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Coppersmith barbet

January 01, 1970

The coppersmith barbet (Psilopogon haemacephalus), also called crimson-breasted barbet and coppersmith, is an Asian barbet with crimson forehead and throat, known for its metronomic call that sounds similar to a coppersmith striking metal with a hammer. It is a resident bird in the Indian subcontinent and parts of Southeast Asia. It carves out holes inside a tree to build its nest. It is predominantly frugivorous, but has been observed eating insects, especially winged termites.

Coppersmith barbet
Mangaon, Raigad, Maharashtra
Call
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Piciformes
Family: Megalaimidae
Genus: Psilopogon
Species:
P. haemacephalus
Binomial name
Psilopogon haemacephalus
Synonyms

Xantholaoema haemacephala, Megalaima haemacephala

Description edit

 
Juvenile coppersmith barbet in Kolkata

The coppersmith barbet is green with a red head, yellow cheeks and a yellow throat. Its underparts are streaked in grey and black.[2] During the nesting season, the wear and tear on the feathers can cause the plumage of the upper back to appear bluish.[3] It is 15–17 cm (5.9–6.7 in) long and weighs 30–52.6 g (1.06–1.86 oz).[4]

Taxonomy edit

Bucco haemacephalus was the scientific name proposed by Philipp Ludwig Statius Müller in 1776 for a barbet from the Philippines.[2] Bucco indicus was proposed by John Latham in 1790 for a streaked barbet from India with a black head and red forehead.[5] Bucco roseus was proposed by Charles Dumont de Sainte-Croix in 1816.[6] Asian barbets were placed in the genus Megalaima proposed by George Robert Gray in 1842 who suggested to use this name instead of Bucco.[7][8] Xantholaema intermedia proposed by George Ernest Shelley in 1891 were barbets from Negros and Cebu islands in the collection of the British Museum.[9] Megalaima haemacephala delica proposed by Carl Parrot in 1910 were four barbets from Deli and Sumatra in the Bavarian State Collection of Zoology.[10] Megalaima haemacephala mindanensis proposed by Austin L. Rand in 1948 was a coppersmith barbet from Mount Apo in Mindanao.[11] Megalaema haemacephala celestinoi proposed by Ernest Thomas Gilliard in 1949 was a coppersmith barbet from Samar island of the Philippines.[12] Megalaema haemacephala cebuensis and Megalaema haemacephala homochroa proposed by Victoria Dziadosz and Kenneth Parkes in 1984 were coppersmith barbets from Toledo, Cebu and Tablas Island, respectively.[13]

Molecular phylogenetic research of barbets revealed that Megalaima species form a clade, which also includes the fire-tufted barbet, the only species placed in the genus Psilopogon at the time. Asian barbets were therefore reclassified under Psilopogon, which is the older scientific name. The coppersmith barbet is one of the oldest Asian barbets in terms of genetic divergence and speciation.[14] Nine coppersmith barbet subspecies are recognized as of 2014:[4]

  • the nominate subspecies P. h. haemacephalus occurs in Luzon and Mindoro
  • P. h. indicus ranges from northeastern Pakistan to Sri Lanka, China, Vietnam and Singapore
  • P. h. roseus occurs in Java and Bali
  • P. h. intermedia occurs in Panay, Guimaras and Negros
  • P. h. delicus occurs in Sumatra
  • P. h. mindanensis occurs in Mindanao
  • P. h. celestinoi occurs in Samar, Catanduanes, Biliran, and Leyte
  • P. h. cebuensis occurs in Cebu
  • P. h. homochroa occurs in Tablas Island

Distribution and habitat edit

 
Coppersmith barbet in Queen Sirikit Park

Throughout its range, it inhabits gardens, groves and sparse woodland. Habitats with dead wood suitable for excavation of nests are important.[15]

In the Palni Hills it occurs below 1,200 m (4,000 ft).[16] In northern India, it occurs in the valleys of the outer Himalayas up to 910 m (3,000 ft). It is rare in northwestern Indian states and in wet forests in Assam.[17]

The coppersmith barbet's range overlaps with several larger barbets in most of South Asia. In the Western Ghats, its range partly overlaps with the Malabar barbet.[18]

Behaviour and ecology edit

 
Coppersmith barbet at Gujarat refinery township Vadodara

The coppersmith barbet lives solitary or in small groups; larger parties have occasionally been sighted in abundantly fruiting Ficus trees. It appears to be fond of sunning in the morning on bare top branches of tall trees, often flitting about to sit next to each other. Its flight is straight, with rapid flaps.[3]

It competes with other cavity nesting birds and frugivores. Blue-throated barbets have been seen evicting coppersmith barbets from their nest holes, while red-vented bulbuls have been seen to indulge in kleptoparasitism, robbing the male of berries brought to the female at the nest.[19]

The nest holes are also used for roosting and some birds roost alone in cavities and these often roost during part of the day. Immatures will roost with the parents but often return to roost early so as not to be prevented by the parents from entering the roost cavity.[15]

 
Coppersmith Barbet, Delhi, India

Vocalisation edit

The call is a loud rather metallic tuk…tuk…tuk (or tunk), reminiscent of a copper sheet being beaten, giving the bird its name. Repeated monotonously for long periods, starting with a subdued tuk and building up to an even volume and tempo, the latter varying from 108 to 121 per minute and can continue with as many as 204 notes. They are silent and do not call in winter.[3]

The beak remains shut during each call - a patch of bare skin on both sides of the throat inflates and collapses with each tuk like a rubber bulb and the head is bobbed.[3]

Diet edit

The coppersmith barbet prefers banyan, peepul, and other wild figs, various drupes and berries, and the occasional insect, caught in aerial sallies.[3][20] It also feeds on flower petals.[21] It eats nearly 1.5 to nearly 3 times its own body weight in berries each day.[22]

Breeding edit

Courtship involves singing, puffing of the throat, bobbing of the head, flicking of the tail, ritual feeding and allopreening. Birds nest and roost in cavities.[15][23]

It breeds through much of the year with local variation. The breeding season is mainly February to April in India and December to September in Sri Lanka. Both sexes excavate the nest on the underside of a narrow horizontal branch. They also roost inside the nest holes.[18] The female lays three or four eggs. Both sexes incubate. The Incubation period is not well known, but has been estimated to be about two weeks. Often two broods are raised in quick succession.[3]

Mortality factors edit

Adult birds are sometimes taken by predatory species. In urban areas, there are records of collisions with structures including white walls.[24] Pesticide poisoning has also been noted.[25]

References edit

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Psilopogon haemacephalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22681681A92916283. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22681681A92916283.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Statius Müller, P. L. (1776). "Der Blutskopf. Bucco haemacephalus". Des Ritters Carl von Linné Königlich Schwedischen Leibarztes &c. &c. vollständigen Natursystems. Supplements- und Register-Band über alle sechs Theile oder Classen des Thierreichs. Nürnberg: Gabriel Nicolaus Raspe. p. 88.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Ali, S.; Ripley, S. D. (2001). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan : together with those of Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and Sri Lanka. Vol. 4 (Second ed.). New Delhi, Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 163–165.
  4. ^ a b Short, L.L.; Horne, J. F. M.; Kirwan, G. M. (2020). "Coppersmith Barbet (Psilopogon haemacephalus)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D. A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Vol. 7: Jacamars to Woodpeckers. Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International. doi:10.2173/bow.copbar1.01. S2CID 241547458.
  5. ^ Latham, J. (1790). "Genus XIX. Bucco". Index ornithologicus, sive, Systema ornithologiae : complectens avium divisionem in classes, ordines, genera, species, ipsarumque varietates : adjectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus. Londini: Sumptibus authoris. pp. 201–207.
  6. ^ Dumont de Sainte-Croix, C. (1816). "Barbu rose-gorge". Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles, dans lequel on traite méthodiquement des différens êtres de la nature, considérés soit en eux-mêmes, d'après l'état actuel de nos connoissances, soit relativement à l'utilité qu'en peuvent retirer la médecine, l'agriculture, le commerce et les artes. Suivi d'une biographie des plus célèbres naturalistes. Vol. Tome IV. Strasbourg, Paris: F. G. Levrault. p. 52.
  7. ^ Gray, G. R. (1842). "Appendix to a List of the Genera of Birds". A List of the Genera of Birds (Second ed.). London: R. and J. E. Taylor. p. 12.
  8. ^ Peters, J. L. (1948). "Genus Megalaima G. R. Gray". Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 6. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 31–40.
  9. ^ Shelley, G. E. (1891). "Xantholaema intermedia". Catalogue of the Picariae in the collection of the British Museum. Vol. 19. London: The Trustees. pp. 97–98.
  10. ^ Parrot, C. (1910). "Beiträge zur Ornithologie Sumatras und der Insel Banka". Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Klasse der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 24 (1): 149–285.
  11. ^ Rand, A. L. (1948). "Five new birds from the Philippines". Fieldiana Zoology. 31 (25): 201–205.
  12. ^ Gilliard, E. T. (1949). "Five new birds from the Philippines" (PDF). The Auk. 66 (3): 275–280. doi:10.2307/4080359. JSTOR 4080359.
  13. ^ Dziadosz, V. M.; Parkes, K. C. (1984). "Two new Philippine subspecies of the Crimson-breasted Barbet (Aves: Capitonidae)". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 97 (4): 788–791.
  14. ^ Moyle, R. G. (2004). "Phylogenetics of barbets (Aves: Piciformes) based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 30 (1): 187–200. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00179-9. PMID 15022769.
  15. ^ a b c Lok, A.F.S.L.; Lee, T.K. (2009). (PDF). Nature in Singapore. 1: 47–54. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2009-08-20.
  16. ^ Dewar, D. (1915). Birds of the Indian Hills. John Lane. p. 243.
  17. ^ Blanford, W. T. (1895). "Xantholaema haematocephala The Crimson-breasted Barbet or Coppersmith". The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 3. Taylor and Francis. pp. 98–99.
  18. ^ a b Rasmussen, P. C.; Anderton, J. C. (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Vol. 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. pp. 279–280.
  19. ^ Tooth, E. E. (1901). "Nesting difficulties of the coppersmith". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 13 (4): 713–714.
  20. ^ Aitken, E. H. (1893). "The habits of the Coppersmith". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 8 (2): 326–327.
  21. ^ Bharos, A. M. K. (1997). "Unusual feeding pattern and diet of Crimsonbreasted Barbet (Megalaima haemacephala)". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 94 (2): 411.
  22. ^ Muthukrishnan, T. S.; Sundarbabu, R. (1982). "Feeding habits of Coppersmith Megalaima haemacephala (Müller)". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 79 (1): 197–198.
  23. ^ Sharma, A. K. (1993). "Territorial fight among crimson-breasted barbet". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 33 (5): 95.
  24. ^ Vijayaraghavan, B (1957). "Accidental death of a Crimsonbreasted Barbet [Megalaima haemacephala (Muller)]". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 54 (2): 462.
  25. ^ Dhindsa, M. S.; Sandhu, J. S. & Sohi, A. S. (1986). "Pesticidal mortality of Crimson-breasted Barbet (Megalaima haemacephala) with a note on its body size". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 106 (3): 93–96.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Psilopogon haemacephalus.
  • Coppersmith Barbet videos, photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection

January 01, 1970
coppersmith, barbet, coppersmith, barbet, psilopogon, haemacephalus, also, called, crimson, breasted, barbet, coppersmith, asian, barbet, with, crimson, forehead, throat, known, metronomic, call, that, sounds, similar, coppersmith, striking, metal, with, hamme. The coppersmith barbet Psilopogon haemacephalus also called crimson breasted barbet and coppersmith is an Asian barbet with crimson forehead and throat known for its metronomic call that sounds similar to a coppersmith striking metal with a hammer It is a resident bird in the Indian subcontinent and parts of Southeast Asia It carves out holes inside a tree to build its nest It is predominantly frugivorous but has been observed eating insects especially winged termites Coppersmith barbet Mangaon Raigad Maharashtra source source Call Conservation status Least Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Aves Order Piciformes Family Megalaimidae Genus Psilopogon Species P haemacephalus Binomial name Psilopogon haemacephalus Statius Muller 1776 Synonyms Xantholaoema haemacephala Megalaima haemacephala Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behaviour and ecology 4 1 Vocalisation 4 2 Diet 4 3 Breeding 4 4 Mortality factors 5 References 6 External linksDescription edit nbsp Juvenile coppersmith barbet in Kolkata The coppersmith barbet is green with a red head yellow cheeks and a yellow throat Its underparts are streaked in grey and black 2 During the nesting season the wear and tear on the feathers can cause the plumage of the upper back to appear bluish 3 It is 15 17 cm 5 9 6 7 in long and weighs 30 52 6 g 1 06 1 86 oz 4 Taxonomy editBucco haemacephalus was the scientific name proposed by Philipp Ludwig Statius Muller in 1776 for a barbet from the Philippines 2 Bucco indicus was proposed by John Latham in 1790 for a streaked barbet from India with a black head and red forehead 5 Bucco roseus was proposed by Charles Dumont de Sainte Croix in 1816 6 Asian barbets were placed in the genus Megalaima proposed by George Robert Gray in 1842 who suggested to use this name instead of Bucco 7 8 Xantholaema intermedia proposed by George Ernest Shelley in 1891 were barbets from Negros and Cebu islands in the collection of the British Museum 9 Megalaima haemacephala delica proposed by Carl Parrot in 1910 were four barbets from Deli and Sumatra in the Bavarian State Collection of Zoology 10 Megalaima haemacephala mindanensis proposed by Austin L Rand in 1948 was a coppersmith barbet from Mount Apo in Mindanao 11 Megalaema haemacephala celestinoi proposed by Ernest Thomas Gilliard in 1949 was a coppersmith barbet from Samar island of the Philippines 12 Megalaema haemacephala cebuensis and Megalaema haemacephala homochroa proposed by Victoria Dziadosz and Kenneth Parkes in 1984 were coppersmith barbets from Toledo Cebu and Tablas Island respectively 13 Molecular phylogenetic research of barbets revealed that Megalaima species form a clade which also includes the fire tufted barbet the only species placed in the genus Psilopogon at the time Asian barbets were therefore reclassified under Psilopogon which is the older scientific name The coppersmith barbet is one of the oldest Asian barbets in terms of genetic divergence and speciation 14 Nine coppersmith barbet subspecies are recognized as of 2014 4 the nominate subspecies P h haemacephalus occurs in Luzon and Mindoro P h indicus ranges from northeastern Pakistan to Sri Lanka China Vietnam and Singapore P h roseus occurs in Java and Bali P h intermedia occurs in Panay Guimaras and Negros P h delicus occurs in Sumatra P h mindanensis occurs in Mindanao P h celestinoi occurs in Samar Catanduanes Biliran and Leyte P h cebuensis occurs in Cebu P h homochroa occurs in Tablas IslandDistribution and habitat edit nbsp Coppersmith barbet in Queen Sirikit Park Throughout its range it inhabits gardens groves and sparse woodland Habitats with dead wood suitable for excavation of nests are important 15 In the Palni Hills it occurs below 1 200 m 4 000 ft 16 In northern India it occurs in the valleys of the outer Himalayas up to 910 m 3 000 ft It is rare in northwestern Indian states and in wet forests in Assam 17 The coppersmith barbet s range overlaps with several larger barbets in most of South Asia In the Western Ghats its range partly overlaps with the Malabar barbet 18 Behaviour and ecology edit nbsp Coppersmith barbet at Gujarat refinery township Vadodara The coppersmith barbet lives solitary or in small groups larger parties have occasionally been sighted in abundantly fruiting Ficus trees It appears to be fond of sunning in the morning on bare top branches of tall trees often flitting about to sit next to each other Its flight is straight with rapid flaps 3 It competes with other cavity nesting birds and frugivores Blue throated barbets have been seen evicting coppersmith barbets from their nest holes while red vented bulbuls have been seen to indulge in kleptoparasitism robbing the male of berries brought to the female at the nest 19 The nest holes are also used for roosting and some birds roost alone in cavities and these often roost during part of the day Immatures will roost with the parents but often return to roost early so as not to be prevented by the parents from entering the roost cavity 15 nbsp Coppersmith Barbet Delhi India Vocalisation edit The call is a loud rather metallic tuk tuk tuk or tunk reminiscent of a copper sheet being beaten giving the bird its name Repeated monotonously for long periods starting with a subdued tuk and building up to an even volume and tempo the latter varying from 108 to 121 per minute and can continue with as many as 204 notes They are silent and do not call in winter 3 The beak remains shut during each call a patch of bare skin on both sides of the throat inflates and collapses with each tuk like a rubber bulb and the head is bobbed 3 Diet edit The coppersmith barbet prefers banyan peepul and other wild figs various drupes and berries and the occasional insect caught in aerial sallies 3 20 It also feeds on flower petals 21 It eats nearly 1 5 to nearly 3 times its own body weight in berries each day 22 Breeding edit Courtship involves singing puffing of the throat bobbing of the head flicking of the tail ritual feeding and allopreening Birds nest and roost in cavities 15 23 It breeds through much of the year with local variation The breeding season is mainly February to April in India and December to September in Sri Lanka Both sexes excavate the nest on the underside of a narrow horizontal branch They also roost inside the nest holes 18 The female lays three or four eggs Both sexes incubate The Incubation period is not well known but has been estimated to be about two weeks Often two broods are raised in quick succession 3 Mortality factors edit Adult birds are sometimes taken by predatory species In urban areas there are records of collisions with structures including white walls 24 Pesticide poisoning has also been noted 25 References edit BirdLife International 2016 Psilopogon haemacephalus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T22681681A92916283 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T22681681A92916283 en Retrieved 19 November 2021 a b Statius Muller P L 1776 Der Blutskopf Bucco haemacephalus Des Ritters Carl von Linne Koniglich Schwedischen Leibarztes amp c amp c vollstandigen Natursystems Supplements und Register Band uber alle sechs Theile oder Classen des Thierreichs Nurnberg Gabriel Nicolaus Raspe p 88 a b c d e f Ali S Ripley S D 2001 Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan together with those of Bangladesh Nepal Bhutan and Sri Lanka Vol 4 Second ed New Delhi Oxford Oxford University Press pp 163 165 a b Short L L Horne J F M Kirwan G M 2020 Coppersmith Barbet Psilopogon haemacephalus In del Hoyo J Elliott A Sargatal J Christie D A de Juana E eds Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World Vol 7 Jacamars to Woodpeckers Barcelona Spain and Cambridge UK Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International doi 10 2173 bow copbar1 01 S2CID 241547458 Latham J 1790 Genus XIX Bucco Index ornithologicus sive Systema ornithologiae complectens avium divisionem in classes ordines genera species ipsarumque varietates adjectis synonymis locis descriptionibus Londini Sumptibus authoris pp 201 207 Dumont de Sainte Croix C 1816 Barbu rose gorge Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles dans lequel on traite methodiquement des differens etres de la nature consideres soit en eux memes d apres l etat actuel de nos connoissances soit relativement a l utilite qu en peuvent retirer la medecine l agriculture le commerce et les artes Suivi d une biographie des plus celebres naturalistes Vol Tome IV Strasbourg Paris F G Levrault p 52 Gray G R 1842 Appendix to a List of the Genera of Birds A List of the Genera of Birds Second ed London R and J E Taylor p 12 Peters J L 1948 Genus Megalaima G R Gray Check list of Birds of the World Vol 6 Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press pp 31 40 Shelley G E 1891 Xantholaema intermedia Catalogue of the Picariae in the collection of the British Museum Vol 19 London The Trustees pp 97 98 Parrot C 1910 Beitrage zur Ornithologie Sumatras und der Insel Banka Abhandlungen der Mathematisch Physikalischen Klasse der Koniglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 24 1 149 285 Rand A L 1948 Five new birds from the Philippines Fieldiana Zoology 31 25 201 205 Gilliard E T 1949 Five new birds from the Philippines PDF The Auk 66 3 275 280 doi 10 2307 4080359 JSTOR 4080359 Dziadosz V M Parkes K C 1984 Two new Philippine subspecies of the Crimson breasted Barbet Aves Capitonidae Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 97 4 788 791 Moyle R G 2004 Phylogenetics of barbets Aves Piciformes based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 30 1 187 200 doi 10 1016 S1055 7903 03 00179 9 PMID 15022769 a b c Lok A F S L Lee T K 2009 Barbets of Singapore Part 2 Megalaima haemacephala indica Latham Coppersmith Barbet Singapore s only native urban barbet PDF Nature in Singapore 1 47 54 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 06 06 Retrieved 2009 08 20 Dewar D 1915 Birds of the Indian Hills John Lane p 243 Blanford W T 1895 Xantholaema haematocephala The Crimson breasted Barbet or Coppersmith The Fauna of British India Including Ceylon and Burma Birds Volume 3 Taylor and Francis pp 98 99 a b Rasmussen P C Anderton J C 2005 Birds of South Asia The Ripley Guide Vol 2 Smithsonian Institution amp Lynx Edicions pp 279 280 Tooth E E 1901 Nesting difficulties of the coppersmith Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 13 4 713 714 Aitken E H 1893 The habits of the Coppersmith Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 8 2 326 327 Bharos A M K 1997 Unusual feeding pattern and diet of Crimsonbreasted Barbet Megalaima haemacephala Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 94 2 411 Muthukrishnan T S Sundarbabu R 1982 Feeding habits of Coppersmith Megalaima haemacephala Muller Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 79 1 197 198 Sharma A K 1993 Territorial fight among crimson breasted barbet Newsletter for Birdwatchers 33 5 95 Vijayaraghavan B 1957 Accidental death of a Crimsonbreasted Barbet Megalaima haemacephala Muller Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 54 2 462 Dhindsa M S Sandhu J S amp Sohi A S 1986 Pesticidal mortality of Crimson breasted Barbet Megalaima haemacephala with a note on its body size Bulletin of the British Ornithologists Club 106 3 93 96 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Psilopogon haemacephalus Coppersmith Barbet videos photos amp sounds on the Internet Bird Collection Skull Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Coppersmith barbet amp oldid 1210654950, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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