fbpx
Wikipedia

Russo-Crimean Wars

November 24, 2023

See also: Russo-Kazan Wars and Foreign policy of the Russian Empire

The Russo-Crimean Wars were fought between the forces of the Tsardom of Russia and the Crimean Khanate during the 16th century over the region around the Volga River.

In the 16th century, the Wild Steppes in Russia were exposed to the Khanate. During the wars, the Crimean Khanate (supported by the Turkish army) invaded central Russia, devastated Ryazan, and burned Moscow. However, the next year they were defeated in the Battle of Molodi. Despite the defeat, the raids continued. As a result, the Crimean Khanate was invaded several times, and conquered in the late 18th century. The Tatars eventually lost their influence in the regions.

The raids began shortly after the establishment of the Russian buffer state, Qasim Khanate, and the domination of Russia in the Russo-Kazan Wars of the late 15th century.

History edit

Further information: Expansion of Russia (1500–1800)
 
At the guarding border of the Moscow state. Painting by Sergey Vasilievich Ivanov.

The Crimean invasions of Russia began in 1507, after the death of Moscow's grand duke Ivan III, with the Crimean Khanate attacking the Russian towns of Belev and Kozelsk.

Over the course of the 16th century, the outer border of the Wild Steppes was near the city of Ryazan, outside the Oka River. The main path for the invading forces to Moscow was the Muravsky Trail, running from the Crimean Isthmus of Perekop, between the basins of the Dnieper and Seversky Donets rivers, and finally up to Tula. The Tatars would turn back only after extensive looting and kidnapping, the Tartars usually managed to penetrate 100–200 kilometers into Russian territory. Captives were subsequently sent to the Crimean city of Caffa to be sold into slavery. As a result, the Russian population in the border regions suffered heavily.

Each spring, Russia mobilized up to several thousand soldiers for border service. The defensive lines consisted of a circuit of fortresses and cities.

To protect from invasions by the Nogai Horde in the region between the Volga and Ural rivers, the Volga cities of Samara (1586), Tsaritsyn (1589), and Saratov (1590) were founded.

The most damaging invasions occurred in 1517, 1521 (supported by the Khanate of Kazan), 1537 (supported by the Khanate of Kazan, the Lithuanians, and the Ottoman Empire), 1552, 1555, 1570–72 (supported by Sweden and the Ottoman Empire), 1589, 1593, 1640, 1666–67 (supported by Poland–Lithuania), 1671, and 1688.

Russo-Crimean War of 1570 edit

In 1570 the Crimean Tatars' horde devastated the Ryazan borderland of Russia.[citation needed]

Russo–Crimean War (1570–1572) edit

Russo–Crimean War (1570–1572)
Date1570–1572
Location
European Russia 55°30′N 37°32′E / 55.500°N 37.533°E / 55.500; 37.533
Result Inconclusive
Belligerents
  Tsardom of Russia   Crimea
  Ottoman Empire
Commanders and leaders
  Ivan the Terrible
  Mikhail Vorotynsky		   Devlet Giray Khan
Strength
  23,000–25,000[1]     100,000-120,000

In May 1571, the 120,000-strong Crimean[2] and Turkish army (80,000 Tatars, 33,000 irregular Turks, and 7,000 janissaries) led by the khan of Crimea Devlet I Giray, and Big and Small Nogai hordes and troops of Circassians, bypassed the Serpukhov defensive fortifications on the Oka River, crossed the Ugra River, and rounded the flank of the 6,000-man Russian army. The sentry troops of Russians were crushed by the Crimeans. Not having forces to stop the invasion, the Russian army retreated to Moscow. The rural Russian population also fled to the capital.

The Crimean army devastated unprotected towns and villages around Moscow, and then set fire to suburbs of the capital.[3] Due to a strong wind, the fire quickly expanded. The townspeople, chased by a fire and refugees, rushed to the northern gate of the capital. At the gate and in the narrow streets, there was a crush, people "went in three lines went on heads one of another, and top pressed those who were under them".[citation needed] The army, having mixed up with refugees, lost order, and general prince Belsky died in a fire.

Within three hours, Moscow burnt completely. In one more day, the Crimean army, sated with its pillage, left on the Ryazan road to the steppes. Contemporaries counted up to 80,000 victims of the invasion in 1571,[2] with 150,000 Russian taken as captives.[2] Papal ambassador Possevin testified of the devastation: he counted in 1580 no more than 30,000 inhabitants of Moscow, although in 1520 the Moscow population was about 100,000.[citation needed]

After the burning of Moscow, Devlet Giray Khan, supported by the Ottoman Empire, invaded Russia again in 1572. A combined force of Tatars and Turks, however, this time they were repelled in the Battle of Molodi. In July–August, the 120,000-strong horde of Devlet I Giray of Crimea was also defeated by the Russian army, led by Prince Mikhail Vorotynsky and Prince Dmitriy Khvorostinin.[4]

After 1572 edit

Later, the Russian expansion turned to the Black Sea region and the Crimean khanate was invaded several times in the 18th century and finally conquered during the Russo-Turkish Wars.

Incomplete list of Tatar raids edit

See also: Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe
 
Tatar invasion of Russia in 1521

This list does not include raids into Poland-Lithuania (75 raids during 1474–1569[5]: 17 )

  • 1465: Crimea attacks the Great Horde to prevent it from raiding Russia and disrupting the northern trade[6]
  • 1507 and 1514: The Raids led by Tatar nobles, avoiding a peace agreement held by the Khan.[5]: 14 
  • 1521: Khan and 50,000 men cross the Oka at Kolomna and ravage outskirts of Moscow for 2 weeks[5]: 14 
  • c. 1533: Abatis defense line about 100 km south of the Oka.
  • 1533–1547: (regency for Ivan IV) some 20 large raids on the frontiers.[7]: 71 
  • 1541: Crimean Khan crosses the Oka river on rafts under covering fire from Turkish guns.[5]: 12 
  • 1555, 1562, 1664, 1565 The Khan lead a large army into Muscovy.[5]: 16 
  • 1556–1559: Russians and Zaporozhians raid the Black Sea coast four times.[5]: 56 
  • 1564: The city of Ryazan posad was burned.[5]: 47 
  • 1571: Russo-Crimean War (1571)
  • 1572: Battle of Molodi
  • 1591: Raid reaches Moscow.[7] : 116 
  • 1591: Artillery stops a raid at Kolomenskoy on the Bank Line.[clarification needed][5] : 52 
  • 1592: Suburbs of Moscow burned. Russian troops were away fighting Sweden.[5]: 17 
  • 1598: Crimeans stopped by Bank Line,[clarification needed] withdraw and sue for peace.[5]: 46 
  • 1614: Nogai raids within sight of Moscow. During the Time of Troubles so many captives were taken that the price of a slave at Kaffa dropped to fifteen or twenty gold pieces.[5]: 66 
  • 1618: Nogais release 15,000 captives in peace treaty with Moscow.[8]
  • 1632: Force from Livny ambushed by Tatars and Janissaries (sic). 300 killed and the rest enslaved.[5]: 67 
  • 1632: 20,000 Tatars raid the south, as troops were shifted north for the Smolensk War.[5]: 76 
  • 1633: 30,000 Tatars cross Abatis and Bank lines. Thousands were captured from Oka region.[5]: 76  This was the last deep raid into Russia.[9] : 26 
  • 1635: Many small war parties invaded Russia south of Ryazan.[5]: 79 
  • 1637, 1641–1643: Several raids were led by Nogais and Crimean nobles without permission of Khan.[5]: 90 
  • 1643: 600 Tatars and 200 Zaporozhian Cossacks (sic) raid Kozlov. 19 were killed, and 262 were captured.[5]: 23 
  • 1644: 20,000 The Tatars raid southern Russia, 10,000 captives.[5]: 91 
  • 1645: A raid captures 6,000 captives. It is claimed that the Turks encouraged these raids to obtain galley slaves for a war with Venice.[5]: 91 [who?]
  • c. 1650: The Belgorod Line pushes Russian forts 300 km south of the Abatis Line.
  • c. 1680: Izium line [uk]: Russian forts were built within 150 kilometers of the Black Sea.
  • 1687, 1689: Crimean campaigns: attempt to invade Crimea fails.
  • 1691–92: Several thousand captured near the Izium Line.[5]: 183 
  • 1769: A winter raid into New Serbia. Several thousand were captured.[10]
  • 1774: Crimea became a Russian vassal.
  • 1783: Crimea annexed by Russia.

References edit

  1. ^ Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2010). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. Vol. II. ABC-CLIO. p. 531.
  2. ^ a b c Bain, Robert Nisbet (1908). Slavonic Europe: Apolitical History of Poland and Russia from 1447 to 1796. Cambridge University Press. p. 124.
  3. ^ Fisher, Alan W. (1987). The Crimean Tatars. Hoover Press. p. 45.
  4. ^ Payne, Robert; Romanoff, Nikita (2002). Ivan the Terrible. Cooper Square Press. p. 329.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Davies, Brian (2007). Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe,1500-1700.
  6. ^ Martin, Janet (1986). Treasure from the Land of Darkness. p. 201. ISBN 9780511523199.
  7. ^ a b Stevens, Carol (2007). Russia's Wars of Emergence 1460-1730.
  8. ^ Khodarkovsky, Michael (2002). Russia's Steppe Frontier. p. 22.
  9. ^ Sunderland, Willard (2004). Taming the Wild Field. ISBN 9780801442094.
  10. ^ Lord Kinross. The Ottoman Centuries. p. 397.

Sources edit

External links edit

November 24, 2023
russo, crimean, wars, also, russo, kazan, wars, foreign, policy, russian, empire, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, f. See also Russo Kazan Wars and Foreign policy of the Russian Empire This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Russo Crimean Wars news newspapers books scholar JSTOR February 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Russo Crimean Wars were fought between the forces of the Tsardom of Russia and the Crimean Khanate during the 16th century over the region around the Volga River In the 16th century the Wild Steppes in Russia were exposed to the Khanate During the wars the Crimean Khanate supported by the Turkish army invaded central Russia devastated Ryazan and burned Moscow However the next year they were defeated in the Battle of Molodi Despite the defeat the raids continued As a result the Crimean Khanate was invaded several times and conquered in the late 18th century The Tatars eventually lost their influence in the regions The raids began shortly after the establishment of the Russian buffer state Qasim Khanate and the domination of Russia in the Russo Kazan Wars of the late 15th century Contents 1 History 2 Russo Crimean War of 1570 3 Russo Crimean War 1570 1572 4 After 1572 5 Incomplete list of Tatar raids 6 References 7 Sources 8 External linksHistory editFurther information Expansion of Russia 1500 1800 nbsp At the guarding border of the Moscow state Painting by Sergey Vasilievich Ivanov The Crimean invasions of Russia began in 1507 after the death of Moscow s grand duke Ivan III with the Crimean Khanate attacking the Russian towns of Belev and Kozelsk Over the course of the 16th century the outer border of the Wild Steppes was near the city of Ryazan outside the Oka River The main path for the invading forces to Moscow was the Muravsky Trail running from the Crimean Isthmus of Perekop between the basins of the Dnieper and Seversky Donets rivers and finally up to Tula The Tatars would turn back only after extensive looting and kidnapping the Tartars usually managed to penetrate 100 200 kilometers into Russian territory Captives were subsequently sent to the Crimean city of Caffa to be sold into slavery As a result the Russian population in the border regions suffered heavily Each spring Russia mobilized up to several thousand soldiers for border service The defensive lines consisted of a circuit of fortresses and cities To protect from invasions by the Nogai Horde in the region between the Volga and Ural rivers the Volga cities of Samara 1586 Tsaritsyn 1589 and Saratov 1590 were founded The most damaging invasions occurred in 1517 1521 supported by the Khanate of Kazan 1537 supported by the Khanate of Kazan the Lithuanians and the Ottoman Empire 1552 1555 1570 72 supported by Sweden and the Ottoman Empire 1589 1593 1640 1666 67 supported by Poland Lithuania 1671 and 1688 Russo Crimean War of 1570 editIn 1570 the Crimean Tatars horde devastated the Ryazan borderland of Russia citation needed Russo Crimean War 1570 1572 editRusso Crimean War 1570 1572 Date1570 1572LocationEuropean Russia 55 30 N 37 32 E 55 500 N 37 533 E 55 500 37 533ResultInconclusiveBelligerents nbsp Tsardom of Russia nbsp Crimea nbsp Ottoman EmpireCommanders and leaders nbsp Ivan the Terrible nbsp Mikhail Vorotynsky nbsp Devlet Giray KhanStrength nbsp 23 000 25 000 1 nbsp nbsp 100 000 120 000In May 1571 the 120 000 strong Crimean 2 and Turkish army 80 000 Tatars 33 000 irregular Turks and 7 000 janissaries led by the khan of Crimea Devlet I Giray and Big and Small Nogai hordes and troops of Circassians bypassed the Serpukhov defensive fortifications on the Oka River crossed the Ugra River and rounded the flank of the 6 000 man Russian army The sentry troops of Russians were crushed by the Crimeans Not having forces to stop the invasion the Russian army retreated to Moscow The rural Russian population also fled to the capital The Crimean army devastated unprotected towns and villages around Moscow and then set fire to suburbs of the capital 3 Due to a strong wind the fire quickly expanded The townspeople chased by a fire and refugees rushed to the northern gate of the capital At the gate and in the narrow streets there was a crush people went in three lines went on heads one of another and top pressed those who were under them citation needed The army having mixed up with refugees lost order and general prince Belsky died in a fire Within three hours Moscow burnt completely In one more day the Crimean army sated with its pillage left on the Ryazan road to the steppes Contemporaries counted up to 80 000 victims of the invasion in 1571 2 with 150 000 Russian taken as captives 2 Papal ambassador Possevin testified of the devastation he counted in 1580 no more than 30 000 inhabitants of Moscow although in 1520 the Moscow population was about 100 000 citation needed After the burning of Moscow Devlet Giray Khan supported by the Ottoman Empire invaded Russia again in 1572 A combined force of Tatars and Turks however this time they were repelled in the Battle of Molodi In July August the 120 000 strong horde of Devlet I Giray of Crimea was also defeated by the Russian army led by Prince Mikhail Vorotynsky and Prince Dmitriy Khvorostinin 4 After 1572 editLater the Russian expansion turned to the Black Sea region and the Crimean khanate was invaded several times in the 18th century and finally conquered during the Russo Turkish Wars Incomplete list of Tatar raids editSee also Crimean Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe nbsp Tatar invasion of Russia in 1521This list does not include raids into Poland Lithuania 75 raids during 1474 1569 5 17 1465 Crimea attacks the Great Horde to prevent it from raiding Russia and disrupting the northern trade 6 1507 and 1514 The Raids led by Tatar nobles avoiding a peace agreement held by the Khan 5 14 1521 Khan and 50 000 men cross the Oka at Kolomna and ravage outskirts of Moscow for 2 weeks 5 14 c 1533 Abatis defense line about 100 km south of the Oka 1533 1547 regency for Ivan IV some 20 large raids on the frontiers 7 71 1541 Crimean Khan crosses the Oka river on rafts under covering fire from Turkish guns 5 12 1555 1562 1664 1565 The Khan lead a large army into Muscovy 5 16 1556 1559 Russians and Zaporozhians raid the Black Sea coast four times 5 56 1564 The city of Ryazan posad was burned 5 47 1571 Russo Crimean War 1571 1572 Battle of Molodi 1591 Raid reaches Moscow 7 116 1591 Artillery stops a raid at Kolomenskoy on the Bank Line clarification needed 5 52 1592 Suburbs of Moscow burned Russian troops were away fighting Sweden 5 17 1598 Crimeans stopped by Bank Line clarification needed withdraw and sue for peace 5 46 1614 Nogai raids within sight of Moscow During the Time of Troubles so many captives were taken that the price of a slave at Kaffa dropped to fifteen or twenty gold pieces 5 66 1618 Nogais release 15 000 captives in peace treaty with Moscow 8 1632 Force from Livny ambushed by Tatars and Janissaries sic 300 killed and the rest enslaved 5 67 1632 20 000 Tatars raid the south as troops were shifted north for the Smolensk War 5 76 1633 30 000 Tatars cross Abatis and Bank lines Thousands were captured from Oka region 5 76 This was the last deep raid into Russia 9 26 1635 Many small war parties invaded Russia south of Ryazan 5 79 1637 1641 1643 Several raids were led by Nogais and Crimean nobles without permission of Khan 5 90 1643 600 Tatars and 200 Zaporozhian Cossacks sic raid Kozlov 19 were killed and 262 were captured 5 23 1644 20 000 The Tatars raid southern Russia 10 000 captives 5 91 1645 A raid captures 6 000 captives It is claimed that the Turks encouraged these raids to obtain galley slaves for a war with Venice 5 91 who c 1650 The Belgorod Line pushes Russian forts 300 km south of the Abatis Line c 1680 Izium line uk Russian forts were built within 150 kilometers of the Black Sea 1687 1689 Crimean campaigns attempt to invade Crimea fails 1691 92 Several thousand captured near the Izium Line 5 183 1769 A winter raid into New Serbia Several thousand were captured 10 1774 Crimea became a Russian vassal 1783 Crimea annexed by Russia References edit Tucker Spencer C ed 2010 A Global Chronology of Conflict From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East Vol II ABC CLIO p 531 a b c Bain Robert Nisbet 1908 Slavonic Europe Apolitical History of Poland and Russia from 1447 to 1796 Cambridge University Press p 124 Fisher Alan W 1987 The Crimean Tatars Hoover Press p 45 Payne Robert Romanoff Nikita 2002 Ivan the Terrible Cooper Square Press p 329 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Davies Brian 2007 Warfare State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe 1500 1700 Martin Janet 1986 Treasure from the Land of Darkness p 201 ISBN 9780511523199 a b Stevens Carol 2007 Russia s Wars of Emergence 1460 1730 Khodarkovsky Michael 2002 Russia s Steppe Frontier p 22 Sunderland Willard 2004 Taming the Wild Field ISBN 9780801442094 Lord Kinross The Ottoman Centuries p 397 Sources editVasily Klyuchevsky The Course of Russian History Vol 2 http www kulichki com moshkow HISTORY ANDREEW A R krym history txt The Full Collection of Russian Annals The Patriarchal Annals vol 13 Moscow 1965External links edithttp www zum de whkmla military russia milxrussianempire html Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Russo Crimean Wars amp oldid 1182056342 1571, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.