In 1533, Suleiman the Magnificent ordered Hayreddin Barbarossa, whom he had summoned from Algiers, to build a large war fleet in the arsenal of Constantinople.[8] Altogether 70 galleys were built during the winter of 1533–1534, manned by slave oarsmen, including 2,000 Jewish ones.[9] With this fleet, Barbarossa conducted aggressive raids along the coast of Italy, until he conquered Tunis on 16 August 1534, ousting the local ruler, theretofore subservient to the Spanish, Muley Hasan.[10][11] Barbarossa thus established a strong naval base in Tunis, which could be used for raids in the region, and on nearby Malta.[10]
Charles V assembled a large army of some 30,000 soldiers, 74 galleys (rowed by chained Protestants[dubious – discuss] shipped in from Antwerp),[12] and 300 sailing ships, including the carrack Santa Anna and the Portuguese galleon São João Baptista (the most powerful ship in the world at the time) to drive the Ottomans from the region.[13] The expense involved for Charles V was considerable, and at 1,000,000 ducats was on par with the cost of Charles' campaign against Suleiman on the Danube.[14] Unexpectedly, the funding of the conquest of Tunis came from the galleons sailing in from the New World, in the form of a 2 million gold ducats treasure extracted by Francisco Pizarro in exchange for his releasing of the Inca king Atahualpa (whom he nevertheless executed on 29 August 1533).[14]
Despite a request by Charles V, Francis I denied French support to the expedition, explaining that he was under a three-year truce with Barbarossa following the 1533 Ottoman embassy to France.[15] Francis I was also under negotiations with Suleiman the Magnificent for a combined attack on Charles V, following the 1534 Ottoman embassy. Francis I only agreed to Pope Paul III's request that no fight between Christians occur during the time of the expedition.[15]
Battle
Having sailed from Sardinia at the head of a Catholic coalition, protected by a Genoese fleet, Charles V destroyed Barbarossa's fleet on 1 June 1535 and, after a costly yet successful siege at La Goletta, captured Tunis. In the action, the Portuguese galleon São João Baptista distinguished itself by breaking the chains protecting the harbour's entrance, thereafter opening fire on La Goletta. In the ruins, the Spanish found cannonballs with the French fleur-de-lis mark, evidence of the contacts stemming from the Franco-Ottoman alliance.[13]
The resulting massacre of the city left an estimated 30,000 dead.[16] Barbarossa managed to flee to Algiers with a troop of several thousand Ottomans.[5] Muley Hasan was restored to his throne.[5] The stench of the corpses was such that Charles V soon left Tunis and moved his camp to Radès.
The siege demonstrated the power projection of the Habsburg dynasties at the time; Charles V had under his control much of southern Italy, Sicily, Spain, the Americas, Austria, the Netherlands, and lands in Germany. Furthermore, he was Holy Roman Emperor and had de jure control over much of Germany as well.
Ottoman defeat in Tunis motivated the Ottoman Empire to enter into a formal alliance with France against the Habsburg Empire. Ambassador Jean de La Forêt was sent to Constantinople, and for the first time was able to become permanent ambassador at the Ottoman court and to negotiate treaties.[17]
Charles V celebrated a neo-classical triumph "over the infidel" first in Sicily and then at Rome on 5 April 1536 in commemoration of his victory at Tunis.[18][19][20] The Spanish governor of La Goulette, Luys Peres Varga, fortified the island of Chikly in the lake of Tunis to strengthen the city's defences between 1546 and 1550.
Barbarossa managed to escape to the harbour of Bône, where a fleet was waiting for him. From there, he sailed to accomplish the Sack of Mahón, where he took 6,000 slaves and brought them to Algiers.[21]
The Ottomans recaptured the city in 1574. Thereafter the Ottoman governors of Tunis were semi-autonomous beys, who acted as privateers against Christian shipping. Consequently, raiding in the Mediterranean continued until the suppression of the Barbary pirates in the early 19th century. A French invasion led to the establishment of French Algeria in 1830; France would create a protectorate over Tunisia in 1881.
^Also known as Muleassen in Italy, and Abu-Abd-Allah-Mohammed-el-Hasan in Tunis. Il Palazzo di Fabrizio Colonna a Mezzocannone, article by Bartolommeo Capasso in Napoli nobilissima: rivista di topografia ed arte napoletana, Volumes 1–3, page 100-104.
^A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, Vol. II, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010), 506.
^History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey Ezel Kural Shaw p.97 [1]
^Panvinio, Onofrio (1557). De fasti et triumphi Romanorum a Romulo usque ad Carolum V. Venice: Giacomo Strada. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
^Pinson, Yona (2001). (PDF). Assaph: Studies in Art History. 6: 212. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
^Frieder, Braden (15 January 2008). Chivalry & the Perfect Prince: Tournaments, Art, and Armor at the Spanish Habsburg Court. Truman State University Press. p. 80. ISBN978-1931112697. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
^E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam 1913–1936 by M. Th. Houtsma p.872
References
Allen, Bruce Ware. "Emperor vs. Pirate Tunis, 1535." MHQ: Quarterly Journal of Military History (Winter 2014) 26#2 pp 58-63.
Battle: a Visual Journey Through 5000 Years of Combat. Grant, R. G. 2005
conquest, tunis, 1535, habsburg, empire, charles, allies, conquered, tunis, 1535, wresting, city, away, from, control, ottoman, empire, conquest, tunispart, ottoman, habsburg, warsand, ottoman, portuguese, conflictsattack, goletta, with, tunis, background, ent. The Habsburg Empire of Charles V and its allies conquered Tunis in 1535 wresting the city away from the control of the Ottoman Empire 7 Conquest of TunisPart of the Ottoman Habsburg warsand the Ottoman Portuguese conflictsAttack on La Goletta with Tunis in the background Entry of Charles V Holy Roman Emperor into Tunis in 1535 DateJune 1535LocationTunis present day Tunisia ResultHabsburg and allied victory Sack of TunisTerritorialchangesMuley Hassan of the Hafsid dynasty restored as client ruler of Tunis and Spanish Imperial tributary 1 2 BelligerentsSpanish Empire Kingdom of Naples Kingdom of Sicily Holy Roman Empire Republic of Genoa County of Flanders Hafsid dynasty Kingdom of Portugal Papal States Knights of Malta Ottoman Empire Kingdom of FranceCommanders and leadersCharles V Andrea Doria Alfonso d Avalos Alvaro de Bazan Garcia de Toledo Duke of Alba Duke of BejaHayreddin BarbarossaStrengthTotal men 30 000 60 000 10 000 Spaniards 8 000 Germans 8 000 Italians 1 500 Portuguese 3 700 Maltese Unknown number of FlemingsTotal ships 398 207 ships 4 10 galleys 6 galleys 19 galleys 1 galleon 2 carracks 20 round caravels 8 galleys 8 galleys 1 carrack 4 galleys 60 hulks82 warships 5 2 galleys 6 Casualties and lossesUnknown Many fell to dysentery citation needed 30 000 Muslim civilians killed9 000 Christians freed Contents 1 Background 2 Battle 3 Aftermath 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External linksBackground EditIn 1533 Suleiman the Magnificent ordered Hayreddin Barbarossa whom he had summoned from Algiers to build a large war fleet in the arsenal of Constantinople 8 Altogether 70 galleys were built during the winter of 1533 1534 manned by slave oarsmen including 2 000 Jewish ones 9 With this fleet Barbarossa conducted aggressive raids along the coast of Italy until he conquered Tunis on 16 August 1534 ousting the local ruler theretofore subservient to the Spanish Muley Hasan 10 11 Barbarossa thus established a strong naval base in Tunis which could be used for raids in the region and on nearby Malta 10 Charles V assembled a large army of some 30 000 soldiers 74 galleys rowed by chained Protestants dubious discuss shipped in from Antwerp 12 and 300 sailing ships including the carrack Santa Anna and the Portuguese galleon Sao Joao Baptista the most powerful ship in the world at the time to drive the Ottomans from the region 13 The expense involved for Charles V was considerable and at 1 000 000 ducats was on par with the cost of Charles campaign against Suleiman on the Danube 14 Unexpectedly the funding of the conquest of Tunis came from the galleons sailing in from the New World in the form of a 2 million gold ducats treasure extracted by Francisco Pizarro in exchange for his releasing of the Inca king Atahualpa whom he nevertheless executed on 29 August 1533 14 Despite a request by Charles V Francis I denied French support to the expedition explaining that he was under a three year truce with Barbarossa following the 1533 Ottoman embassy to France 15 Francis I was also under negotiations with Suleiman the Magnificent for a combined attack on Charles V following the 1534 Ottoman embassy Francis I only agreed to Pope Paul III s request that no fight between Christians occur during the time of the expedition 15 Battle EditHaving sailed from Sardinia at the head of a Catholic coalition protected by a Genoese fleet Charles V destroyed Barbarossa s fleet on 1 June 1535 and after a costly yet successful siege at La Goletta captured Tunis In the action the Portuguese galleon Sao Joao Baptista distinguished itself by breaking the chains protecting the harbour s entrance thereafter opening fire on La Goletta In the ruins the Spanish found cannonballs with the French fleur de lis mark evidence of the contacts stemming from the Franco Ottoman alliance 13 The resulting massacre of the city left an estimated 30 000 dead 16 Barbarossa managed to flee to Algiers with a troop of several thousand Ottomans 5 Muley Hasan was restored to his throne 5 The stench of the corpses was such that Charles V soon left Tunis and moved his camp to Rades The siege demonstrated the power projection of the Habsburg dynasties at the time Charles V had under his control much of southern Italy Sicily Spain the Americas Austria the Netherlands and lands in Germany Furthermore he was Holy Roman Emperor and had de jure control over much of Germany as well Ottoman defeat in Tunis motivated the Ottoman Empire to enter into a formal alliance with France against the Habsburg Empire Ambassador Jean de La Foret was sent to Constantinople and for the first time was able to become permanent ambassador at the Ottoman court and to negotiate treaties 17 Charles V celebrated a neo classical triumph over the infidel first in Sicily and then at Rome on 5 April 1536 in commemoration of his victory at Tunis 18 19 20 The Spanish governor of La Goulette Luys Peres Varga fortified the island of Chikly in the lake of Tunis to strengthen the city s defences between 1546 and 1550 Aftermath EditMain article Conquest of Tunis 1574 Barbarossa managed to escape to the harbour of Bone where a fleet was waiting for him From there he sailed to accomplish the Sack of Mahon where he took 6 000 slaves and brought them to Algiers 21 The Ottomans recaptured the city in 1574 Thereafter the Ottoman governors of Tunis were semi autonomous beys who acted as privateers against Christian shipping Consequently raiding in the Mediterranean continued until the suppression of the Barbary pirates in the early 19th century A French invasion led to the establishment of French Algeria in 1830 France would create a protectorate over Tunisia in 1881 Gallery Edit Bombardment of La Goletta Attack at La Goletta Battle scene at Tunis 1535 Liberation of 20 000 Christian captives Charles V going to Rades Charles V announcing the capture of Tunis to Pope Paul III in 1535 Imperial troops in the conquest of Tunis 1535 Jan Cornelisz Vermeyen Ottoman troops in the conquest of Tunis 1535 See also EditBarbary corsairs Capture of Tunis 1569 Conquest of Tunis 1574 Algiers expedition 1541 Siege of Castelnuovo Battle of Djerba Great Siege of Malta Battle of Lepanto Battle of Preveza Ottoman Habsburg wars Ottoman Portuguese conflictsNotes Edit Roger Crowley Empires of the Sea faber and faber 2008 p 61 History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey Ezel Kural Shaw Jose Augusto Amaro Pissarra O galeao S Joao c 1530 1551 Dados para uma monografia Cascais 1999 p 195 15 galleys of the Mediterranean Squadron 42 ships of the Cantabrian fleet 150 ships of the Malaga Squadron a b c Crowley p 61 Garnier p 96 Bruce Ware Allen Emperor vs Pirate Tunis 1535 MHQ Quarterly Journal of Military History Winter 2014 26 2 pp 58 63 Crowley p 56 Crowley p 57 a b Crowley p 58 Also known as Muleassen in Italy and Abu Abd Allah Mohammed el Hasan in Tunis Il Palazzo di Fabrizio Colonna a Mezzocannone article by Bartolommeo Capasso in Napoli nobilissima rivista di topografia ed arte napoletana Volumes 1 3 page 100 104 Crowley p 59 a b Crowley p 60 a b Crowley p 62 a b Garnier p 94 95 A Global Chronology of Conflict From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East Vol II ed Spencer C Tucker ABC CLIO 2010 506 History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey Ezel Kural Shaw p 97 1 Panvinio Onofrio 1557 De fasti et triumphi Romanorum a Romulo usque ad Carolum V Venice Giacomo Strada Retrieved 22 August 2013 Pinson Yona 2001 Imperial Ideology in the Triumphal Entry into Lille of Charles V and the Crown Prince 1549 PDF Assaph Studies in Art History 6 212 Archived from the original PDF on 23 February 2014 Retrieved 20 August 2013 Frieder Braden 15 January 2008 Chivalry amp the Perfect Prince Tournaments Art and Armor at the Spanish Habsburg Court Truman State University Press p 80 ISBN 978 1931112697 Retrieved 20 August 2013 E J Brill s first encyclopaedia of Islam 1913 1936 by M Th Houtsma p 872References EditAllen Bruce Ware Emperor vs Pirate Tunis 1535 MHQ Quarterly Journal of Military History Winter 2014 26 2 pp 58 63 Battle a Visual Journey Through 5000 Years of Combat Grant R G 2005 Roger Crowley Empires of the sea 2008 Faber amp Faber ISBN 978 0 571 23231 4 Garnier Edith L Alliance Impie Editions du Felin 2008 Paris ISBN 978 2 86645 678 8 La Marina Cantabra Ballesteros Beretta Antonio 1968External links EditInterview Cervantes Virtual Coordinates 36 48 N 10 10 E 36 800 N 10 167 E 36 800 10 167 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Conquest of Tunis 1535 amp oldid 1128280869, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
