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Crnojević noble family

August 30, 2023

The House of Crnojević (Montenegrin and Serbian Cyrillic: Црнојевић, pl. Crnojevići / Црнојевићи) was a medieval Serbian noble family[1][better source needed] that held Zeta, or parts of it; a region north of Lake Skadar corresponding to southern Montenegro and northern Albania, from 1326 to 1362, then 1403 until 1515. Its progenitor Đuraš Ilijić was the head of Upper Zeta in the Medieval Kingdom of Serbia and Empire (r. 1326–1362†), under Stefan Dečanski, Dušan the Mighty and Stefan Uroš V. Đuraš was killed in 1362 by the Balšić family, the holders of Lower Zeta (since 1360); Zeta was in the hands of the Balšići under nominal Imperial rule until 1421, when Serbian Despot Stefan Lazarević was given the province by Balša III (1403–1421). The family fought its rivals following the murder of Đuraš, and the Crnojevićs controlled Budva from 1392 until 1396, when Radič Crnojević was murdered by the Balšićs. They are mentioned again in 1403, as vassals of the Republic of Venice, taking power in their hereditary lands.

Crnojević
Црнојевић
CountryKingdom of Serbia (1326–45)
Serbian Empire (1345–71)
Republic of Venice
Serbian Despotate (1421–35)
Principality of Zeta
Foundedbefore 1326, by Đuraš
Final rulerĐurađ V (1515)
TitlesNobleman (Serbian: Ставилац, Властелин),
Courtier (Дворски достојанственик, Челник),
Knight (Витез),
Baron (Italian: Baronez),
Duke (Војвода),
Lord (Господар),
Captain (Kaпetaн),
Governor-General (Bey, Бeг)
Grand Duke (Veliki Vojvoda/Велики војвода)
Estate(s)(southern Montenegro, northern Albania; north of Lake Skadar)
Zeta (Montenegro)

main regions:

  • Upper Zeta (1326–1362, 1403–1530)

towns:

Dissolution1530

History Edit

Origins Edit

The oldest known ancestor is Head Ilija. The family has been referred to as Đurašević (Montenegrin and Serbian Cyrillic: Ђурашевић, pl. Đuraševići / Ђурашевићи), from Đuraš Ilijić, the son of Ilija, who was Head of Upper Zeta from 1326 until his death in 1362, when he was killed by the Balšić family. Although Đuraš Ilijić was an important figure in the Medieval Kingdom of Serbia, it was his grandson Đuraš Ilijić who became advisor of the Serbian King Stefan of Dečani in 1326. Five years later, Đuraš supported Prince Dušan Nemanjić in overthrowing the King.

In 1355, the Croatian duchess and sister of Emperor Dušan, Jelena Nemanjić Šubić, had come greatly under pressure by the Hungarian King who attacked one of her cities in Croatia, (Skradin). Emperor Dušan dispatched Đuraš Ilijić to relieve the siege. He left with an army and his two brothers, Nikola and Vladin, as well as his sons and nephews. Đuraš successfully kept the city up to January 10, 1356, when Emperor Uroš, Dušan's successor, ordered him to deliver it to the Venetians. Đuraš was liquidated by Balša I's sons as a rival in 1362. He was buried in the Church of Saint Michael on Prevlaka with the inscription "in Emperor's Stefan's name the third knight" (Serbian: у цара Стефана трети витез).

After this, the Đuraševići were greatly suppressed by the Balšići. They ruled in the areas of Budva and the Gulf of Kotor. At times, they cooperated with the Balšić, but most frequently fought them for control.

Crnojević Edit

 
  Coat of arms of the Crnojevići, according to the Illyrian Armorials.
 
    Flag of the Crnojevići.

Radič, the successor of Crnoje, emerged, together with his brothers Stefan and Dobrivoje, as the masters of Budva, at the end of the 14th century. He maintained close relations with the Republic of Dubrovnik, where he was a honorary citizen. At the same time, the relations with City of Kotor were bad. He frequently jeopardized Kotor and expanded his domain to include Grbalj and Paštrovići. As the Serbian Empire crumbled, the House of Crnoje became virtually independent in Upper Zeta (region around modern Cetinje. Radič was killed in combat in a war against the House of Balšić in 1396.

After the death of Radič, the Crnojevići, under the brothers Dobrivoj and Stefan, suffered a major decline. There were territorial losses to the Đuraševići, led by the brothers Đurađ and Aleksa (also called Lješ), both sons of the late Radič. They were first referred to in sources in 1403. They seemed to have been actively supporting Đurađ II's campaign against the Crnojevići in the late 1390s. They also played a major role in Sandalj Hranić's expulsion from Zeta through a campaign led by Đurađ. As a reward, Đurađ gave them Budva, as well as Saint Michael's Metohija (Grbalj). The Đuraševići used this period of support of the Balšićs to gain much of the Crnojević possessions in the mountains behind Kotor. Đuraš and Aleksa sided with Venetians and as their vassals ruled the area of Upper Zeta in 1403–1435.

The most important role in establishing the family's rule in Zeta had Stefan I called "Stefanica" (1451–1465). He used the turmoil in Zeta and managed to become de facto ruler of the region. He secured a leading position in his family and married Maria, Skenderbeg's sister. After the fall of the southern part of Serbia under the Turks in 1455, Stefan acknowledged Venetian rule in return for autonomy on internal affairs and autonomy for the Orthodox Metropolitan. His son Ivan (1465–1490), better known as Ivan-beg, started his rule with a war on the Venetians, but had to repent later in face of Turkish threat. He was forced to become a Turkish vassal in addition to being a Venetian one already. He was forced by Turks to flee to Italy in 1479 and managed to return only in 1481, again as the Turkish vassal. He moved the seat of Zeta Metropolitan from Prevlaka to the more secure Cetinje in 1485 and soon it became his capital.

Ivan's son Đurađ (1490–1496) remained consistent to his father's policies, although he married a daughter of a Venetian noble. He founded the printing house of the Cetinje monastery in which the first book in the Cyrillic script of Church Slavonic among South Slavs was printed in 1494. When his contacts with the King of France on starting an anti-Ottoman war became known to the Turks, he had to flee Montenegro, which fell under direct Turkish rule. He was an educated man known for his knowledge on many topics.

He was succeeded by his brother Stefan II (1496–1498) who led the administration of Montenegro for the Ottoman Empire. Ivan's third son Staniša, now islamized and renamed as Skender-beg, ruled his ancestral lands from 1513 to 1530 and was an obedient servant to the Sultan.

The descendants of Đurađ lived in Hungary and Venice where they died out in the mid-17th century.

Rulers Edit

Lord of Zeta/Montenegro:

Sanjak-bey of Montenegro:

Family tree Edit

See also Edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crnojević noble family.

References Edit

  1. ^ Veselinović & Ljušić 2008, p. 34.

Sources Edit

  • Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
  • Kovijanić, Risto (1963). Crnogorska plemena u kotorskim spomenicima (XIV–XVI vijek) [Montenegrin tribes in Bay of Kotor records (XIV–XVI century)]. Titograd: Istorijski institut SR Crne Gore.
  • Veselinović, Andrija; Ljušić, Radoš (2008). Srpske dinastije (in Serbian). Službeni glasnik. ISBN 978-86-7549-921-3.

August 30, 2023
crnojević, noble, family, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, neutrality, this, article, disputed, relevant, discussion, found, talk, page, please, remove, . This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages The neutrality of this article is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met June 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations May 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message The House of Crnojevic Montenegrin and Serbian Cyrillic Crnoјeviћ pl Crnojevici Crnoјeviћi was a medieval Serbian noble family 1 better source needed that held Zeta or parts of it a region north of Lake Skadar corresponding to southern Montenegro and northern Albania from 1326 to 1362 then 1403 until 1515 Its progenitor Đuras Ilijic was the head of Upper Zeta in the Medieval Kingdom of Serbia and Empire r 1326 1362 under Stefan Decanski Dusan the Mighty and Stefan Uros V Đuras was killed in 1362 by the Balsic family the holders of Lower Zeta since 1360 Zeta was in the hands of the Balsici under nominal Imperial rule until 1421 when Serbian Despot Stefan Lazarevic was given the province by Balsa III 1403 1421 The family fought its rivals following the murder of Đuras and the Crnojevics controlled Budva from 1392 until 1396 when Radic Crnojevic was murdered by the Balsics They are mentioned again in 1403 as vassals of the Republic of Venice taking power in their hereditary lands CrnojevicCrnoјeviћCountryKingdom of Serbia 1326 45 Serbian Empire 1345 71 Republic of Venice Serbian Despotate 1421 35 Principality of ZetaFoundedbefore 1326 by ĐurasFinal rulerĐurađ V 1515 TitlesNobleman Serbian Stavilac Vlastelin Courtier Dvorski dostoјanstvenik Chelnik Knight Vitez Baron Italian Baronez Duke Voјvoda Lord Gospodar Captain Kapetan Governor General Bey Beg Grand Duke Veliki Vojvoda Veliki voјvoda Estate s southern Montenegro northern Albania north of Lake Skadar Zeta Montenegro main regions Upper Zeta 1326 1362 1403 1530 towns Budva 1392 1396 PodgoricaDissolution1530 Contents 1 History 1 1 Origins 1 2 Crnojevic 2 Rulers 3 Family tree 4 See also 5 References 5 1 SourcesHistory EditOrigins Edit The oldest known ancestor is Head Ilija The family has been referred to as Đurasevic Montenegrin and Serbian Cyrillic Ђurasheviћ pl Đurasevici Ђurasheviћi from Đuras Ilijic the son of Ilija who was Head of Upper Zeta from 1326 until his death in 1362 when he was killed by the Balsic family Although Đuras Ilijic was an important figure in the Medieval Kingdom of Serbia it was his grandson Đuras Ilijic who became advisor of the Serbian King Stefan of Decani in 1326 Five years later Đuras supported Prince Dusan Nemanjic in overthrowing the King In 1355 the Croatian duchess and sister of Emperor Dusan Jelena Nemanjic Subic had come greatly under pressure by the Hungarian King who attacked one of her cities in Croatia Skradin Emperor Dusan dispatched Đuras Ilijic to relieve the siege He left with an army and his two brothers Nikola and Vladin as well as his sons and nephews Đuras successfully kept the city up to January 10 1356 when Emperor Uros Dusan s successor ordered him to deliver it to the Venetians Đuras was liquidated by Balsa I s sons as a rival in 1362 He was buried in the Church of Saint Michael on Prevlaka with the inscription in Emperor s Stefan s name the third knight Serbian u cara Stefana treti vitez After this the Đurasevici were greatly suppressed by the Balsici They ruled in the areas of Budva and the Gulf of Kotor At times they cooperated with the Balsic but most frequently fought them for control Crnojevic Edit Coat of arms of the Crnojevici according to the Illyrian Armorials Flag of the Crnojevici Radic the successor of Crnoje emerged together with his brothers Stefan and Dobrivoje as the masters of Budva at the end of the 14th century He maintained close relations with the Republic of Dubrovnik where he was a honorary citizen At the same time the relations with City of Kotor were bad He frequently jeopardized Kotor and expanded his domain to include Grbalj and Pastrovici As the Serbian Empire crumbled the House of Crnoje became virtually independent in Upper Zeta region around modern Cetinje Radic was killed in combat in a war against the House of Balsic in 1396 After the death of Radic the Crnojevici under the brothers Dobrivoj and Stefan suffered a major decline There were territorial losses to the Đurasevici led by the brothers Đurađ and Aleksa also called Ljes both sons of the late Radic They were first referred to in sources in 1403 They seemed to have been actively supporting Đurađ II s campaign against the Crnojevici in the late 1390s They also played a major role in Sandalj Hranic s expulsion from Zeta through a campaign led by Đurađ As a reward Đurađ gave them Budva as well as Saint Michael s Metohija Grbalj The Đurasevici used this period of support of the Balsics to gain much of the Crnojevic possessions in the mountains behind Kotor Đuras and Aleksa sided with Venetians and as their vassals ruled the area of Upper Zeta in 1403 1435 The most important role in establishing the family s rule in Zeta had Stefan I called Stefanica 1451 1465 He used the turmoil in Zeta and managed to become de facto ruler of the region He secured a leading position in his family and married Maria Skenderbeg s sister After the fall of the southern part of Serbia under the Turks in 1455 Stefan acknowledged Venetian rule in return for autonomy on internal affairs and autonomy for the Orthodox Metropolitan His son Ivan 1465 1490 better known as Ivan beg started his rule with a war on the Venetians but had to repent later in face of Turkish threat He was forced to become a Turkish vassal in addition to being a Venetian one already He was forced by Turks to flee to Italy in 1479 and managed to return only in 1481 again as the Turkish vassal He moved the seat of Zeta Metropolitan from Prevlaka to the more secure Cetinje in 1485 and soon it became his capital Ivan s son Đurađ 1490 1496 remained consistent to his father s policies although he married a daughter of a Venetian noble He founded the printing house of the Cetinje monastery in which the first book in the Cyrillic script of Church Slavonic among South Slavs was printed in 1494 When his contacts with the King of France on starting an anti Ottoman war became known to the Turks he had to flee Montenegro which fell under direct Turkish rule He was an educated man known for his knowledge on many topics He was succeeded by his brother Stefan II 1496 1498 who led the administration of Montenegro for the Ottoman Empire Ivan s third son Stanisa now islamized and renamed as Skender beg ruled his ancestral lands from 1513 to 1530 and was an obedient servant to the Sultan The descendants of Đurađ lived in Hungary and Venice where they died out in the mid 17th century Rulers EditLord of Zeta Montenegro Đuras Ilijic 1326 1362 Radic fl 1392 1396 Đurađ III and Aleksa 1403 1435 Gojcin 1435 1451 Stefan I 1451 1465 Ivan I 1465 1490 Đurađ IV 1490 1496 Stefan II 1496 1498 Ivan II 1498 1515 Đurađ V 1515 1516 Sanjak bey of Montenegro Stanisa Skenderbeg 1516 1530 Family tree EditĐuras Vrancic Ilija Đurasevic Đuras Ilijic Crnoje Đurasevic Radic Crnojevic married Jelena later wife of Sandalj Hranic Đurađ Đurasevic Crnojevic married unknown Zaharia Đurasin Gojcin Stefan Stefanica Crnojevic married Mara Kastrioti Đurađ Crnojevic married unknown Mocenigo Catalina married Radu IV the Great Charles Michael Petar Crnojevic Ivan Crnojevic married firstly Gojislava Arianiti married secondly Mara Kosaca Đurađ Crnojevic married firstly Jela Thopia married secondly Elisabetta Erizzo Solomon married Elisabetta Konstantin married Maria Contarini Jovan married firstly Paola Alberti married secondly Orseta Valaresso Viktor married to Elena Calbo Jovan Faustina married to Gasparo Luigi Delfin Ivan Caterina Orio Đurađ V citation needed Antonija married to Jerolim Zagurovic Anđelo Zagurovic Unknown Daughter Unknown Daughter Stefan Stanisa Skenderbeg Sanjak bey of Montenegro Unknown Daughter Unknown Daughter Unknown Son Aleksa Ljes Alexius Đurasevic Crnojevic Stefan Dobrovoj Nikola VladinSee also Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crnojevic noble family List of rulers of MontenegroReferences Edit Veselinovic amp Ljusic 2008 p 34 Sources Edit Fine John Van Antwerp 1994 The Late Medieval Balkans A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest Michigan The University of Michigan Press ISBN 0 472 08260 4 Kovijanic Risto 1963 Crnogorska plemena u kotorskim spomenicima XIV XVI vijek Montenegrin tribes in Bay of Kotor records XIV XVI century Titograd Istorijski institut SR Crne Gore Veselinovic Andrija Ljusic Rados 2008 Srpske dinastije in Serbian Sluzbeni glasnik ISBN 978 86 7549 921 3 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Crnojevic noble family amp oldid 1165369029, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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