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List of cosmic microwave background experiments

April 11, 2024

This list is a compilation of experiments measuring the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation anisotropies and polarization since the first detection of the CMB by Penzias and Wilson in 1964. There have been a variety of experiments to measure the CMB anisotropies and polarization since its first observation in 1964 by Penzias and Wilson. These include a mix of ground-, balloon- and space-based receivers.[2][3] Some notable experiments in the list are COBE, which first detected the temperature anisotropies of the CMB, and showed that it had a black body spectrum; DASI, which first detected the polarization signal from the CMB;[4] CBI, which made high-resolution observations and obtained the first E-mode polarization spectrum;[5] WMAP; and the Planck spacecraft, which has produced the highest resolution all-sky map to-date of both the temperature anisotropies and polarization signals.[6] Current scientific goals for CMB observation include precise measurement of gravitational lensing, which can constrain the mass of the neutrino; and measurement of B-mode polarization as possible evidence for cosmic inflation.

A comparison of the sensitivity and resolution of WMAP with COBE and Penzias and Wilson's telescope, simulated data[1]

The design of cosmic microwave background experiments[2][3][4][7][8] is a very challenging task. The greatest problems are the receivers, the telescope optics and the atmosphere. Many improved microwave amplifier technologies have been designed for microwave background applications. Some technologies used are HEMT, MMIC, SIS and bolometers.[8] Experiments generally use elaborate cryogenic systems to keep the amplifiers cool. Often, experiments are interferometers which only measure the spatial fluctuations in signals on the sky, and are insensitive to the average 2.7 K background.[4]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cosmic microwave background telescopes.

Another problem is the 1/f noise intrinsic to all detectors. Usually the experimental scan strategy is designed to minimize the effect of such noise.[7] To minimize side lobes, microwave optics usually utilize elaborate lenses and feed horns. Finally, in ground-based (and, to an extent, balloon-based) instruments, water and oxygen in the atmosphere emit and absorb microwave radiation. Even at frequencies where the atmospheric transmission is high, atmospheric emission contributes photon noise that limits the sensitivity of an experiment. CMB research therefore uses of air- and space-borne experiments, as well as dry, high altitude locations such as the Chilean Andes and the South Pole.[9]

Cosmic microwave background experiments edit

The list below consists of a partial list of past, current and planned CMB experiments. The name, start and end years of each experiment are given, followed by the basis of the experiment—whether space, balloon or ground based—and the location where appropriate. The frequency and amplifier technologies used are given, as is the main targets of the experiments.[10]

Image Name Start End Basis Location Frequency (GHz) Detector technology Targets References
Advanced Cosmic Microwave Explorer (ACME)
Also HACME: HEMT+ACME 		1988 1996 Ground South Pole 26–35; 38–45 HEMT Temperature anisotropies [10][11]
Antarctic Plateau Anisotropy Chasing Experiment (APACHE) 1995 1996 Ground Antarctic 100, 150, 250 Bolometer Temperature anisotropies [10]
  Absolute Radiometer for Cosmology, Astrophysics, and Diffuse Emission (ARCADE) 2001 2006 Balloon 3, 5, 7, 10, 30, 90 HEMT CMB Spectrum [10]
  Archeops 1999 2002 Balloon 143, 217, 353, 545 Bolometer Measured large and intermediate scale with improved precision at the larger scales. [10]
Arcminute Cosmology Bolometer Array Receiver (ACBAR) 2001 2008 Ground South Pole 150, 219, 274 Bolometer Temperature anisotropies [10]
  Arcminute Microkelvin Imager (AMI) 2005 — Ground UK: Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory 12-18 Interferometer SZ effect, Temperature anisotropies [10]
Q U I JOint TEnerife (QUIJOTE) 2012 — Ground Tenerife 11, 13, 17, 19, 30, 40 Polarizer / OMT Polarization on degree angular scales [10]
ARGO 1988, 1990, 1993 1993 Balloon 150-600 Bolometer [10]
  Array for Microwave Background Anisotropy (AMiBA) 2007 — Ground Hawaii: Mauna Loa 86-102 Interferometer/MMIC SZ effect; Polarization [10][12][13]
  Atacama B-Mode Search (ABS) 2012 2014 Ground Chile: Atacama Desert 145 Bolometer Polarization [10][14]
  Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) 2008 2022 Ground Chile: Atacama Desert 148, 218, 277 Bolometer Small-scale temperature and polarization anisotropies [10]
  Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX) 2007 — Ground Chile: Atacama Desert 150, 217 Bolometer Temperature anisotropies; SZ effect [10]
  Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) 1991 1997 Ground Paul Wild Observatory, New South Wales, Australia 8.7 HEMT [10]
Background Emission Anisotropy Scanning Telescope (BEAST) 2000 — Balloon, Ground 25–35; 38-45 HEMT A ground single dish CMB observatory at the University of California's White Mountain Peak Research station. [10]
Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization (BICEP1) 2006 2008 Ground South Pole 100, 150, 220 Bolometer Measured degree-scale polarization with improved precision. [10][15]
BICEP2 2009 2012 Ground South Pole 150 Bolometer Degree-scale B-mode polarization. [10][16]
Keck Array 2010 Ground South Pole 95, 150, 220 Bolometer Degree-scale B-mode polarization. [10]
Balloon-borne Anisotropy Measurement (BAM) 1995 1998 Balloon University of British Columbia and Brown University balloon experiment 110-250 Spectrometer Used differential Fourier Transform Spectrometer to measure degree scale anisotropy [10][17]
Balloon-borne Radiometers for Sky Polarisation Observations (BaR-SPoRT) Cancelled — Balloon 32, 90 Polarizer / OMT [10]
Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Association (BIMA) 1986 2004 Ground Hat Creek Radio Observatory, California, USA 70–116; 210-270 SIS [10]
  BOOMERanG experiment 1997 2003 Balloon Long-duration balloon above Antarctica 90-420 Bolometer Intermediate scale fluctuations [10]
B-mode RAdiation INterferometer (BRAIN) Never — Ground Dome-C, Antarctica [18]
Clover Cancelled — Ground 97, 150, 230 Bolometer Cancelled experiment to measure the small scale fluctuations and to search for B-mode polarization. [10]
Cobra 1982 1990 Sounding Rocket University of British Columbia 27-900 Bolometers/ FTS Frequency spectrum of CMB [19][20]
Cosmic Anisotropy Polarization Mapper (CAPMAP) 2002 2008 Ground Crawford Hill Telescope, New Jersey 40, 90 MMIC/HEMT [10]
Cosmic Anisotropy Telescope (CAT) 1994 1997 Ground Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory 13-17 Interferometer / HEMT Very small scale fluctuations in small regions of the sky. [10]
  Cosmic Background Imager (CBI) 2000 2008 Ground Llano de Chajnantor Observatory, Chile 26-36 HEMT Very small scale temperature and polarization anisotropies in a small patch of sky. [10][21]
  Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor (CLASS) 2015 — Ground Llano de Chajnantor Observatory, Chile 40, 90, 150, 220 TES Bolometer B-mode polarization signal at multipoles from 2 to 100 [10][22]
Primordial Inflation Polarization Explorer (PIPER) Future — Balloon 200, 270, 350, 800 TES bolometers B-mode polarization signal [10][23]
COSMOSOMAS 1998 2007 Ground Teide Observatory, Tenerife, Spain 10-18 HEMT Circular scanning experiments for CMB and foregrounds [10][24]
  Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) 1989 1993 Space Earth orbit 31.5, 53, 90 (DMR) Temperature anisotropies; frequency power spectrum; solar system and galactic dust foregrounds. [10][25]
  Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) 1989 1990 Space Earth orbit 68-3000 200 frequencies (FIRAS) Bolometers CMB Spectrum; CMB Temperature; CIB spectrum; Temperature anisotropies; frequency power spectrum; solar system and galactic dust foregrounds. [10][25]
TRIS 1994 2001 Ground Campo Imperatore 0.6, 0.82, 2.5 CMB frequency power spectrum [10][26]
COMPASS 2001 2001 Ground Pine Bluff, Wisconsin 26 to 36 HEMT Polarization on degree angular scales [27]
Cosmological Gene (CG) 1999 2009 Ground RATAN-600, Caucasus, Russia 0.6 to 32 HEMT [10][28]
Degree Angular Scale Interferometer (DASI) 1999 2003 Ground South Pole 26-36 HEMT Temperature and polarization anisotropy on degree angular scales [10]
The E and B Experiment (EBEX) 2012 2013 Balloon Antarctica 150-450 Bolometer Inflationary gravitational-wave background (IGB) signal in B-mode polarization [10][29]
Far Infra-Red Survey (FIRS) 1989 1989 Balloon National Scientific Balloon Facility, Fort Sumner, New Mexico 170-680 Bolometer Temperature anisotropy on large angular scales. [10][30]
KU-band Polarization IDentifier (KUPID) 2003 — Ground Crawford Hill Telescope, New Jersey 12-18 HEMT [10][31]
Medium Scale Anisotropy Measurement (MSAM) 1992 1997 Balloon 150-650 Bolometer [10]
  Millimeter Anisotropy eXperiment IMaging Array (MAXIMA) 1995, 1998, 1999 1999 Balloon Near Palestine, Texas 150-420 Bolometer Intermediate scale temperature fluctuations. [10]
Millimeter Interferometer (MINT) 2001 2002 Ground Cerro Toco, Chile 145 SIS Temperature anisotropies around multipole 1500 [10][32]
Millimeter-Wave Bolometric Interferometer (MBI-B) Future — Ground 90 Bolometer [10]
Mobile Anisotropy Telescope (MAT) 1997, 1998 1998 Ground Cerro Toco, Chile 30-140 HEMT / SIS [10][33]
Polarization Observations of Large Angular Regions (POLAR) 2000 2000 Ground Pine Bluff, Wisconsin, USA 26-46 HEMT Polarization at large angular scales [10][34]
  POLARBEAR 2012 — Ground Chajnantor plateau (Chile) 150 Antenna-coupled TES CMB Polarization. Primordial and lensed B-modes. [10]
Polatron Never — Ground 100 Bolometer [10]
Princeton I, Q, and U Experiment (PIQUE) 2002 2002 Ground Princeton University 90 Bolometer [10]
Python 1992 1997 Ground South Pole 30-90 HEMT / Bolometer Temperature anisotropy on intermediate angular scales [10][35]
QMAP 1996 1996 Balloon 30-140 HEMT / SIS [10][36]
  QUaD 2005 2007 Ground South Pole 100, 150 Bolometer Polarization at intermediate angular scale [10]
QUBIC Future — Ground 150, 220 Bolometer B-mode polarization on intermediate angular scale. [citation needed]
Q/U Imaging ExperimenT (QUIET) 2008 2010 Ground Llano de Chajnantor Observatory, Chile 40, 90 HEMT [10][37]
RELIKT-1 1983 1984 Space Earth orbit 37 Temperature anisotropies [10]
Saskatoon experiment 1993 1995 Ground Saskatchewan 26-46 HEMT [10]
Simons Observatory 2021 - Ground Atacama 27/39, 93/145, 225/280 GHz Bolometers B-mode polarization, SZE galaxy clusters, sources [38]
Sky Polarization Observatory (SPOrt) Cancelled — Space International Space Station 22-90 Polarization [10]
South Pole Telescope 2006 Ground South Pole Small scale temperature and polarization. [10]
SPIDER 2015 Balloon Antarctica 90, 150, 220 Bolometer Large scale polarization. [10]
  Sunyaev-Zeldovich Array (SZA) 2004 2008 Ground Owens Valley Radio Observatory 26–36; 85-115 Interferometer Produced sensitive CMB anisotropy constraints at l ~ 4000, measured the SZ effect in hundreds of galaxy clusters. Now part of CARMA [10]
MUltiplexed Squid/Tes Array for Ninety Gigahertz (MUSTANG/MUSTANG2) 2007 — Ground Green Bank Telescope (West Virginia, USA) 90 TES bolometers Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect (also used for non-CMB work) [10]
Sunyaev-Zeldovich Infrared Experiment (SuZIE) 1996 — Ground Caltech Submillimeter Observatory, Mauna Kea, Hawaii 150, 220, 350 Bolometer SZ effect [10]
Tenerife Experiment 1984 2000 Ground Tenerife 10, 15, 33 HEMT Temperature anisotropies from degree to arcminute angular scales [10]
TopHat 2001 2001 Balloon Antarctica 150-720 Bolometer [10][39][40]
Very Small Array 2002 2008 Ground Tenerife 26-36 Interferometer / HEMT Intermediate and small scale fluctuations in small regions of the sky. [10][41]
  Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) 2001 2010 Space Lagrange 2 23-94 HEMT Temperature anisotropies; Polarization [10]
Planck 2009 2013 Space Lagrange 2 30-857 HEMT / Bolometer Temperature and polarization anisotropies; foregrounds [10]

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  41. ^ Tibbs, Christopher T.; Watson, Robert A.; Dickinson, Clive; Davies, Rodney D.; Davis, Richard J.; del Burgo, Carlos; Franzen, Thomas M. O.; Genova-Santos, Ricardo; Grainge, Keith; Hobson, Michael P. (2010). "VSA Observations of the Anomalous Microwave Emission in the Perseus Region". Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 402 (3): 1969–1979. arXiv:0909.4682. Bibcode:2010MNRAS.402.1969T. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.16023.x. S2CID 18987830.

Further reading edit

  • NASA, 2015, "Hosted Data on LAMBDA: CMB Experiments," see [1], accessed 27 March 2015.

April 11, 2024
list, cosmic, microwave, background, experiments, this, scientific, article, needs, additional, citations, secondary, tertiary, sourcessuch, review, articles, monographs, textbooks, please, also, establish, relevance, primary, research, articles, cited, unsour. This scientific article needs additional citations to secondary or tertiary sourcessuch as review articles monographs or textbooks Please also establish the relevance for any primary research articles cited Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed March 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message This list is a compilation of experiments measuring the cosmic microwave background CMB radiation anisotropies and polarization since the first detection of the CMB by Penzias and Wilson in 1964 There have been a variety of experiments to measure the CMB anisotropies and polarization since its first observation in 1964 by Penzias and Wilson These include a mix of ground balloon and space based receivers 2 3 Some notable experiments in the list are COBE which first detected the temperature anisotropies of the CMB and showed that it had a black body spectrum DASI which first detected the polarization signal from the CMB 4 CBI which made high resolution observations and obtained the first E mode polarization spectrum 5 WMAP and the Planck spacecraft which has produced the highest resolution all sky map to date of both the temperature anisotropies and polarization signals 6 Current scientific goals for CMB observation include precise measurement of gravitational lensing which can constrain the mass of the neutrino and measurement of B mode polarization as possible evidence for cosmic inflation A comparison of the sensitivity and resolution of WMAP with COBE and Penzias and Wilson s telescope simulated data 1 The design of cosmic microwave background experiments 2 3 4 7 8 is a very challenging task The greatest problems are the receivers the telescope optics and the atmosphere Many improved microwave amplifier technologies have been designed for microwave background applications Some technologies used are HEMT MMIC SIS and bolometers 8 Experiments generally use elaborate cryogenic systems to keep the amplifiers cool Often experiments are interferometers which only measure the spatial fluctuations in signals on the sky and are insensitive to the average 2 7 K background 4 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cosmic microwave background telescopes Another problem is the 1 f noise intrinsic to all detectors Usually the experimental scan strategy is designed to minimize the effect of such noise 7 To minimize side lobes microwave optics usually utilize elaborate lenses and feed horns Finally in ground based and to an extent balloon based instruments water and oxygen in the atmosphere emit and absorb microwave radiation Even at frequencies where the atmospheric transmission is high atmospheric emission contributes photon noise that limits the sensitivity of an experiment CMB research therefore uses of air and space borne experiments as well as dry high altitude locations such as the Chilean Andes and the South Pole 9 Cosmic microwave background experiments editThis list is incomplete you can help by adding missing items July 2015 The list below consists of a partial list of past current and planned CMB experiments The name start and end years of each experiment are given followed by the basis of the experiment whether space balloon or ground based and the location where appropriate The frequency and amplifier technologies used are given as is the main targets of the experiments 10 Image Name Start End Basis Location Frequency GHz Detector technology Targets ReferencesAdvanced Cosmic Microwave Explorer ACME Also HACME HEMT ACME 1988 1996 Ground South Pole 26 35 38 45 HEMT Temperature anisotropies 10 11 Antarctic Plateau Anisotropy Chasing Experiment APACHE 1995 1996 Ground Antarctic 100 150 250 Bolometer Temperature anisotropies 10 nbsp Absolute Radiometer for Cosmology Astrophysics and Diffuse Emission ARCADE 2001 2006 Balloon 3 5 7 10 30 90 HEMT CMB Spectrum 10 nbsp Archeops 1999 2002 Balloon 143 217 353 545 Bolometer Measured large and intermediate scale with improved precision at the larger scales 10 Arcminute Cosmology Bolometer Array Receiver ACBAR 2001 2008 Ground South Pole 150 219 274 Bolometer Temperature anisotropies 10 nbsp Arcminute Microkelvin Imager AMI 2005 Ground UK Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory 12 18 Interferometer SZ effect Temperature anisotropies 10 Q U I JOint TEnerife QUIJOTE 2012 Ground Tenerife 11 13 17 19 30 40 Polarizer OMT Polarization on degree angular scales 10 ARGO 1988 1990 1993 1993 Balloon 150 600 Bolometer 10 nbsp Array for Microwave Background Anisotropy AMiBA 2007 Ground Hawaii Mauna Loa 86 102 Interferometer MMIC SZ effect Polarization 10 12 13 nbsp Atacama B Mode Search ABS 2012 2014 Ground Chile Atacama Desert 145 Bolometer Polarization 10 14 nbsp Atacama Cosmology Telescope ACT 2008 2022 Ground Chile Atacama Desert 148 218 277 Bolometer Small scale temperature and polarization anisotropies 10 nbsp Atacama Pathfinder Experiment APEX 2007 Ground Chile Atacama Desert 150 217 Bolometer Temperature anisotropies SZ effect 10 nbsp Australia Telescope Compact Array ATCA 1991 1997 Ground Paul Wild Observatory New South Wales Australia 8 7 HEMT 10 Background Emission Anisotropy Scanning Telescope BEAST 2000 Balloon Ground 25 35 38 45 HEMT A ground single dish CMB observatory at the University of California s White Mountain Peak Research station 10 Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization BICEP1 2006 2008 Ground South Pole 100 150 220 Bolometer Measured degree scale polarization with improved precision 10 15 BICEP2 2009 2012 Ground South Pole 150 Bolometer Degree scale B mode polarization 10 16 Keck Array 2010 Ground South Pole 95 150 220 Bolometer Degree scale B mode polarization 10 Balloon borne Anisotropy Measurement BAM 1995 1998 Balloon University of British Columbia and Brown University balloon experiment 110 250 Spectrometer Used differential Fourier Transform Spectrometer to measure degree scale anisotropy 10 17 Balloon borne Radiometers for Sky Polarisation Observations BaR SPoRT Cancelled Balloon 32 90 Polarizer OMT 10 Berkeley Illinois Maryland Association BIMA 1986 2004 Ground Hat Creek Radio Observatory California USA 70 116 210 270 SIS 10 nbsp BOOMERanG experiment 1997 2003 Balloon Long duration balloon above Antarctica 90 420 Bolometer Intermediate scale fluctuations 10 B mode RAdiation INterferometer BRAIN Never Ground Dome C Antarctica 18 Clover Cancelled Ground 97 150 230 Bolometer Cancelled experiment to measure the small scale fluctuations and to search for B mode polarization 10 Cobra 1982 1990 Sounding Rocket University of British Columbia 27 900 Bolometers FTS Frequency spectrum of CMB 19 20 Cosmic Anisotropy Polarization Mapper CAPMAP 2002 2008 Ground Crawford Hill Telescope New Jersey 40 90 MMIC HEMT 10 Cosmic Anisotropy Telescope CAT 1994 1997 Ground Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory 13 17 Interferometer HEMT Very small scale fluctuations in small regions of the sky 10 nbsp Cosmic Background Imager CBI 2000 2008 Ground Llano de Chajnantor Observatory Chile 26 36 HEMT Very small scale temperature and polarization anisotropies in a small patch of sky 10 21 nbsp Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor CLASS 2015 Ground Llano de Chajnantor Observatory Chile 40 90 150 220 TES Bolometer B mode polarization signal at multipoles from 2 to 100 10 22 Primordial Inflation Polarization Explorer PIPER Future Balloon 200 270 350 800 TES bolometers B mode polarization signal 10 23 COSMOSOMAS 1998 2007 Ground Teide Observatory Tenerife Spain 10 18 HEMT Circular scanning experiments for CMB and foregrounds 10 24 nbsp Cosmic Background Explorer COBE 1989 1993 Space Earth orbit 31 5 53 90 DMR Temperature anisotropies frequency power spectrum solar system and galactic dust foregrounds 10 25 nbsp Cosmic Background Explorer COBE 1989 1990 Space Earth orbit 68 3000 200 frequencies FIRAS Bolometers CMB Spectrum CMB Temperature CIB spectrum Temperature anisotropies frequency power spectrum solar system and galactic dust foregrounds 10 25 TRIS 1994 2001 Ground Campo Imperatore 0 6 0 82 2 5 CMB frequency power spectrum 10 26 COMPASS 2001 2001 Ground Pine Bluff Wisconsin 26 to 36 HEMT Polarization on degree angular scales 27 Cosmological Gene CG 1999 2009 Ground RATAN 600 Caucasus Russia 0 6 to 32 HEMT 10 28 Degree Angular Scale Interferometer DASI 1999 2003 Ground South Pole 26 36 HEMT Temperature and polarization anisotropy on degree angular scales 10 The E and B Experiment EBEX 2012 2013 Balloon Antarctica 150 450 Bolometer Inflationary gravitational wave background IGB signal in B mode polarization 10 29 Far Infra Red Survey FIRS 1989 1989 Balloon National Scientific Balloon Facility Fort Sumner New Mexico 170 680 Bolometer Temperature anisotropy on large angular scales 10 30 KU band Polarization IDentifier KUPID 2003 Ground Crawford Hill Telescope New Jersey 12 18 HEMT 10 31 Medium Scale Anisotropy Measurement MSAM 1992 1997 Balloon 150 650 Bolometer 10 nbsp Millimeter Anisotropy eXperiment IMaging Array MAXIMA 1995 1998 1999 1999 Balloon Near Palestine Texas 150 420 Bolometer Intermediate scale temperature fluctuations 10 Millimeter Interferometer MINT 2001 2002 Ground Cerro Toco Chile 145 SIS Temperature anisotropies around multipole 1500 10 32 Millimeter Wave Bolometric Interferometer MBI B Future Ground 90 Bolometer 10 Mobile Anisotropy Telescope MAT 1997 1998 1998 Ground Cerro Toco Chile 30 140 HEMT SIS 10 33 Polarization Observations of Large Angular Regions POLAR 2000 2000 Ground Pine Bluff Wisconsin USA 26 46 HEMT Polarization at large angular scales 10 34 nbsp POLARBEAR 2012 Ground Chajnantor plateau Chile 150 Antenna coupled TES CMB Polarization Primordial and lensed B modes 10 Polatron Never Ground 100 Bolometer 10 Princeton I Q and U Experiment PIQUE 2002 2002 Ground Princeton University 90 Bolometer 10 Python 1992 1997 Ground South Pole 30 90 HEMT Bolometer Temperature anisotropy on intermediate angular scales 10 35 QMAP 1996 1996 Balloon 30 140 HEMT SIS 10 36 nbsp QUaD 2005 2007 Ground South Pole 100 150 Bolometer Polarization at intermediate angular scale 10 QUBIC Future Ground 150 220 Bolometer B mode polarization on intermediate angular scale citation needed Q U Imaging ExperimenT QUIET 2008 2010 Ground Llano de Chajnantor Observatory Chile 40 90 HEMT 10 37 RELIKT 1 1983 1984 Space Earth orbit 37 Temperature anisotropies 10 Saskatoon experiment 1993 1995 Ground Saskatchewan 26 46 HEMT 10 Simons Observatory 2021 Ground Atacama 27 39 93 145 225 280 GHz Bolometers B mode polarization SZE galaxy clusters sources 38 Sky Polarization Observatory SPOrt Cancelled Space International Space Station 22 90 Polarization 10 South Pole Telescope 2006 Ground South Pole Small scale temperature and polarization 10 SPIDER 2015 Balloon Antarctica 90 150 220 Bolometer Large scale polarization 10 nbsp Sunyaev Zeldovich Array SZA 2004 2008 Ground Owens Valley Radio Observatory 26 36 85 115 Interferometer Produced sensitive CMB anisotropy constraints at l 4000 measured the SZ effect in hundreds of galaxy clusters Now part of CARMA 10 MUltiplexed Squid Tes Array for Ninety Gigahertz MUSTANG MUSTANG2 2007 Ground Green Bank Telescope West Virginia USA 90 TES bolometers Sunyaev Zeldovich effect also used for non CMB work 10 Sunyaev Zeldovich Infrared Experiment SuZIE 1996 Ground Caltech Submillimeter Observatory Mauna Kea Hawaii 150 220 350 Bolometer SZ effect 10 Tenerife Experiment 1984 2000 Ground Tenerife 10 15 33 HEMT Temperature anisotropies from degree to arcminute angular scales 10 TopHat 2001 2001 Balloon Antarctica 150 720 Bolometer 10 39 40 Very Small Array 2002 2008 Ground Tenerife 26 36 Interferometer HEMT Intermediate and small scale fluctuations in small regions of the sky 10 41 nbsp Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe WMAP 2001 2010 Space Lagrange 2 23 94 HEMT Temperature anisotropies Polarization 10 Planck 2009 2013 Space Lagrange 2 30 857 HEMT Bolometer Temperature and polarization anisotropies foregrounds 10 References edit A Brief History of Background Radiation 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CARA Science Python University of Chicago Page Lyman de Oliveira Costa Angelica QMAP Princeton University Retrieved 25 July 2015 QUIET Site QUIET collaboration 27 January 2008 Retrieved 2015 07 23 Hunt for Big Bang Gravitational Waves Gets 40 Million Boost Scientific American Retrieved 5 March 2017 Silverberg Robert F Aguirre James Bezaire Jeff Cheng Edward S Christensen Per Rex Cordone Shawn Cottingham David A Crawford Thomas Fixsen Dale J Kenny P Knox Lloyd Kristensen Rene Engel Meyer Stephan Noergaard Nielsen Hans Ulrich Timbie Peter T Wilson Grant W et al TopHat Collaboration 2003 Melugin Ramsey K Roeser Hans Peter eds The long duration flight of the TopHat experiment Proc SPIE 4857 Airborne Telescope Systems II Airborne Telescope Systems II 4857 195 204 Bibcode 2003SPIE 4857 195S doi 10 1117 12 458649 S2CID 6509369 Silverberg R F E S Cheng J E Aguirre J J Bezaire T M Crawford S S Meyer A Bier B Campano T C Chen D A Cottingham E H Sharp P R Christensen S Cordone P T Timbie R E Dame D J Fixsen R J K Kristensen H U Norgaard Nielsen G W Wilson et al TopHat Collaboration September 2005 The TopHat Experiment A Balloon borne Instrument for Mapping Millimeter and Submillimeter Emission The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 160 1 59 75 Bibcode 2005ApJS 160 59S doi 10 1086 432117 Tibbs Christopher T Watson Robert A Dickinson Clive Davies Rodney D Davis Richard J del Burgo Carlos Franzen Thomas M O Genova Santos Ricardo Grainge Keith Hobson Michael P 2010 VSA Observations of the Anomalous Microwave Emission in the Perseus Region Mon Not R Astron Soc 402 3 1969 1979 arXiv 0909 4682 Bibcode 2010MNRAS 402 1969T doi 10 1111 j 1365 2966 2009 16023 x S2CID 18987830 Further reading editNASA 2015 Hosted Data on LAMBDA CMB Experiments see 1 accessed 27 March 2015 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of cosmic microwave background experiments amp oldid 1205430406, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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