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Cultural depictions of Philip II of Spain

January 20, 2023

Philip II of Spain has inspired artistic and cultural works for over four centuries, as the most powerful ruler in the Europe of his day, and subsequently a central figure in the "Black Legend" of Spanish power. The following list covers representations of him in drama, opera, film, novels, and verse. A small selection of the many artistic portrayals of Philip is shown in gallery form.

Literature

  • The Belgian Charles de Coster's 1867 novel The Legend of Thyl Ulenspiegel and Lamme Goedzak depicts Philip II in a highly unsympathetic light, as misanthropic moron given to petty cruelties. The narrative recounts the adventures of the Geuzen, or Sea Beggars, who fought against the Spanish occupation of the Southern Netherlands, and imagines the legendary figure of Thyl Ulenspiegel fighting on their side.[1] Critic Jonathan Nield describes the work as "of unmistakable power, if somewhat coarse in tone".[2]
  • In the Palace of the King (1900) by F. Marion Crawford is a novel about Philip's life. [3]
  • House of Torment (1910) by C. Ranger Gull follows Philip and Mary's rule of England, and depicts the persecution of Protestants during their reign.[4]
  • A Knight of Spain (1913) by Marjorie Bowen depicts the relationship between Philip and his half-brother, Don John of Austria.[5]
  • Margaret Irwin wrote Elizabeth and the Prince of Spain (1953), a historical novel about Princess Elizabeth's imprisonment and survival during the uneasy marriage between Philip and Queen Mary I. The novel was the third in Irwin's "Young Bess" trilogy.[6]
  • Jean Plaidy wrote Spanish Bridegroom (1954), a historical novel about Philip's first three marriages.[7]
  • The plot of Carlos Fuentes's novel Terra Nostra (Mexico, 1975) revolves around the construction of Philip II's combined monastery and palace of San Lorenzo de El Escorial in the Sierra de Guadarrama near Madrid. Critic Raymond L. Williams has explained that Fuentes modelled the tripartite structure of Terra Nostra on that of the Escorial, where Philip consciously set out to create a world apart. The novel makes the architecture a metaphor for Spain's imperial stance towards the New World.[8]
  • Harry Turtledove's alternate history novel Ruled Britannia (2002) imagines a world in which the Spanish Armada succeeded and King Philip conquered England, a theme anticipated, suggests literary scholar Anne J. Cruz, by the Spanish novelist Miguel de Cervantes (1547–1616).[9] Among other things, Shakespeare is made to write a play praising King Philip, of which Turtledove provides some excerpts.
  • In Philippa Gregory's novel The Queen's Fool (2004), set in the court of Mary I of England, Princess Elizabeth flirts with Mary's husband King Philip. The plot, observes reviewer Emma Hagestadt, "burns with passions with which Freud—let alone the Church—would have a field day".[10]
  • Harry Kelsey's biographical novel Philip of Spain, King of England: The Forgotten Sovereign (2011) takes place during his marriage to Queen Mary Tudor of England and his role as king-consort in a foreign country.[11]
  • Winston Graham's The Grove Of Eagles focuses on Philip II's second and less well-known attempt to invade England, in 1598 - which the author argues was better organized than the Armada of 1588 and had a better chance of success, but for having encountered a major storm en route. In one scene the book's protagonist - a young Englishman who through mischance finds himself involved in the Spanish invasion fleet - is taken to the Royal Palace in Madrid and meets with a man sitting writing at a modest desk. First considering him a minor clerk, the protagonist discovers that he is in the presence the hard-working, frugal King in person.

Film and television

Theater

  • Philip's marriage to his third wife Elisabeth of Valois and problems with his first son Carlos, Prince of Asturias, may be alluded to in Lope de Vega's 1631 drama Castigo sin venganza (Punishment without Revenge). In the view of the play's translator and editor Gwynne Edwards: "The relationship in the play between Casandra, the Duke's wife, and his son Federico was not unlike that between Prince Carlos, son of Philip II, and Isabel [Elisabeth] who became Philip's wife and Carlos's stepmother"; Edwards argues that these events were recent enough to have embarrassed the court of Philip IV and may have been a reason for the play's withdrawal after one performance.[12]
  • Vittorio Alfieri Filippo. Pazzini Carli, 1783.
  • Philip II is a central character in Friedrich Schiller's 1787 play Don Carlos. Schiller drew his material from the 17th-century novel Dom Carlos by Abbé César Vichard de Saint-Réal The plot follows the relationship between a King Philip obsessed with the Spanish Netherlands and his first son, Prince Carlos.[13]
  • The English Poet Laureate John Masefield wrote a verse play, Philip the King, about Philip receiving news of the defeat of the Armada. It was featured as part of a collection of poems called Philip the King and Other Poems (1916).[14]

Opera

  • Giuseppe Verdi's 1867 operatic adaptation of the play, Don Carlos, has been called "one of his most human operas".[15] It portrays the King as an anxious, jealous, loveless hypocrite who rationalizes his bloody atrocities, pretends to be powerful but is controlled by the Inquisition, and is dangerous to his family, his friends, and almost everyone else.[16]

Poem

  • In his 1915 poem Lepanto, the Catholic G. K. Chesterton commemorated the response of Philip and his brother Don John of Austria to the Ottoman Turks, which climaxed in the Christian victory at the Battle of Lepanto (1571). Chesterton's poem was conceived as "a call to Christians to take action against the modern forces of unbelief".[17] It contrasts King Philip, occupied with alchemy in his chamber at home in Spain, with Don John's activities at sea:

King Philip's in his closet with the Fleece about his neck
(Don John of Austria is armed upon the deck.)
The walls are hung with velvet that is black and soft as sin,
And little dwarfs creep out of it and little dwarfs creep in.
He holds a crystal phial that has colours like the moon,
He touches, and it tingles, and he trembles very soon,
And his face is as a fungus of a leprous white and grey
Like plants in the high houses that are shuttered from the day,
And death is in the phial, and the end of noble work,
But Don John of Austria has fired upon the Turk.[18]

Art

Portraits

  1. In this portrait, Philip is wearing the collar of the Order of the Golden Fleece and dressed in black armour similar to that made for him by Desiderius Colman of Augsburg, with gold damask work by Jorg Sigman, now in the Real Armería de Madrid. The Valencian Alonso Sánchez Coello (1531/2–1588) was a pupil of Antonis Mor (1517–1574) and a favourite painter of Philip.[19]
  2. This bronze is believed to have first been cast in 1551. Giorgio Vasari notes that the Milan-based Leone Leoni (1509–1590) also made heads of Philip and of Charles V.[20] His son Pompeo Leoni (c. 1533–1608) produced a bust of Philip, c. 1556, painted silver,[21] and later worked on the royal chapel at Phlip's palace of El Escorial.[22]
  3. As he grew into middle age, the pious Philip favoured an austere style of dress for himself and his court. He is depicted here, as usual, wearing the collar of the Order of the Golden Fleece, and he holds a rosary. The painting has traditionally been identified as by Sánchez Coello because of the stylistic similarity with his portrait of Anne of Austria. More recently, however, it has been attributed to Sofonisba Anguissola, the artist from Cremona who served as lady-in-waiting to Philip's third wife, Elisabeth of Valois, and painted the royal family, often working closely with Sánchez Coello.[23]
  4. Sánchez Coello's successor as royal painter was his pupil Juan Pantoja de la Cruz (1553–1608), who painted this portrait of Philip in old age and went on to serve under Philip's son Philip III. In 1593, the Venetian ambassador Contarini reported that problems of debt, famine, and the succession "trouble the king's spirit and do much harm to his appearance". As described by the historian Henry Kamen, Pantoja de la Cruz's portrait "reflects perfectly the wastage of the years. Philip stands erect, dressed from tip to toe in black, with the Fleece as his only ornament. His face is ashen white, the same colour as his beard and hair. The lips sag. His eyes now … are weary, the lids half-closed".[24] In the view of the art historian Jonathan Brown, Pantoja de la Cruz continued the style of Sánchez Coello but added the influence of Flemish painters, particularly of Rubens, resulting in a freer technique and greater psychological penetration.[25]

Allegories

  •  

    1. The Family of Henry VIII: An Allegory of the Tudor Succession, attributed to Lucas de Heere, c. 1572

  •  

    2. Philip II offering Fernando to Victory, by Titian, 1572–75

  •  

    3. The Adoration of the Name of Jesus, by El Greco, 1577–80

  •  

    4. The Milch Cow, by an unknown artist, c. 1583

  1. Mixing portraiture and allegory, this Elizabethan painting shows Henry VIII of England and his three children alongside figures from mythology. Henry died in 1547, but his daughter Mary is shown on the left of the painting next to her husband, Philip, whom she did not marry until 1554 when she was queen. Mars, god of war, looming behind the couple, symbolises their wars. Owing to a similarity of style and composition with Lucas de Heere's Solomon and the Queen of Sheba (1559) and other works, the art historian Roy Strong has attributed the work to de Heere (1534–1584). The art scholar and curator Karen Hearn, however, regards the attribution as speculative. Another source for the composition may be the group portrait The Family of Henry VIII (c. 1545). Prototypes for the figures of Philip and Mary are found in the portraits of Anthonis Mor.[26]
  2. Titian’s allegorical canvas, painted in the artist's nineties when he had not seen Philip for many years, celebrates both the victory of the Holy League over the Ottoman Turks at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 and the birth shortly afterwards of a male heir to Philip, Don Fernando. The two events were seen as signs of God's favour. The battle is shown in the background, and a bound and defeated Turk slumps at Philip's feet. The king holds Fernando up to an angel, to receive a palm branch with the motto: "Majora tibi" (may you achieve greater deeds). A favourite artist of King Philip, Titian died in 1576, and Prince Fernando followed in 1578. Lepanto effectively ended Ottoman ambitions in the western Mediterranean.[27]
  3. El Greco may have painted The Adoration of the Name of Jesus in an attempt to win favour with King Philip, but he never achieved that aim. The subject is based on a text in Paul but may also be read as an allegory of the Holy League's victory over the Ottoman fleet at Lepanto in 1571. The black-clad figure in the foreground is identifiable as King Philip; the man in the yellow robe as a doge of Venice; the old man opposite him as the pope; and the figure on the left as Philip's brother John of Austria, the commander of the Christian fleet. In the heavens shines a monogram formed from IHS, the first three letters of the name Jesus in Greek—also In Hoc Signo and Jesus Hominum Salvator. A larger version of the painting, a votive altarpiece called The Dream of Philip II, is in the Escorial, Spain.[28]
  4. The Milch Cow was probably completed in the period following the visit to Queen Elizabeth's court in 1581–1582 of François, Duke of Anjou, brother of King Henry III of France, to discuss his marriage proposal and military support for the Anglo-Dutch alliance against the Spanish. Anjou's subsequent mission to the Netherlands met with disaster when the citizens of Antwerp massacred his army in early 1583. This satirical cartoon, one of several painted versions of the joke, depicts a cow which represents the Dutch provinces: King Philip is vainly trying to ride the cow; Queen Elizabeth is feeding it; William of Orange is milking it; and the cow is shitting on the hand of the Duke of Anjou, who is holding its tail. The caption reads:

Not longe time since I sawe a cowe
Did Flaunders represente
Upon whose backe King Philup rode
As being malecontnt.

The Queene of England giving hay
Wheareon the cow did feede,
As one that was her greatest helpe
In her distresse and neede.

The Prince of Orange milkt the cowe
And made his purse the payle.
The cow did shyt in Monsieur's hand
While he did hold her tayle.[29]

Video games

In Civilization II and Civilization VI, Philip II leads the Spanish.[30]

Further reading

  • Sue Parrill and William B. Robison, The Tudors on Film and Television (McFarland, 2013). ISBN 978-0786458912

See also

References

  1. ^ Michel de Ghelderode and David Willinger, Ghelderode: The Siege of Ostend, the Actor Makes His Exit, Transfiguration in the Circus, Ponciá Vicencio, 1990, ISBN 0-924047-03-8, p. 18.
  2. ^ Jonathan Nield, A Guide to the Best Historical Novels and Tales, Ayer Publishing, 1968, ISBN 0-8337-2509-2, p. 82.
  3. ^ Nield, Jonathan (1925). A Guide to the Best Historical Novels and Tales. G. P. Putnam's sons. (pp. 51,241.)
  4. ^ Nield, Jonathan. A Guide to the Best Historical Novels and Tales (Fourth Edition).London, Elkin Mathews: 1911. (p. 462)
  5. ^ Kaye, James Ross. Historical Fiction Chronologically and Historically Related. Chicago: Snowden Publishing Company, 1920. (p.642)
  6. ^ Margaret Irwin, Elizabeth and the Prince of Spain, New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1953, OCLC 320864.
  7. ^ Lynda G. Adamson, World Historical Fiction: An Annotated Guide to Novels for Adults and Young Adults, Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1999, ISBN 1-57356-066-9, p. 54; Jean Plaidy, Spanish Bridegroom, Philadelphia: Macrae Smith, 1956, OCLC 82009461.
  8. ^ Raymond L. Williams, The Writings of Carlos Fuentes, Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996, ISBN 0-292-79097-X, pp. 78–79; Carlos Fuentes, Terra Nostra, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1976, ISBN 0-374-27327-8.
  9. ^ Anne J. Cruz, Material and Symbolic Circulation Between Spain and England, 1554–1604, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008, ISBN 0-7546-6215-2, p. 94.
  10. ^ Emma Hagestadt, The Queen's Fool[dead link], The Independent, 8 December 2003, retrieved on 13 September 2008; Philippa Gregory, The Queen's Fool, London: HarperCollins, 2003, ISBN 0-00-716659-1.
  11. ^ "Mary Tudor: Renaissance Queen: Review of Harry Kelsey's Philip of Spain, King of England: The Forgotten Sovereign (2011)". Mary-tudor.blogspot.com. 2011-12-22. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
  12. ^ Gwynne Edwards, Introduction to Three Major Plays by Lope de Vega, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-19-954017-4, pp. xxv–vi.
  13. ^ Scott L. Balthazar, The Cambridge Companion to Verdi, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0-521-63535-6, p. 210.
  14. ^ "Philip the King by John Masefield". The North American Review. 201 (710): 100–101. January 1915. JSTOR 25108347.
  15. ^ James Jolly (ed.), The Gramaphone Classical Good CD, DVD, and Download Guide, Teddington, UK: Haymarket, 2006, ISBN 0-86024-967-0, p. 1078.
  16. ^ "Verdi's 'Don Carlo' As A World Of Failures". Operawire.com. 11 March 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  17. ^ Arnold Sparr, To Promote, Defend, and Redeem: The Catholic Literary Revival and the Cultural Transformation of American Catholicism, 1920–1960, Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1990, ISBN 0-313-26391-4, p. 75.
  18. ^ G.K. Chesterton, Lepanto, edited by Dale Ahlquist, Fort Collins, CO: Ignatius Press, ISBN 1-58617-030-9, p. 80.
  19. ^ M. J. Rodríguez-Salgado, Armada: 1599–1988, London: Penguin/National Maritime Museum, 1988, ISBN 0-14-010301-5, pp. 88–90.
  20. ^ Rodríguez-Salgado, p. 47.
  21. ^ Stefano Zuffi, European Art of the Sixteenth Century, Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2006, ISBN 0-89236-846-2, p. 171.
  22. ^ Anne Sutherland Harris, Seventeenth-century Art and Architecture, London: Laurence King, 2005, ISBN 1-85669-415-1, p. 197.
  23. ^ Rodríguez-Salgado, p. 92.
  24. ^ Henry Kamen, Philip of Spain, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-300-07800-5, p. 300.
  25. ^ Jonathan Brown, Painting in Spain, 1500–1700, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-06474-8, p. 85.
  26. ^ Karen Hearn, Dynasties, London: Tate, 1995, ISBN 1-85437-157-6, pp. 81–82.
  27. ^ Robert Enggass and Jonathan Brown, Italian and Spanish Art, 1600–1750: Sources and Documents, Evanston: IL: Northwestern University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-8101-1065-2, p. 213.
  28. ^ Michael Scholz-Hansel, El Greco: Domenikos Theotokopoulos, 1541–1614, Cologne: Taschen, 2004, ISBN 3-8228-3171-9, p. 25; Donald Bruce, "Illuminated Gospels 'Seeing Salvation' At The National Gallery", Contemporary Review, April 2000.
  29. ^ Mack P. Holt, The Duke of Anjou and the Politique Struggle During the Wars of Religion, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89278-3, pp. 164–165; Hearn, p. 87.
  30. ^ "Philip II Leads Spain". Civilization.com. Retrieved 22 February 2022.

External links

 
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Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Lepanto

    January 20, 2023
    cultural, depictions, philip, spain, philip, spain, inspired, artistic, cultural, works, over, four, centuries, most, powerful, ruler, europe, subsequently, central, figure, black, legend, spanish, power, following, list, covers, representations, drama, opera,. Philip II of Spain has inspired artistic and cultural works for over four centuries as the most powerful ruler in the Europe of his day and subsequently a central figure in the Black Legend of Spanish power The following list covers representations of him in drama opera film novels and verse A small selection of the many artistic portrayals of Philip is shown in gallery form Contents 1 Literature 2 Film and television 3 Theater 4 Opera 5 Poem 6 Art 6 1 Portraits 6 2 Allegories 7 Video games 8 Further reading 9 See also 10 References 11 External linksLiterature EditThe Belgian Charles de Coster s 1867 novel The Legend of Thyl Ulenspiegel and Lamme Goedzak depicts Philip II in a highly unsympathetic light as misanthropic moron given to petty cruelties The narrative recounts the adventures of the Geuzen or Sea Beggars who fought against the Spanish occupation of the Southern Netherlands and imagines the legendary figure of Thyl Ulenspiegel fighting on their side 1 Critic Jonathan Nield describes the work as of unmistakable power if somewhat coarse in tone 2 In the Palace of the King 1900 by F Marion Crawford is a novel about Philip s life 3 House of Torment 1910 by C Ranger Gull follows Philip and Mary s rule of England and depicts the persecution of Protestants during their reign 4 A Knight of Spain 1913 by Marjorie Bowen depicts the relationship between Philip and his half brother Don John of Austria 5 Margaret Irwin wrote Elizabeth and the Prince of Spain 1953 a historical novel about Princess Elizabeth s imprisonment and survival during the uneasy marriage between Philip and Queen Mary I The novel was the third in Irwin s Young Bess trilogy 6 Jean Plaidy wrote Spanish Bridegroom 1954 a historical novel about Philip s first three marriages 7 The plot of Carlos Fuentes s novel Terra Nostra Mexico 1975 revolves around the construction of Philip II s combined monastery and palace of San Lorenzo de El Escorial in the Sierra de Guadarrama near Madrid Critic Raymond L Williams has explained that Fuentes modelled the tripartite structure of Terra Nostra on that of the Escorial where Philip consciously set out to create a world apart The novel makes the architecture a metaphor for Spain s imperial stance towards the New World 8 Harry Turtledove s alternate history novel Ruled Britannia 2002 imagines a world in which the Spanish Armada succeeded and King Philip conquered England a theme anticipated suggests literary scholar Anne J Cruz by the Spanish novelist Miguel de Cervantes 1547 1616 9 Among other things Shakespeare is made to write a play praising King Philip of which Turtledove provides some excerpts In Philippa Gregory s novel The Queen s Fool 2004 set in the court of Mary I of England Princess Elizabeth flirts with Mary s husband King Philip The plot observes reviewer Emma Hagestadt burns with passions with which Freud let alone the Church would have a field day 10 Harry Kelsey s biographical novel Philip of Spain King of England The Forgotten Sovereign 2011 takes place during his marriage to Queen Mary Tudor of England and his role as king consort in a foreign country 11 Winston Graham s The Grove Of Eagles focuses on Philip II s second and less well known attempt to invade England in 1598 which the author argues was better organized than the Armada of 1588 and had a better chance of success but for having encountered a major storm en route In one scene the book s protagonist a young Englishman who through mischance finds himself involved in the Spanish invasion fleet is taken to the Royal Palace in Madrid and meets with a man sitting writing at a modest desk First considering him a minor clerk the protagonist discovers that he is in the presence the hard working frugal King in person Film and television EditSam De Grasse in In the Palace of the King 1923 Raymond Massey in Fire Over England 1937 Breaking with British artistic tradition the portrayal of the former English co monarch is not entirely unsympathetic He is shown as a very hard working intelligent religious somewhat paranoid ruler whose prime concern is his country As he orders the Armada to sail to its doom he admits to having no understanding of the English Montagu Love in The Sea Hawk 1940 Paul Scofield in That Lady 1955 Gunther Ballier in The Mayor of Zalamea 1956 Fernando Rey in El Greco 1966 and Cervantes 1967 Peter Jeffrey in Elizabeth R 1971 George Yiasoumi in Elizabeth 1998 Jordi Molla in Elizabeth The Golden Age 2007 Juanjo Puigcorbe in La Conjura de El Escorial 2008 Mathew Baynton in Horrible Histories 2011 12 Ben Willbond in Bill 2015 Marcel Borras and Pablo Arbues in Carlos rey emperador 2015 16 Carlos Hipolito in El ministerio del tiempo 2016 Theater EditPhilip s marriage to his third wife Elisabeth of Valois and problems with his first son Carlos Prince of Asturias may be alluded to in Lope de Vega s 1631 drama Castigo sin venganza Punishment without Revenge In the view of the play s translator and editor Gwynne Edwards The relationship in the play between Casandra the Duke s wife and his son Federico was not unlike that between Prince Carlos son of Philip II and Isabel Elisabeth who became Philip s wife and Carlos s stepmother Edwards argues that these events were recent enough to have embarrassed the court of Philip IV and may have been a reason for the play s withdrawal after one performance 12 Vittorio Alfieri Filippo Pazzini Carli 1783 Philip II is a central character in Friedrich Schiller s 1787 play Don Carlos Schiller drew his material from the 17th century novel Dom Carlos by Abbe Cesar Vichard de Saint Real The plot follows the relationship between a King Philip obsessed with the Spanish Netherlands and his first son Prince Carlos 13 The English Poet Laureate John Masefield wrote a verse play Philip the King about Philip receiving news of the defeat of the Armada It was featured as part of a collection of poems called Philip the King and Other Poems 1916 14 Opera EditGiuseppe Verdi s 1867 operatic adaptation of the play Don Carlos has been called one of his most human operas 15 It portrays the King as an anxious jealous loveless hypocrite who rationalizes his bloody atrocities pretends to be powerful but is controlled by the Inquisition and is dangerous to his family his friends and almost everyone else 16 Poem EditIn his 1915 poem Lepanto the Catholic G K Chesterton commemorated the response of Philip and his brother Don John of Austria to the Ottoman Turks which climaxed in the Christian victory at the Battle of Lepanto 1571 Chesterton s poem was conceived as a call to Christians to take action against the modern forces of unbelief 17 It contrasts King Philip occupied with alchemy in his chamber at home in Spain with Don John s activities at sea King Philip s in his closet with the Fleece about his neck Don John of Austria is armed upon the deck The walls are hung with velvet that is black and soft as sin And little dwarfs creep out of it and little dwarfs creep in He holds a crystal phial that has colours like the moon He touches and it tingles and he trembles very soon And his face is as a fungus of a leprous white and grey Like plants in the high houses that are shuttered from the day And death is in the phial and the end of noble work But Don John of Austria has fired upon the Turk 18 Art EditPortraits Edit 1 By Alonso Sanchez Coello c 1570 2 By Leone Leoni and Pompeo Leoni 1551 1553 3 By Alonso Sanchez Coello or Sofonisba Anguissola c 1580 4 By Juan Pantoja de la Cruz 1590 98In this portrait Philip is wearing the collar of the Order of the Golden Fleece and dressed in black armour similar to that made for him by Desiderius Colman of Augsburg with gold damask work by Jorg Sigman now in the Real Armeria de Madrid The Valencian Alonso Sanchez Coello 1531 2 1588 was a pupil of Antonis Mor 1517 1574 and a favourite painter of Philip 19 This bronze is believed to have first been cast in 1551 Giorgio Vasari notes that the Milan based Leone Leoni 1509 1590 also made heads of Philip and of Charles V 20 His son Pompeo Leoni c 1533 1608 produced a bust of Philip c 1556 painted silver 21 and later worked on the royal chapel at Phlip s palace of El Escorial 22 As he grew into middle age the pious Philip favoured an austere style of dress for himself and his court He is depicted here as usual wearing the collar of the Order of the Golden Fleece and he holds a rosary The painting has traditionally been identified as by Sanchez Coello because of the stylistic similarity with his portrait of Anne of Austria More recently however it has been attributed to Sofonisba Anguissola the artist from Cremona who served as lady in waiting to Philip s third wife Elisabeth of Valois and painted the royal family often working closely with Sanchez Coello 23 Sanchez Coello s successor as royal painter was his pupil Juan Pantoja de la Cruz 1553 1608 who painted this portrait of Philip in old age and went on to serve under Philip s son Philip III In 1593 the Venetian ambassador Contarini reported that problems of debt famine and the succession trouble the king s spirit and do much harm to his appearance As described by the historian Henry Kamen Pantoja de la Cruz s portrait reflects perfectly the wastage of the years Philip stands erect dressed from tip to toe in black with the Fleece as his only ornament His face is ashen white the same colour as his beard and hair The lips sag His eyes now are weary the lids half closed 24 In the view of the art historian Jonathan Brown Pantoja de la Cruz continued the style of Sanchez Coello but added the influence of Flemish painters particularly of Rubens resulting in a freer technique and greater psychological penetration 25 Allegories Edit 1 The Family of Henry VIII An Allegory of the Tudor Succession attributed to Lucas de Heere c 1572 2 Philip II offering Fernando to Victory by Titian 1572 75 3 The Adoration of the Name of Jesus by El Greco 1577 80 4 The Milch Cow by an unknown artist c 1583Mixing portraiture and allegory this Elizabethan painting shows Henry VIII of England and his three children alongside figures from mythology Henry died in 1547 but his daughter Mary is shown on the left of the painting next to her husband Philip whom she did not marry until 1554 when she was queen Mars god of war looming behind the couple symbolises their wars Owing to a similarity of style and composition with Lucas de Heere s Solomon and the Queen of Sheba 1559 and other works the art historian Roy Strong has attributed the work to de Heere 1534 1584 The art scholar and curator Karen Hearn however regards the attribution as speculative Another source for the composition may be the group portrait The Family of Henry VIII c 1545 Prototypes for the figures of Philip and Mary are found in the portraits of Anthonis Mor 26 Titian s allegorical canvas painted in the artist s nineties when he had not seen Philip for many years celebrates both the victory of the Holy League over the Ottoman Turks at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 and the birth shortly afterwards of a male heir to Philip Don Fernando The two events were seen as signs of God s favour The battle is shown in the background and a bound and defeated Turk slumps at Philip s feet The king holds Fernando up to an angel to receive a palm branch with the motto Majora tibi may you achieve greater deeds A favourite artist of King Philip Titian died in 1576 and Prince Fernando followed in 1578 Lepanto effectively ended Ottoman ambitions in the western Mediterranean 27 El Greco may have painted The Adoration of the Name of Jesus in an attempt to win favour with King Philip but he never achieved that aim The subject is based on a text in Paul but may also be read as an allegory of the Holy League s victory over the Ottoman fleet at Lepanto in 1571 The black clad figure in the foreground is identifiable as King Philip the man in the yellow robe as a doge of Venice the old man opposite him as the pope and the figure on the left as Philip s brother John of Austria the commander of the Christian fleet In the heavens shines a monogram formed from IHS the first three letters of the name Jesus in Greek also In Hoc Signo and Jesus Hominum Salvator A larger version of the painting a votive altarpiece called The Dream of Philip II is in the Escorial Spain 28 The Milch Cow was probably completed in the period following the visit to Queen Elizabeth s court in 1581 1582 of Francois Duke of Anjou brother of King Henry III of France to discuss his marriage proposal and military support for the Anglo Dutch alliance against the Spanish Anjou s subsequent mission to the Netherlands met with disaster when the citizens of Antwerp massacred his army in early 1583 This satirical cartoon one of several painted versions of the joke depicts a cow which represents the Dutch provinces King Philip is vainly trying to ride the cow Queen Elizabeth is feeding it William of Orange is milking it and the cow is shitting on the hand of the Duke of Anjou who is holding its tail The caption reads Not longe time since I sawe a cowe Did Flaunders represente Upon whose backe King Philup rode As being malecontnt The Queene of England giving hay Wheareon the cow did feede As one that was her greatest helpe In her distresse and neede The Prince of Orange milkt the cowe And made his purse the payle The cow did shyt in Monsieur s hand While he did hold her tayle 29 Video games EditIn Civilization II and Civilization VI Philip II leads the Spanish 30 Further reading EditSue Parrill and William B Robison The Tudors on Film and Television McFarland 2013 ISBN 978 0786458912See also EditCultural depictions of Charles V Holy Roman EmperorReferences Edit Michel de Ghelderode and David Willinger Ghelderode The Siege of Ostend the Actor Makes His Exit Transfiguration in the Circus Poncia Vicencio 1990 ISBN 0 924047 03 8 p 18 Jonathan Nield A Guide to the Best Historical Novels and Tales Ayer Publishing 1968 ISBN 0 8337 2509 2 p 82 Nield Jonathan 1925 A Guide to the Best Historical Novels and Tales G P Putnam s sons pp 51 241 Nield Jonathan A Guide to the Best Historical Novels and Tales Fourth Edition London Elkin Mathews 1911 p 462 Kaye James Ross Historical Fiction Chronologically and Historically Related Chicago Snowden Publishing Company 1920 p 642 Margaret Irwin Elizabeth and the Prince of Spain New York Harcourt Brace 1953 OCLC 320864 Lynda G Adamson World Historical Fiction An Annotated Guide to Novels for Adults and Young Adults Westport CT Greenwood 1999 ISBN 1 57356 066 9 p 54 Jean Plaidy Spanish Bridegroom Philadelphia Macrae Smith 1956 OCLC 82009461 Raymond L Williams The Writings of Carlos Fuentes Austin University of Texas Press 1996 ISBN 0 292 79097 X pp 78 79 Carlos Fuentes Terra Nostra New York Farrar Straus and Giroux 1976 ISBN 0 374 27327 8 Anne J Cruz Material and Symbolic Circulation Between Spain and England 1554 1604 Aldershot Ashgate 2008 ISBN 0 7546 6215 2 p 94 Emma Hagestadt The Queen s Fool dead link The Independent 8 December 2003 retrieved on 13 September 2008 Philippa Gregory The Queen s Fool London HarperCollins 2003 ISBN 0 00 716659 1 Mary Tudor Renaissance Queen Review of Harry Kelsey s Philip of Spain King of England The Forgotten Sovereign 2011 Mary tudor blogspot com 2011 12 22 Retrieved 2022 02 16 Gwynne Edwards Introduction to Three Major Plays by Lope de Vega Oxford Oxford University Press 2008 ISBN 978 0 19 954017 4 pp xxv vi Scott L Balthazar The Cambridge Companion to Verdi Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2004 ISBN 978 0 521 63535 6 p 210 Philip the King by John Masefield The North American Review 201 710 100 101 January 1915 JSTOR 25108347 James Jolly ed The Gramaphone Classical Good CD DVD and Download Guide Teddington UK Haymarket 2006 ISBN 0 86024 967 0 p 1078 Verdi s Don Carlo As A World Of Failures Operawire com 11 March 2017 Retrieved 22 February 2022 Arnold Sparr To Promote Defend and Redeem The Catholic Literary Revival and the Cultural Transformation of American Catholicism 1920 1960 Westport CT Greenwood 1990 ISBN 0 313 26391 4 p 75 G K Chesterton Lepanto edited by Dale Ahlquist Fort Collins CO Ignatius Press ISBN 1 58617 030 9 p 80 M J Rodriguez Salgado Armada 1599 1988 London Penguin National Maritime Museum 1988 ISBN 0 14 010301 5 pp 88 90 Rodriguez Salgado p 47 Stefano Zuffi European Art of the Sixteenth Century Los Angeles J Paul Getty Museum 2006 ISBN 0 89236 846 2 p 171 Anne Sutherland Harris Seventeenth century Art and Architecture London Laurence King 2005 ISBN 1 85669 415 1 p 197 Rodriguez Salgado p 92 Henry Kamen Philip of Spain New Haven CT Yale University Press 1998 ISBN 0 300 07800 5 p 300 Jonathan Brown Painting in Spain 1500 1700 New Haven CT Yale University Press ISBN 0 300 06474 8 p 85 Karen Hearn Dynasties London Tate 1995 ISBN 1 85437 157 6 pp 81 82 Robert Enggass and Jonathan Brown Italian and Spanish Art 1600 1750 Sources and Documents Evanston IL Northwestern University Press 1992 ISBN 0 8101 1065 2 p 213 Michael Scholz Hansel El Greco Domenikos Theotokopoulos 1541 1614 Cologne Taschen 2004 ISBN 3 8228 3171 9 p 25 Donald Bruce Illuminated Gospels Seeing Salvation At The National Gallery Contemporary Review April 2000 Mack P Holt The Duke of Anjou and the Politique Struggle During the Wars of Religion Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 89278 3 pp 164 165 Hearn p 87 Philip II Leads Spain Civilization com Retrieved 22 February 2022 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philip II of Spain Wikisource has original text related to this article Lepanto TudorsOnFilm Home Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cultural depictions of Philip II of Spain amp oldid 1123044032, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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