 25, 1976

Location edit

Cydonia lies in the planet's northern hemisphere in a transitional zone between the heavily cratered regions to the south and relatively smooth plains to the north. Some planetologists believe that the northern plains may once have been ocean beds,[8] and that Cydonia may once have been a coastal zone.[9] It is in the Mare Acidalium quadrangle.

 
Picture of the Cydonia region taken in 2006 by The European Space Agency's satellite Mars Express. "Face on Mars" is just below the center.

"Face on Mars" edit

 
Cropped version of the original batch-processed image (#035A72) of the "Face on Mars". The black dots that give the image a speckled appearance are data errors (salt-and-pepper noise).[10]
 
Second Viking 1 image of the Cydonia region on Mars. Labeled 070A13

Cydonia was first imaged in detail by the Viking 1 and Viking 2 orbiters. Eighteen images of the Cydonia region were taken by the orbiters, of which seven have resolutions better than 250 m/pixel (820 ft/pixel). The other eleven images have resolutions that are worse than 550 m/pixel (1800 ft/pixel) and are of limited use for studying surface features. Of the seven good images, the lighting and time at which two pairs of images were taken are so close as to reduce the number to five distinct images. The Mission to Mars: Viking Orbiter Images of Mars CD-ROM set image numbers for these are: 035A72 (VO-1010), 070A13 (VO-1011), 561A25 (VO-1021), 673B54 & 673B56 (VO-1063), and 753A33 & 753A34 (VO-1028).[11][12]

In one of the images taken by Viking 1 on July 25, 1976, a two-kilometre-long (1.2 mi) Cydonian mesa, situated at 40.75° north latitude and 9.46° west longitude,[13] had the appearance of a humanoid face. When the image was originally acquired, Viking chief scientist Gerry Soffen dismissed the "Face on Mars" in image 035A72[14] as a "trick of light and shadow".[15][16] A second image, 070A13, also shows the "face", and was acquired 35 Viking orbits later at a different sun-angle from the 035A72 image. This latter discovery was made independently by Vincent DiPietro and Gregory Molenaar, two computer engineers at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. DiPietro and Molenaar discovered the two misfiled images, Viking frames 035A72 and 070A13, while searching through NASA archives.[17] The resolution of these images was of about 50 m/pixel.[18]

Later imagery edit

More than 20 years after the Viking 1 images were taken, a succession of spacecraft visited Mars and made new observations of the Cydonia region. These spacecraft have included NASA's Mars Global Surveyor (1997–2006) and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (2006–),[19] and the European Space Agency's Mars Express probe (2003–).[20] In contrast to the relatively low resolution of the Viking images of Cydonia, these new platforms afford much improved resolution. For instance, the Mars Express images are at a resolution of 14 m/pixel (46 ft/pixel) or better. By combining data from the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) on the Mars Express probe and the Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) on board NASA's Mars Global Surveyor it has been possible to create a three-dimensional representation of the "Face on Mars".[21]

 
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter image by its HiRISE camera of the "Face on Mars" (2007). Viking Orbiter image inset in bottom right corner (1976).
 
Mars Global Surveyor image (MOC camera) of the same feature (2001).
 
One of many formations in Cydonia, this one is sometimes called the "D & M pyramid".[22][23]

Since it was originally first imaged, the face has been accepted by scientists as an optical illusion, an example of the psychological phenomenon of pareidolia.[24][25][26] After analysis of the higher resolution Mars Global Surveyor data NASA stated that "a detailed analysis of multiple images of this feature reveals a natural looking Martian hill whose illusory face-like appearance depends on the viewing angle and angle of illumination".[27] Similar optical illusions can be found in the geology of Earth;[28] examples include the Old Man of the Mountain, the Romanian Sphinx, Giewont, the Pedra da Gávea, the Old Man of Hoy, Stac Levenish, Sleeping Ute, and the Badlands Guardian.[29]

Speculation edit

The Cydonia facial pareidolia inspired individuals and organizations interested in extraterrestrial intelligence and visitations to Earth, and the images were published in this context in 1977.[30][31] Some commentators, most notably Richard C. Hoagland, believe the "Face on Mars" to be evidence of a long-lost Martian civilization along with other features they believe are present, such as apparent pyramids, which they argue are part of a ruined city.[32]

While accepting the "face" as a subject for scientific study, astronomer Carl Sagan criticized much of the speculation concerning it in the chapter "The Man in the Moon and the Face on Mars" in his 1995 book The Demon-Haunted World.[33][34] The shape-from-shading work by Mark J. Carlotto was used by Sagan in a chapter of his famous Cosmos series.[35] In 1998 a news article about the "Space Face" quoted a scientist talking about deciphering "intelligent design" in nature. A cutting of this was used by Charles Thaxton as an overhead visual for a lecture at Princeton, in his first public use of the term "intelligent design" as a substitute for creation science.[36]

The "face" is also a common topic among skeptics groups, who use it as an example of credulity.[37] They point out that there are other faces on Mars but these do not elicit the same level of study. One example is the Galle Crater, which takes the form of a smiley, while others resemble Kermit the Frog or other celebrities.[38] On this latter similarity, Discover magazine's "Skeptical Eye" column ridiculed Hoagland's claims, asking if he believed the aliens were fans of Sesame Street.[17][39]

Interactive Mars map edit

 Acheron FossaeAcidalia PlanitiaAlba MonsAmazonis PlanitiaAonia PlanitiaArabia TerraArcadia PlanitiaArgentea PlanumArgyre PlanitiaChryse PlanitiaClaritas FossaeCydonia MensaeDaedalia PlanumElysium MonsElysium PlanitiaGale craterHadriaca PateraHellas MontesHellas PlanitiaHesperia PlanumHolden craterIcaria PlanumIsidis PlanitiaJezero craterLomonosov craterLucus PlanumLycus SulciLyot craterLunae PlanumMalea PlanumMaraldi craterMareotis FossaeMareotis TempeMargaritifer TerraMie craterMilankovič craterNepenthes MensaeNereidum MontesNilosyrtis MensaeNoachis TerraOlympica FossaeOlympus MonsPlanum AustralePromethei TerraProtonilus MensaeSirenumSisyphi PlanumSolis PlanumSyria PlanumTantalus FossaeTempe TerraTerra CimmeriaTerra SabaeaTerra SirenumTharsis MontesTractus CatenaTyrrhena TerraUlysses PateraUranius PateraUtopia PlanitiaValles MarinerisVastitas BorealisXanthe Terra
 Interactive image map of the global topography of Mars. Hover over the image to see the names of over 60 prominent geographic features, and click to link to them. Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations, based on data from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter on NASA's Mars Global Surveyor. Whites and browns indicate the highest elevations (+12 to +8 km); followed by pinks and reds (+8 to +3 km); yellow is 0 km; greens and blues are lower elevations (down to −8 km). Axes are latitude and longitude; Polar regions are noted.


See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Carlotto, Mark J. (May 15, 1988). (PDF). Applied Optics. 27 (10): 1926–1933. Bibcode:1988ApOpt..27.1926C. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.331.2704. doi:10.1364/AO.27.001926. ISSN 0003-6935. PMID 20531684. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 16, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  2. ^ Whitehouse, David (May 25, 2001). "Nasa: No face – honest". BBC News. London. Retrieved November 9, 2007.
  3. ^ Britt, Robert Roy (September 22, 2006). "Face on Mars gets makeover". CNN.com. SPACE.com. Retrieved November 9, 2007.
  4. ^ a b "Cydonia – the face on Mars". ESA. September 21, 2006. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  5. ^ "Planetary Names: Mars". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  6. ^ "Planetary Names: Feature Types". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  7. ^ MacDonald, T. L. (October 1971). "The origins of Martian nomenclature". Icarus. 15 (2): 233–240. Bibcode:1971Icar...15..233M. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(71)90077-7.
  8. ^ Head III, J.W.; Kreslavsky, M.; Hiesinger, H.; Ivanov, M.; Pratt, Stephen; Seibert, N.; Smith, D.E.; Zuber, M.T. (December 15, 1998). "Oceans in the past history of Mars: Tests for their presence using Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data". Geophysical Research Letters. 25 (24): 4401–4404. Bibcode:1998GeoRL..25.4401H. doi:10.1029/1998GL900116. S2CID 9137761.
  9. ^ Malin, Michael C.; Edgett, Kenneth S. (October 1, 1999). "Oceans or seas in the Martian northern lowlands: High resolution imaging tests of proposed coastlines". Geophysical Research Letters. 26 (19): 3049–3052. Bibcode:1999GeoRL..26.3049M. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.601.7485. doi:10.1029/1999GL002342. S2CID 53411196.
  10. ^ "PIA01141: Geologic 'Face on Mars' Formation". NASA. April 2, 1998. Retrieved February 12, 2011.
  11. ^ "Mission to Mars: Viking Orbiter Images of Mars (Experiment Data Records)". PDS Imaging Node. NASA/JPL/USGS. Retrieved April 19, 2013. Raw data in the IMQ (ImageQ) format can be downloaded from these links: 035A72 August 1, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, 070A13 August 1, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, 561A25 August 1, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, 673B54 August 1, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, 673B56 August 1, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, 753A33, 753A34 August 1, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
  12. ^ JPL; NASA; Viking Mars Program (U.S.) (1990). Mission to Mars: Viking Orbiter Images of Mars (CD-ROM). Pasadena, CA: JPL. OCLC 232381148.
  13. ^ Rayl, A.J.S. (March 16, 2007). . The Planetary Society. Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  14. ^ "Viking 1–61 (35A72)". Viking News Center (Press release). Pasadena, CA: NASA/JPL. July 31, 1976. Retrieved April 19, 2013. Caption of JPL Viking Press Release P-17384.
  15. ^ Hoagland, Richard C. (1996). The Monuments of Mars: A City on the Edge of Forever (4th ed.). Berkeley: Frog, Ltd. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-883319-30-4.
  16. ^ Paranormal News Staff (August 25, 1999). . Paranormal News. Jeff Behnke. Archived from the original on June 12, 2008. Retrieved May 29, 2008.
  17. ^ a b Gardner, Martin (Winter 1985–1986). "The Great Stone Face and Other Nonmysteries" (PDF). Skeptical Inquirer. 10 (2): 14–18. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
  18. ^ "Viking: 035A72". Mars Image Explorer. Retrieved July 3, 2019. Line Resolution 0.048049 km
  19. ^ "Popular Landform in Cydonia Region". HiRISE website. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
  20. ^ "Cydonia – the face on Mars". ESA. September 21, 2006. Retrieved April 26, 2007.
  21. ^ "Cydonia's 'Face on Mars' in 3D animation". ESA. October 23, 2006. Retrieved April 26, 2007.
  22. ^ "Cydonia: Two Years Later". Malin Space Science Systems. April 5, 2000. Retrieved December 1, 2008.
  23. ^ Fitzpatrick-Matthews, Keith (August 17, 2007). "Alien archaeology on Mars?: The 'D&M Pyramid". Bad Archaeology. Keith Fitzpatrick-Matthews and James Doeser. Retrieved December 1, 2008.
  24. ^ Britt, Robert Roy (March 18, 2004). "Scientist attacks alien claims on Mars". CNN. SPACE.com. Retrieved October 12, 2007.
  25. ^ Normand Baillargeon, A Short Course in Intellectual Self Defense: Find Your Inner Chomsky, p. 177 (Seven Stories Press, 2007). ISBN 978-1-58322-765-7
  26. ^ Charles M. Wynn, Arthur W. Wiggins, Quantum Leaps in the Wrong Direction: Where Real Science Ends... and Pseudoscience begins (Joseph Henry Press, 2001). ISBN 0-309-17135-0
  27. ^ . Image of the Day Gallery. NASA. Archived from the original on July 19, 2013. Retrieved April 26, 2007.
  28. ^ Dunning, Brian (April 22, 2008). "Skeptoid #97: The Face on Mars Revealed – New high resolution imagery has proven that this hill on Mars doesn't look quite so much like a carved face after all". Skeptoid.
  29. ^ "Badlands Guardian Geological Feature". Google Maps. Retrieved April 26, 2007.
  30. ^ Smukler, H. (1977). "Dramatic Photos of Mars: the Home of the Gods". Ancient Astronauts (January): 26.
  31. ^ Grossinger, Richard, ed. (1986). Planetary Mysteries: Megaliths, Glaciers, the Face on Mars and Aboriginal Dreamtime. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-938190-90-5. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
  32. ^ Hoagland, Richard (2002). The Monuments of Mars: A City on the Edge of Forever (5 ed.). North Atlantic Books, U.S. ISBN 978-1-58394-054-9.
  33. ^ Sagan, Carl (1995). The Demon-Haunted World: Science As a Candle in the Dark. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-53512-8.
  34. ^ McDaniel, Stanley; Paxson, Monica Rix, eds. (1998). The Case for the Face: Scientists Examine The Evidence for Alien Artifacts on Mars (1st ed.). Adventure Unlimited Press. ISBN 978-0-932813-59-6.
  35. ^ "Carl Sagan and The Face on Mars". YouTube. Archived from the original on November 17, 2021.
  36. ^ Witham, Larry (2005). Where Darwin Meets the Bible: Creationists and Evolutionists in America. Oxford University Press. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-19-518281-1.
  37. ^ Posner, Gary P. (November–December 2000). "The Face Behind the 'Face' on Mars: A Skeptical Look at Richard C. Hoagland". Skeptical Inquirer. 24 (6): 20–26. from the original on November 6, 2023. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
  38. ^ "More 'Faces' on Mars". Tampa Bay Skeptics. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
  39. ^ Golden, Fred (April 1985). "Skeptical Eye". Discover.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cydonia Mensae.
NASA or ESA
  • Cydonia – the face on Mars, ESA's overview of features in Cydonia region
  • Viking Project Information, NASA
  • Past Missions: Viking February 28, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, NASA
  • Mars Express, ESA
  • Mars Express: Home, NASA
  • Mars Global Surveyor, NASA
  • Astronomy Picture of the Day: 2006 September 25, "Mars Express Close-Up of the Face on Mars"
  • Astronomy Picture of the Day: 2006 September 26, "Mars Express: Return to Cydonia"
Non-Space Agency
  • High-resolution images of Cydonia, Freie Universität Berlin – Mars Express orbiter data (orbit 3253)
  • Discussion of MOC and "Face on Mars", Malin Space Science Systems (also, The "Face on Mars")
  • "The Face on Mars" at Google Mars
  • Interactive 3D "Face on Mars", Shockwave Player at MarsQuest Online.
  • The exact position of the Face on Mars on Geody, provides link to NASA World Wind, among others
  • Face on Mars, entry in the Skeptic's Dictionary
  • Hoagland debunking at Bad Astronomy, a discussion of the science and pseudoscience of Cydonia
  • Posner, Gary P. (November 2000). "The Face Behind the "Face" on Mars: A Skeptical Look at Richard C. Hoagland". Skeptical Inquirer. from the original on November 6, 2023.
  • Robbins, Stuart (May 31, 2014). "Exposing PseudoAstronomy Vodcast: Episode 1 – The Cydonia Region of Mars Explored". Exposing PseudoAstronomy Vodcast. Archived from the original on November 17, 2021.
  • Robbins, Stuart (May 31, 2014). "Exposing PseudoAstronomy Podcast: Episode 111 – The Cydonia Region of Mars". Exposing PseudoAstronomy Podcast.

40°44′N 9°28′W / 40.74°N 9.46°W / 40.74; -9.46

April 15, 2024
cydonia, mars, cydonia, region, planet, mars, that, attracted, both, scientific, popular, interest, name, originally, referred, albedo, feature, distinctively, coloured, area, that, visible, from, earthbound, telescopes, area, borders, plains, acidalia, planit. Cydonia s ɪ ˈ d oʊ n i e s aɪ ˈ d oʊ n i e is a region on the planet Mars that has attracted both scientific 1 and popular interest 2 3 The name originally referred to the albedo feature distinctively coloured area that was visible from earthbound telescopes The area borders the plains of Acidalia Planitia and the highlands of Arabia Terra 4 The region includes the named features Cydonia Mensae an area of flat topped mesa like features Cydonia Colles a region of small hills or knobs and Cydonia Labyrinthus a complex of intersecting valleys 5 6 As with other albedo features on Mars the name Cydonia was drawn from classical antiquity in this case from Kydonia Ancient Greek Kydwnia Latin Cydonia a historic polis city state on the island of Crete 7 Cydonia contains the Face on Mars located about halfway between the craters Arandas and Bamberg 4 Small part of the Cydonia region taken by the Viking 1 orbiter and released by NASA JPL on July 25 1976 Contents 1 Location 2 Face on Mars 2 1 Later imagery 2 2 Speculation 3 Interactive Mars map 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksLocation editCydonia lies in the planet s northern hemisphere in a transitional zone between the heavily cratered regions to the south and relatively smooth plains to the north Some planetologists believe that the northern plains may once have been ocean beds 8 and that Cydonia may once have been a coastal zone 9 It is in the Mare Acidalium quadrangle nbsp Picture of the Cydonia region taken in 2006 by The European Space Agency s satellite Mars Express Face on Mars is just below the center Face on Mars edit nbsp Cropped version of the original batch processed image 035A72 of the Face on Mars The black dots that give the image a speckled appearance are data errors salt and pepper noise 10 nbsp Second Viking 1 image of the Cydonia region on Mars Labeled 070A13Cydonia was first imaged in detail by the Viking 1 and Viking 2 orbiters Eighteen images of the Cydonia region were taken by the orbiters of which seven have resolutions better than 250 m pixel 820 ft pixel The other eleven images have resolutions that are worse than 550 m pixel 1800 ft pixel and are of limited use for studying surface features Of the seven good images the lighting and time at which two pairs of images were taken are so close as to reduce the number to five distinct images The Mission to Mars Viking Orbiter Images of Mars CD ROM set image numbers for these are 035A72 VO 1010 070A13 VO 1011 561A25 VO 1021 673B54 amp 673B56 VO 1063 and 753A33 amp 753A34 VO 1028 11 12 In one of the images taken by Viking 1 on July 25 1976 a two kilometre long 1 2 mi Cydonian mesa situated at 40 75 north latitude and 9 46 west longitude 13 had the appearance of a humanoid face When the image was originally acquired Viking chief scientist Gerry Soffen dismissed the Face on Mars in image 035A72 14 as a trick of light and shadow 15 16 A second image 070A13 also shows the face and was acquired 35 Viking orbits later at a different sun angle from the 035A72 image This latter discovery was made independently by Vincent DiPietro and Gregory Molenaar two computer engineers at NASA s Goddard Space Flight Center DiPietro and Molenaar discovered the two misfiled images Viking frames 035A72 and 070A13 while searching through NASA archives 17 The resolution of these images was of about 50 m pixel 18 Later imagery edit More than 20 years after the Viking 1 images were taken a succession of spacecraft visited Mars and made new observations of the Cydonia region These spacecraft have included NASA s Mars Global Surveyor 1997 2006 and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 2006 19 and the European Space Agency s Mars Express probe 2003 20 In contrast to the relatively low resolution of the Viking images of Cydonia these new platforms afford much improved resolution For instance the Mars Express images are at a resolution of 14 m pixel 46 ft pixel or better By combining data from the High Resolution Stereo Camera HRSC on the Mars Express probe and the Mars Orbiter Camera MOC on board NASA s Mars Global Surveyor it has been possible to create a three dimensional representation of the Face on Mars 21 nbsp Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter image by its HiRISE camera of the Face on Mars 2007 Viking Orbiter image inset in bottom right corner 1976 nbsp Mars Global Surveyor image MOC camera of the same feature 2001 nbsp One of many formations in Cydonia this one is sometimes called the D amp M pyramid 22 23 Since it was originally first imaged the face has been accepted by scientists as an optical illusion an example of the psychological phenomenon of pareidolia 24 25 26 After analysis of the higher resolution Mars Global Surveyor data NASA stated that a detailed analysis of multiple images of this feature reveals a natural looking Martian hill whose illusory face like appearance depends on the viewing angle and angle of illumination 27 Similar optical illusions can be found in the geology of Earth 28 examples include the Old Man of the Mountain the Romanian Sphinx Giewont the Pedra da Gavea the Old Man of Hoy Stac Levenish Sleeping Ute and the Badlands Guardian 29 Speculation edit The Cydonia facial pareidolia inspired individuals and organizations interested in extraterrestrial intelligence and visitations to Earth and the images were published in this context in 1977 30 31 Some commentators most notably Richard C Hoagland believe the Face on Mars to be evidence of a long lost Martian civilization along with other features they believe are present such as apparent pyramids which they argue are part of a ruined city 32 While accepting the face as a subject for scientific study astronomer Carl Sagan criticized much of the speculation concerning it in the chapter The Man in the Moon and the Face on Mars in his 1995 book The Demon Haunted World 33 34 The shape from shading work by Mark J Carlotto was used by Sagan in a chapter of his famous Cosmos series 35 In 1998 a news article about the Space Face quoted a scientist talking about deciphering intelligent design in nature A cutting of this was used by Charles Thaxton as an overhead visual for a lecture at Princeton in his first public use of the term intelligent design as a substitute for creation science 36 The face is also a common topic among skeptics groups who use it as an example of credulity 37 They point out that there are other faces on Mars but these do not elicit the same level of study One example is the Galle Crater which takes the form of a smiley while others resemble Kermit the Frog or other celebrities 38 On this latter similarity Discover magazine s Skeptical Eye column ridiculed Hoagland s claims asking if he believed the aliens were fans of Sesame Street 17 39 Interactive Mars map edit nbsp nbsp Interactive image map of the global topography of Mars Hover over the image to see the names of over 60 prominent geographic features and click to link to them Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations based on data from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter on NASA s Mars Global Surveyor Whites and browns indicate the highest elevations 12 to 8 km followed by pinks and reds 8 to 3 km yellow is 0 km greens and blues are lower elevations down to 8 km Axes are latitude and longitude Polar regions are noted See also Mars Rovers map and Mars Memorial map view discuss See also editApophenia Tendency to perceive connections between unrelated things Face on Moon South Pole Region on the Moon which resembles a face Geography of Mars Delineation and characterization of Martian regionsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets HiRISE Camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Libya Montes Highland terrain on Mars up lifted by a giant impact home to another face List of topics characterized as pseudoscience Man in the Moon Pattern observed on the Moon s surfaceReferences edit Carlotto Mark J May 15 1988 Digital Imagery Analysis of Unusual Martian Surface Features PDF Applied Optics 27 10 1926 1933 Bibcode 1988ApOpt 27 1926C CiteSeerX 10 1 1 331 2704 doi 10 1364 AO 27 001926 ISSN 0003 6935 PMID 20531684 Archived from the original PDF on May 16 2013 Retrieved April 19 2013 Whitehouse David May 25 2001 Nasa No face honest BBC News London Retrieved November 9 2007 Britt Robert Roy September 22 2006 Face on Mars gets makeover CNN com SPACE com Retrieved November 9 2007 a b Cydonia the face on Mars ESA September 21 2006 Retrieved April 19 2013 Planetary Names Mars Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature USGS Astrogeology Research Program Retrieved April 19 2013 Planetary Names Feature Types Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature USGS Astrogeology Research Program Retrieved April 19 2013 MacDonald T L October 1971 The origins of Martian nomenclature Icarus 15 2 233 240 Bibcode 1971Icar 15 233M doi 10 1016 0019 1035 71 90077 7 Head III J W Kreslavsky M Hiesinger H Ivanov M Pratt Stephen Seibert N Smith D E Zuber M T December 15 1998 Oceans in the past history of Mars Tests for their presence using Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter MOLA data Geophysical Research Letters 25 24 4401 4404 Bibcode 1998GeoRL 25 4401H doi 10 1029 1998GL900116 S2CID 9137761 Malin Michael C Edgett Kenneth S October 1 1999 Oceans or seas in the Martian northern lowlands High resolution imaging tests of proposed coastlines Geophysical Research Letters 26 19 3049 3052 Bibcode 1999GeoRL 26 3049M CiteSeerX 10 1 1 601 7485 doi 10 1029 1999GL002342 S2CID 53411196 PIA01141 Geologic Face on Mars Formation NASA April 2 1998 Retrieved February 12 2011 Mission to Mars Viking Orbiter Images of Mars Experiment Data Records PDS Imaging Node NASA JPL USGS Retrieved April 19 2013 Raw data in the IMQ ImageQ format can be downloaded from these links 035A72 Archived August 1 2013 at the Wayback Machine 070A13 Archived August 1 2013 at the Wayback Machine 561A25 Archived August 1 2013 at the Wayback Machine 673B54 Archived August 1 2013 at the Wayback Machine 673B56 Archived August 1 2013 at the Wayback Machine 753A33 753A34 Archived August 1 2013 at the Wayback Machine JPL NASA Viking Mars Program U S 1990 Mission to Mars Viking Orbiter Images of Mars CD ROM Pasadena CA JPL OCLC 232381148 Rayl A J S March 16 2007 The Empire Strikes Back Europe s First Trip to Mars Brings Home The Gold The Planetary Society Archived from the original on March 4 2012 Retrieved April 19 2013 Viking 1 61 35A72 Viking News Center Press release Pasadena CA NASA JPL July 31 1976 Retrieved April 19 2013 Caption of JPL Viking Press Release P 17384 Hoagland Richard C 1996 The Monuments of Mars A City on the Edge of Forever 4th ed Berkeley Frog Ltd p 5 ISBN 978 1 883319 30 4 Paranormal News Staff August 25 1999 Pixel Inversion NASA s Misinformation on the Mars Face Paranormal News Jeff Behnke Archived from the original on June 12 2008 Retrieved May 29 2008 a b Gardner Martin Winter 1985 1986 The Great Stone Face and Other Nonmysteries PDF Skeptical Inquirer 10 2 14 18 Retrieved April 22 2021 Viking 035A72 Mars Image Explorer Retrieved July 3 2019 Line Resolution 0 048049 km Popular Landform in Cydonia Region HiRISE website Retrieved April 22 2021 Cydonia the face on Mars ESA September 21 2006 Retrieved April 26 2007 Cydonia s Face on Mars in 3D animation ESA October 23 2006 Retrieved April 26 2007 Cydonia Two Years Later Malin Space Science Systems April 5 2000 Retrieved December 1 2008 Fitzpatrick Matthews Keith August 17 2007 Alien archaeology on Mars The D amp M Pyramid Bad Archaeology Keith Fitzpatrick Matthews and James Doeser Retrieved December 1 2008 Britt Robert Roy March 18 2004 Scientist attacks alien claims on Mars CNN SPACE com Retrieved October 12 2007 Normand Baillargeon A Short Course in Intellectual Self Defense Find Your Inner Chomsky p 177 Seven Stories Press 2007 ISBN 978 1 58322 765 7 Charles M Wynn Arthur W Wiggins Quantum Leaps in the Wrong Direction Where Real Science Ends and Pseudoscience begins Joseph Henry Press 2001 ISBN 0 309 17135 0 The Face on Mars Image of the Day Gallery NASA Archived from the original on July 19 2013 Retrieved April 26 2007 Dunning Brian April 22 2008 Skeptoid 97 The Face on Mars Revealed New high resolution imagery has proven that this hill on Mars doesn t look quite so much like a carved face after all Skeptoid Badlands Guardian Geological Feature Google Maps Retrieved April 26 2007 Smukler H 1977 Dramatic Photos of Mars the Home of the Gods Ancient Astronauts January 26 Grossinger Richard ed 1986 Planetary Mysteries Megaliths Glaciers the Face on Mars and Aboriginal Dreamtime Berkeley North Atlantic Books p 11 ISBN 978 0 938190 90 5 Retrieved August 12 2008 Hoagland Richard 2002 The Monuments of Mars A City on the Edge of Forever 5 ed North Atlantic Books U S ISBN 978 1 58394 054 9 Sagan Carl 1995 The Demon Haunted World Science As a Candle in the Dark New York Random House ISBN 978 0 394 53512 8 McDaniel Stanley Paxson Monica Rix eds 1998 The Case for the Face Scientists Examine The Evidence for Alien Artifacts on Mars 1st ed Adventure Unlimited Press ISBN 978 0 932813 59 6 Carl Sagan and The Face on Mars YouTube Archived from the original on November 17 2021 Witham Larry 2005 Where Darwin Meets the Bible Creationists and Evolutionists in America Oxford University Press p 221 ISBN 978 0 19 518281 1 Posner Gary P November December 2000 The Face Behind the Face on Mars A Skeptical Look at Richard C Hoagland Skeptical Inquirer 24 6 20 26 Archived from the original on November 6 2023 Retrieved April 28 2013 More Faces on Mars Tampa Bay Skeptics Retrieved April 20 2013 Golden Fred April 1985 Skeptical Eye Discover External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cydonia Mensae NASA or ESACydonia the face on Mars ESA s overview of features in Cydonia region Viking Project Information NASA Past Missions Viking Archived February 28 2021 at the Wayback Machine NASA Mars Express ESA Mars Express Home NASA Mars Global Surveyor NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day 2006 September 25 Mars Express Close Up of the Face on Mars Astronomy Picture of the Day 2006 September 26 Mars Express Return to Cydonia Non Space AgencyHigh resolution images of Cydonia Freie Universitat Berlin Mars Express orbiter data orbit 3253 Discussion of MOC and Face on Mars Malin Space Science Systems also The Face on Mars The Face on Mars at Google Mars Interactive 3D Face on Mars Shockwave Player at MarsQuest Online The exact position of the Face on Mars on Geody provides link to NASA World Wind among others Face on Mars entry in the Skeptic s Dictionary Hoagland debunking at Bad Astronomy a discussion of the science and pseudoscience of Cydonia Posner Gary P November 2000 The Face Behind the Face on Mars A Skeptical Look at Richard C Hoagland Skeptical Inquirer Archived from the original on November 6 2023 Robbins Stuart May 31 2014 Exposing PseudoAstronomy Vodcast Episode 1 The Cydonia Region of Mars Explored Exposing PseudoAstronomy Vodcast Archived from the original on November 17 2021 Robbins Stuart May 31 2014 Exposing PseudoAstronomy Podcast Episode 111 The Cydonia Region of Mars Exposing PseudoAstronomy Podcast Portals nbsp Astronomy nbsp Stars nbsp Spaceflight nbsp Outer space nbsp Science 40 44 N 9 28 W 40 74 N 9 46 W 40 74 9 46 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cydonia Mars amp oldid 1214271111, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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