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Coprophagia

February 16, 2024

Not to be confused with Coprographia.

Coprophagia (/ˌkɒprəˈfeɪdʒiə/ KOP-rə-FAY-jee-ə)[1] or coprophagy (/kəˈprɒfədʒi/ kə-PROF-ə-jee) is the consumption of feces. The word is derived from the Ancient Greek κόπρος kópros "feces" and φαγεῖν phageîn "to eat". Coprophagy refers to many kinds of feces-eating, including eating feces of other species (heterospecifics), of other individuals (allocoprophagy), or one's own (autocoprophagy) – those once deposited or taken directly from the anus.[2]

A female oriental latrine fly (Chrysomya megacephala) feeds on feces

In humans, coprophagia has been described since the late 19th century in individuals with mental illnesses and in some sexual acts,[3] such as the practices of anilingus and felching where sex partners insert their tongue into each other's anus and ingest biologically significant amounts of feces.[4] Some animal species eat feces as a normal behavior, in particular lagomorphs, which do so to allow tough plant materials to be digested more thoroughly by passing twice through the digestive tract. Other species may eat feces under certain conditions.

Coprophagia by humans edit

In cuisine edit

The feces of the rock ptarmigan is used in Urumiit, which is a delicacy in some Inuit cuisine.[5] Several beverages are made using the feces of animals, including but not limited to Kopi luwak, panda tea, insect tea, and Black Ivory Coffee.[6] Casu martzu is a cheese that uses the digestive processes of live maggots to help ferment and break down the cheese's fats.[7]

As a medical treatment for CDI and other conditions edit

In Fecal microbiota transplant (FMT), also known as a stool transplant, fecal bacteria and other microbes from a healthy individual are transferred into a patient as an effective treatment for Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). This treatment has also been used to try to cure other conditions with various results. See: Fecal microbiota transplant.

As a supposed medical treatment edit

Ayurveda and Siddha medicine use various animal excreta in various forms. The dung and urine of the Zebu is especially important in the list.[8][9]

Centuries ago (mid 16th century) physicians tasted their patients' feces, to better judge their state and condition, according to François Rabelais, who studied medicine but was also a writer of satirical and grotesque fiction. Further information is needed to confirm the accuracy and context of statement.[10]

Lewin reported, "... consumption of fresh, warm camel feces has been recommended by Bedouins as a remedy for bacterial dysentery; its efficacy (probably attributable to the antibiotic subtilisin from Bacillus subtilis) was anecdotally confirmed by German soldiers in Africa during World War II".[11] However, this story is likely a myth, independent research was not able to verify any of these claims.[12]

As a cult practice edit

Members of a religious cult in Thailand routinely ate the feces and dead skin of their leader, whom they considered to be a holy man with healing powers.[13]

As a paraphilia edit

Coprophilia is a paraphilia (DSM-5), where the object of sexual interest is feces, and may be associated with coprophagia. Coprophagia is sometimes depicted in pornography, usually under the term "scat" (from scatology).[14] A notorious example of this is the pornographic shock video 2 Girls 1 Cup.[15] The 120 Days of Sodom, a 1785 novel by Marquis de Sade, is full of detailed descriptions of erotic sadomasochistic coprophagia.[16] The film of the same name also contains scenes of coprophilia and coprophagia.

Coprophagia has also been observed in some people with schizophrenia[17] and pica.[18]

Coprophagia by nonhuman animals edit

By invertebrates edit

 
Two Adonis blue butterflies feeding on a lump of feces

Coprophagous insects consume and redigest the feces of large animals. These feces contain substantial amounts of semidigested food, particularly in the case of herbivores, owing to the inefficiency of the large animals' digestive systems. Thousands of species of coprophagous insects are known, especially among the orders Diptera and Coleoptera. Examples of such flies are Scathophaga stercoraria and Sepsis cynipsea, dung flies commonly found in Europe around cattle droppings. Among beetles, dung beetles are a diverse lineage, many of which feed on the microorganism-rich liquid component of mammals' dung, and lay their eggs in balls composed mainly of the remaining fibrous material.[19]

Through proctodeal feeding, termites eat one another's feces as a means of obtaining their hindgut protists. Termites and protists have a symbiotic relationship (e.g. with the protozoan that allows the termites to digest the cellulose in their diet). For example, in one group of termites, a three-way symbiotic relationship exists; termites of the family Rhinotermitidae, cellulolytic protists of the genus Pseudotrichonympha in the guts of these termites, and intracellular bacterial symbionts of the protists.[20]

By vertebrates edit

Lagomorphs (rabbits, hares, pikas) and some other mammals ferment fiber in their cecums, which is then expelled as cecotropes & eaten from the anus, a process called cecotrophy. Then their food is processed through the gastrointestinal tract a second time, which allows them to absorb more nutrition. While cecotropes are expelled from the anus, they are not feces and thus eating them is not called coprophagia.

Domesticated and wild mammals are sometimes coprophagic.

Some dogs may lack critical digestive enzymes when they are only eating processed dried foods, so they gain these from consuming fecal matter. They only consume fecal matter that is less than two days old which supports this theory.[21]

Cattle in the United States are often fed chicken litter. Concerns have arisen that the practice of feeding chicken litter to cattle could lead to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad-cow disease) because of the crushed bone meal in chicken feed. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulates this practice by attempting to prevent the introduction of any part of cattle brain or spinal cord into livestock feed. Chickens also eat their own feces. [22][23] Other countries, such as Canada, have banned chicken litter for use as a livestock feed.[24]

The young of elephants, giant pandas, koalas, and hippos eat the feces of their mothers or other animals in the herd, to obtain the bacteria required to properly digest vegetation found in their ecosystems.[25] When such animals are born, their intestines are sterile and do not contain these bacteria. Without doing this, they would be unable to obtain any nutritional value from plants. Piglets with access to maternal feces early in life exhibited better performance.[26]

Hamsters, guinea pigs, chinchillas, hedgehogs, and pigs eat their own droppings, which are thought to be a source of vitamins B and K, produced by gut bacteria.[27] Sometimes, there is also the aspect of self-anointment while these creatures eat their droppings.[28] On rare occasions gorillas have been observed consuming their feces, possibly out of boredom, a desire for warm food, or to reingest seeds contained in the feces.[29]

Coprophagia by plants edit

Some carnivorous plants, such as pitcher plants of the genus Nepenthes, obtain nourishment from the feces of commensal animals. Notable examples include Nepenthes jamban, whose specific name is the Indonesian word for toilet.[30][31] Manure is organic matter, mostly animal feces, that is used as organic fertilizer for plants in agriculture.[32]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Coprophagia". Dictionary.com. from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
  2. ^ Hirakawa H (2001). "Coprophagy in leporids and other mammalian herbivores". Mammal Review. 31 (1): 61–80. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2907.2001.00079.x.
  3. ^ Moore AM (2018). "Coprophagy in nineteenth-century psychiatry". Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease. 29 (1): 1535737. doi:10.1080/16512235.2018.1535737. PMC 6225515. PMID 30425610.
  4. ^ Malbon A (2021-02-12). "What is rimming? How to give a rim job safely". Netdoctor. from the original on 2022-06-21. Retrieved 2022-06-21.
  5. ^ Millman, Lawrence (2 February 2017). "This Shit Is a Delicacy". from the original on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
  6. ^ "World's Priciest Coffee Is Hand-Picked From Elephant Dung". Bloomberg.com. 2017-01-27. from the original on 2022-05-13. Retrieved 2023-03-18.
  7. ^ "Casu Marzu - nice Italian cheese, which is illegal and has thousands of maggots by design - Technology Org". www.technology.org. 2019-11-23. Retrieved 2023-03-18.
  8. ^ Munshi, R.; Bhalerao, S.; Rathi, P.; Kuber, V. V.; Nipanikar, S. U.; Kadbhane, K. P. (2011). "An open-label, prospective clinical study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of TLPL/AY/01/2008 in the management of functional constipation". Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 2 (3): 144–152. doi:10.4103/0975-9476.85554. PMC 3193686. PMID 22022157.
  9. ^ Pandey, Neelam (2021-01-06). "Cow urine, milk can treat skin diseases, psoriasis — Modi govt's agency in document for exam". ThePrint. from the original on 2023-03-18. Retrieved 2023-03-18.
  10. ^ Rabelais F (2009). The Works of Francis Rabelais. Vol. 2. BiblioBazaar. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-103-35398-9.
  11. ^ Lewin RA (2001). "More on Merde". Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 44 (4): 594–607. doi:10.1353/pbm.2001.0067. PMID 11600805. S2CID 201764383.
  12. ^ Koopman N, van Leeuwen P, Brul S, Seppen J (2022-08-10). "History of fecal transplantation; camel feces contains limited amounts of Bacillus subtilis spores and likely has no traditional role in the treatment of dysentery". PLOS ONE. 17 (8): e0272607. Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1772607K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0272607. PMC 9365175. PMID 35947590.
  13. ^ Ewe K (26 May 2022). "Disturbing Details Keep Emerging About This Bizarre Poop-Eating Cult". Vice. from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  14. ^ Holmes RM (2001-11-05). Sex Crimes: Patterns and Behavior. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. p. 244. ISBN 0-7619-2417-5. OCLC 47893709.
  15. ^ "2 Girls, 1 Cup: The Real Poop". The Smoking Gun. November 30, 2007. from the original on January 2, 2010. Retrieved December 7, 2007.
  16. ^ Marquis de Sade DF (1785). Les 120 journées de Sodome, ou L'École du Libertinage [The 120 Days of Sodom, or The School of Libertinage] (PDF) (in French). (PDF) from the original on 2022-08-14. Retrieved 2022-08-14.
  17. ^ Harada KI, Yamamoto K, Saito T (May 2006). "Effective treatment of coprophagia in a patient with schizophrenia with the novel atypical antipsychotic drug perospirone". Pharmacopsychiatry. 39 (3): 113. doi:10.1055/s-2006-941487. PMID 16721701. S2CID 260250812.
  18. ^ Rose EA, Porcerelli JH, Neale AV (2000). "Pica: common but commonly missed". The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice. 13 (5): 353–358. PMID 11001006.
  19. ^ Nichols E, Spector S, Louzada J, Larsen T, Amezquita S, Favila ME, et al. (The Scarabaeinae Research Network) (2008). "Ecological functions and ecosystem services provided by Scarabaeine dung beetles". Biological Conservation. 141 (6): 1461–1474. Bibcode:2008BCons.141.1461N. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2008.04.011.
  20. ^ Noda S, Kitade O, Inoue T, Kawai M, Kanuka M, Hiroshima K, et al. (March 2007). "Cospeciation in the triplex symbiosis of termite gut protists (Pseudotrichonympha spp.), their hosts, and their bacterial endosymbionts". Molecular Ecology. 16 (6): 1257–1266. Bibcode:2007MolEc..16.1257N. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03219.x. PMID 17391411. S2CID 21264858.
  21. ^ Brogan J (4 November 2016). "Everyone Poops. Some Animals Eat It. Why?". Smithsonian. from the original on 10 November 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  22. ^ "Do Chickens Eat Their Own Poop? The Interesting Answer". 24 November 2021. from the original on 2023-04-15. Retrieved 2023-04-15.
  23. ^ Hirsch J (31 October 2009). "Ban on feces in cattle feed urged". L.A. Times. from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  24. ^ "Feeding of Poultry Manure to Cattle Prohibited". Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 2012-02-10. from the original on 2015-05-23. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
  25. ^ . bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
  26. ^ Aviles-Rosa EO, Rakhshandeh A, McGlone JJ (May 2019). "Preliminary Study: Depriving Piglets of Maternal Feces for the First Seven Days Post-Partum Changes Piglet Physiology and Performance before and after Weaning". Animals. 9 (5): 268. doi:10.3390/ani9050268. PMC 6562806. PMID 31126021.
  27. ^ Soave O, Brand CD (October 1991). "Coprophagy in animals: a review". The Cornell Veterinarian. 81 (4): 357–64. PMID 1954740. from the original on 2020-11-06. Retrieved 2019-09-30.
  28. ^ Pareek RC (10 July 2020). "Why do HedgeHogs Eat Poop? We Explain!". Small Pet Site. from the original on 2020-08-15. Retrieved 2020-08-14.
  29. ^ Rothman JM, Pell AN, Nkurunungi JB, Dierenfeld ES (2006). (PDF). In Newton-Fisher NE, Notman H, Paterson JD, Reynolds V (eds.). Primates of Western Uganda. New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 153–169. ISBN 978-0-387-33505-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2012.
  30. ^ Walker M (10 March 2010). "Giant meat-eating plants prefer to eat tree shrew poo". BBC - Earth News. from the original on 13 March 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
  31. ^ Pappas S (9 July 2015). "How Hungry Pitcher Plants Get the Poop They Need". Live Science. from the original on 16 July 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
  32. ^ "Manure | Organic, Composting, Gardening". Encyclopedia Britannica. from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2024.

Further reading edit

  • Fuess TA (2 June 1997). . University of Illinois, College of Vet Medicine. Archived from the original on 14 February 2004.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coprophagia.

February 16, 2024
coprophagia, confused, with, coprographia, coprophagy, prof, consumption, feces, word, derived, from, ancient, greek, κόπρος, kópros, feces, φαγεῖν, phageîn, coprophagy, refers, many, kinds, feces, eating, including, eating, feces, other, species, heterospecif. Not to be confused with Coprographia Coprophagia ˌ k ɒ p r e ˈ f eɪ dʒ i e KOP re FAY jee e 1 or coprophagy k e ˈ p r ɒ f e dʒ i ke PROF e jee is the consumption of feces The word is derived from the Ancient Greek kopros kopros feces and fageῖn phagein to eat Coprophagy refers to many kinds of feces eating including eating feces of other species heterospecifics of other individuals allocoprophagy or one s own autocoprophagy those once deposited or taken directly from the anus 2 A female oriental latrine fly Chrysomya megacephala feeds on fecesIn humans coprophagia has been described since the late 19th century in individuals with mental illnesses and in some sexual acts 3 such as the practices of anilingus and felching where sex partners insert their tongue into each other s anus and ingest biologically significant amounts of feces 4 Some animal species eat feces as a normal behavior in particular lagomorphs which do so to allow tough plant materials to be digested more thoroughly by passing twice through the digestive tract Other species may eat feces under certain conditions Contents 1 Coprophagia by humans 1 1 In cuisine 1 2 As a medical treatment for CDI and other conditions 1 3 As a supposed medical treatment 1 4 As a cult practice 1 5 As a paraphilia 2 Coprophagia by nonhuman animals 2 1 By invertebrates 2 2 By vertebrates 3 Coprophagia by plants 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksCoprophagia by humans editIn cuisine edit The feces of the rock ptarmigan is used in Urumiit which is a delicacy in some Inuit cuisine 5 Several beverages are made using the feces of animals including but not limited to Kopi luwak panda tea insect tea and Black Ivory Coffee 6 Casu martzu is a cheese that uses the digestive processes of live maggots to help ferment and break down the cheese s fats 7 As a medical treatment for CDI and other conditions edit In Fecal microbiota transplant FMT also known as a stool transplant fecal bacteria and other microbes from a healthy individual are transferred into a patient as an effective treatment for Clostridioides difficile infection CDI This treatment has also been used to try to cure other conditions with various results See Fecal microbiota transplant As a supposed medical treatment edit Ayurveda and Siddha medicine use various animal excreta in various forms The dung and urine of the Zebu is especially important in the list 8 9 Centuries ago mid 16th century physicians tasted their patients feces to better judge their state and condition according to Francois Rabelais who studied medicine but was also a writer of satirical and grotesque fiction Further information is needed to confirm the accuracy and context of statement 10 Lewin reported consumption of fresh warm camel feces has been recommended by Bedouins as a remedy for bacterial dysentery its efficacy probably attributable to the antibiotic subtilisin from Bacillus subtilis was anecdotally confirmed by German soldiers in Africa during World War II 11 However this story is likely a myth independent research was not able to verify any of these claims 12 As a cult practice edit Members of a religious cult in Thailand routinely ate the feces and dead skin of their leader whom they considered to be a holy man with healing powers 13 As a paraphilia edit Coprophilia is a paraphilia DSM 5 where the object of sexual interest is feces and may be associated with coprophagia Coprophagia is sometimes depicted in pornography usually under the term scat from scatology 14 A notorious example of this is the pornographic shock video 2 Girls 1 Cup 15 The 120 Days of Sodom a 1785 novel by Marquis de Sade is full of detailed descriptions of erotic sadomasochistic coprophagia 16 The film of the same name also contains scenes of coprophilia and coprophagia Coprophagia has also been observed in some people with schizophrenia 17 and pica 18 Coprophagia by nonhuman animals editBy invertebrates edit nbsp Two Adonis blue butterflies feeding on a lump of fecesCoprophagous insects consume and redigest the feces of large animals These feces contain substantial amounts of semidigested food particularly in the case of herbivores owing to the inefficiency of the large animals digestive systems Thousands of species of coprophagous insects are known especially among the orders Diptera and Coleoptera Examples of such flies are Scathophaga stercoraria and Sepsis cynipsea dung flies commonly found in Europe around cattle droppings Among beetles dung beetles are a diverse lineage many of which feed on the microorganism rich liquid component of mammals dung and lay their eggs in balls composed mainly of the remaining fibrous material 19 Through proctodeal feeding termites eat one another s feces as a means of obtaining their hindgut protists Termites and protists have a symbiotic relationship e g with the protozoan that allows the termites to digest the cellulose in their diet For example in one group of termites a three way symbiotic relationship exists termites of the family Rhinotermitidae cellulolytic protists of the genus Pseudotrichonympha in the guts of these termites and intracellular bacterial symbionts of the protists 20 By vertebrates edit Lagomorphs rabbits hares pikas and some other mammals ferment fiber in their cecums which is then expelled as cecotropes amp eaten from the anus a process called cecotrophy Then their food is processed through the gastrointestinal tract a second time which allows them to absorb more nutrition While cecotropes are expelled from the anus they are not feces and thus eating them is not called coprophagia Domesticated and wild mammals are sometimes coprophagic Some dogs may lack critical digestive enzymes when they are only eating processed dried foods so they gain these from consuming fecal matter They only consume fecal matter that is less than two days old which supports this theory 21 Cattle in the United States are often fed chicken litter Concerns have arisen that the practice of feeding chicken litter to cattle could lead to bovine spongiform encephalopathy mad cow disease because of the crushed bone meal in chicken feed The U S Food and Drug Administration regulates this practice by attempting to prevent the introduction of any part of cattle brain or spinal cord into livestock feed Chickens also eat their own feces 22 23 Other countries such as Canada have banned chicken litter for use as a livestock feed 24 The young of elephants giant pandas koalas and hippos eat the feces of their mothers or other animals in the herd to obtain the bacteria required to properly digest vegetation found in their ecosystems 25 When such animals are born their intestines are sterile and do not contain these bacteria Without doing this they would be unable to obtain any nutritional value from plants Piglets with access to maternal feces early in life exhibited better performance 26 Hamsters guinea pigs chinchillas hedgehogs and pigs eat their own droppings which are thought to be a source of vitamins B and K produced by gut bacteria 27 Sometimes there is also the aspect of self anointment while these creatures eat their droppings 28 On rare occasions gorillas have been observed consuming their feces possibly out of boredom a desire for warm food or to reingest seeds contained in the feces 29 Coprophagia by plants editSome carnivorous plants such as pitcher plants of the genus Nepenthes obtain nourishment from the feces of commensal animals Notable examples include Nepenthes jamban whose specific name is the Indonesian word for toilet 30 31 Manure is organic matter mostly animal feces that is used as organic fertilizer for plants in agriculture 32 See also editCoprophilous fungi Fecal bacteriotherapy Fecal oral route a route of disease transmission Gomutra Kopi luwak Panchagavya Pig toilet Scathophagidae ScatophagidaeReferences edit Coprophagia Dictionary com Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 2 September 2012 Hirakawa H 2001 Coprophagy in leporids and other mammalian herbivores Mammal Review 31 1 61 80 doi 10 1046 j 1365 2907 2001 00079 x Moore AM 2018 Coprophagy in nineteenth century psychiatry Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 29 1 1535737 doi 10 1080 16512235 2018 1535737 PMC 6225515 PMID 30425610 Malbon A 2021 02 12 What is rimming How to give a rim job safely Netdoctor Archived from the original on 2022 06 21 Retrieved 2022 06 21 Millman Lawrence 2 February 2017 This Shit Is a Delicacy Archived from the original on 28 September 2017 Retrieved 16 August 2022 World s Priciest Coffee Is Hand Picked From Elephant Dung Bloomberg com 2017 01 27 Archived from the original on 2022 05 13 Retrieved 2023 03 18 Casu Marzu nice Italian cheese which is illegal and has thousands of maggots by design Technology Org www technology org 2019 11 23 Retrieved 2023 03 18 Munshi R Bhalerao S Rathi P Kuber V V Nipanikar S U Kadbhane K P 2011 An open label prospective clinical study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of TLPL AY 01 2008 in the management of functional constipation Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine 2 3 144 152 doi 10 4103 0975 9476 85554 PMC 3193686 PMID 22022157 Pandey Neelam 2021 01 06 Cow urine milk can treat skin diseases psoriasis Modi govt s agency in document for exam ThePrint Archived from the original on 2023 03 18 Retrieved 2023 03 18 Rabelais F 2009 The Works of Francis Rabelais Vol 2 BiblioBazaar p 56 ISBN 978 1 103 35398 9 Lewin RA 2001 More on Merde Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 44 4 594 607 doi 10 1353 pbm 2001 0067 PMID 11600805 S2CID 201764383 Koopman N van Leeuwen P Brul S Seppen J 2022 08 10 History of fecal transplantation camel feces contains limited amounts of Bacillus subtilis spores and likely has no traditional role in the treatment of dysentery PLOS ONE 17 8 e0272607 Bibcode 2022PLoSO 1772607K doi 10 1371 journal pone 0272607 PMC 9365175 PMID 35947590 Ewe K 26 May 2022 Disturbing Details Keep Emerging About This Bizarre Poop Eating Cult Vice Archived from the original on 1 July 2022 Retrieved 1 July 2022 Holmes RM 2001 11 05 Sex Crimes Patterns and Behavior Thousand Oaks Sage Publications p 244 ISBN 0 7619 2417 5 OCLC 47893709 2 Girls 1 Cup The Real Poop The Smoking Gun November 30 2007 Archived from the original on January 2 2010 Retrieved December 7 2007 Marquis de Sade DF 1785 Les 120 journees de Sodome ou L Ecole du Libertinage The 120 Days of Sodom or The School of Libertinage PDF in French Archived PDF from the original on 2022 08 14 Retrieved 2022 08 14 Harada KI Yamamoto K Saito T May 2006 Effective treatment of coprophagia in a patient with schizophrenia with the novel atypical antipsychotic drug perospirone Pharmacopsychiatry 39 3 113 doi 10 1055 s 2006 941487 PMID 16721701 S2CID 260250812 Rose EA Porcerelli JH Neale AV 2000 Pica common but commonly missed The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice 13 5 353 358 PMID 11001006 Nichols E Spector S Louzada J Larsen T Amezquita S Favila ME et al The Scarabaeinae Research Network 2008 Ecological functions and ecosystem services provided by Scarabaeine dung beetles Biological Conservation 141 6 1461 1474 Bibcode 2008BCons 141 1461N doi 10 1016 j biocon 2008 04 011 Noda S Kitade O Inoue T Kawai M Kanuka M Hiroshima K et al March 2007 Cospeciation in the triplex symbiosis of termite gut protists Pseudotrichonympha spp their hosts and their bacterial endosymbionts Molecular Ecology 16 6 1257 1266 Bibcode 2007MolEc 16 1257N doi 10 1111 j 1365 294X 2006 03219 x PMID 17391411 S2CID 21264858 Brogan J 4 November 2016 Everyone Poops Some Animals Eat It Why Smithsonian Archived from the original on 10 November 2016 Retrieved 10 November 2016 Do Chickens Eat Their Own Poop The Interesting Answer 24 November 2021 Archived from the original on 2023 04 15 Retrieved 2023 04 15 Hirsch J 31 October 2009 Ban on feces in cattle feed urged L A Times Archived from the original on 14 August 2022 Retrieved 14 August 2022 Feeding of Poultry Manure to Cattle Prohibited Canadian Food Inspection Agency 2012 02 10 Archived from the original on 2015 05 23 Retrieved 2015 05 22 BBC Nature Dung eater videos news and facts bbc co uk Archived from the original on 25 March 2012 Retrieved 2011 11 27 Aviles Rosa EO Rakhshandeh A McGlone JJ May 2019 Preliminary Study Depriving Piglets of Maternal Feces for the First Seven Days Post Partum Changes Piglet Physiology and Performance before and after Weaning Animals 9 5 268 doi 10 3390 ani9050268 PMC 6562806 PMID 31126021 Soave O Brand CD October 1991 Coprophagy in animals a review The Cornell Veterinarian 81 4 357 64 PMID 1954740 Archived from the original on 2020 11 06 Retrieved 2019 09 30 Pareek RC 10 July 2020 Why do HedgeHogs Eat Poop We Explain Small Pet Site Archived from the original on 2020 08 15 Retrieved 2020 08 14 Rothman JM Pell AN Nkurunungi JB Dierenfeld ES 2006 Nutritional aspects of the diet of wild gorillas PDF In Newton Fisher NE Notman H Paterson JD Reynolds V eds Primates of Western Uganda New York NY Springer Science amp Business Media pp 153 169 ISBN 978 0 387 33505 6 Archived from the original PDF on 18 October 2012 Walker M 10 March 2010 Giant meat eating plants prefer to eat tree shrew poo BBC Earth News Archived from the original on 13 March 2010 Retrieved 19 July 2016 Pappas S 9 July 2015 How Hungry Pitcher Plants Get the Poop They Need Live Science Archived from the original on 16 July 2016 Retrieved 19 July 2016 Manure Organic Composting Gardening Encyclopedia Britannica Archived from the original on 7 March 2023 Retrieved 7 January 2024 Further reading editFuess TA 2 June 1997 Why Does My Dog Eat Feces University of Illinois College of Vet Medicine Archived from the original on 14 February 2004 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coprophagia Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Coprophagia amp oldid 1207237267, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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