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Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia

January 13, 2023

The Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia[a] also known as the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Lithuania and Belorussia, was a communist party which governed the short-lived Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia (SSR LiB) in 1919. The Central Committee of the party had the status of a regional committee within the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).[1] Following the loss of Lithuania and Belorussia to Polish forces in the Polish-Soviet war, the party organized partisan units behind the front lines. In September 1920 the party was disbanded into the Communist Party of Lithuania and the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Belorussia.

Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia
ChairpersonVincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas
SecretaryVilhelm Knorin
Governing bodyCentral Committee
FoundedJuly 19, 1918 (1918-07-19)
DissolvedSeptember 5, 1920 (1920-09-05)
Succeeded byCommunist Party of Lithuania, Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Belorussia
HeadquartersVilna, Bobruisk, Minsk, Smolensk
Youth wingYoung Communist League of Lithuania and Belorussia
Membership (1919)17,636
IdeologyCommunism
Regional affiliationRussian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
International affiliationCommunist International

History

Foundation

The formation of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia was preceded in the spring of 1918 by the formation of the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania and Belorussia - an organization that gathered the revolutionary majority faction of the Vilna branch of the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania (who had broken away from their mother party in protest over the participation of LSDP leaders in the Council of Lithuania), the small communist group formed around Aleksandra Drabavičiūtė (Ona) who arrived in April 1918 of a first emissary of the Central Bureau of the Lithuanian Sections of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) to Lithuania and the Vilna unit of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Mensheviks) (led by Ginsburg-Girinis). Debates ranged between the different factions over party programme and national question. In the end, the discussions with the Mensheviks broke down.[2][3][4][5]

The party that gathered the communist platform was formed in Vilna on July 19, 1918 as the Social Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania and Belorussia, gathering the revolutionary wing of the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania and Belorussia, some other former members of the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party and individual pro-communist groupings.[6][7][2][3][8] Leaders of the Social Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania and Belorussia included Pranas Eidukevičius and Konstantin Kernovich.[9]

Meanwhile in Soviet Russia, there was no separate Lithuanian national organization within the Bolshevik Party (unlike the case for Latvian and Polish socialists). Lithuanian Bolsheviks joined the All-Russian party as individuals, albeit Lithuanian sections and cells were formed within the Bolshevik Party. In the fall of 1917 a Central Bureau of the Lithuanian Sections of the Bolshevik Party was formed. At the two conferences of the Lithuanian Sections (January 18–21, 1918 and May 26–27, 1918, respectively) the two main leaders of Lithuanian Bolsheviks (Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas and Zigmas Angarietis) clashed over approach to party-building. Angarietis called for the formation of an independent Lithuanian communist party, whilst Mickevičius-Kapsukas favoured working within existing workers parties in Lithuania. Angarietis' position prevailed, as the publication of an excerpt of Angarietis' line was published in the August 15, 1918 issue of the Moscow newspaper Izvestia - indicating that he had be backing of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) on the matter.[4]

At a meeting in Vilna on August 14, 1918, attended by the representatives of the Central Committee, representatives of the Vilna Committee of the party, one delegate from the provinces and the party decided to change its name to 'Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia', in understanding with the Central Bureau of the Lithuanian Sections of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).[7][10] The name included 'Belorussia' as it had organizations in Belorussian areas adjacent to Vilna.[11] However, the linkage with Belorussia was often omitted in Lithuanian language propaganda.[10] The name implicitly provoked some confusion, as a separate Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Belorussia was founded in 1918.[8] There was a degree of tension between Lithuanian and Belorussian communists over territorial questions, causing concern for the Russian communist leadership in Moscow.[8]

The Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia was active in organizing the labour movement in Vilna, building international trade unions. Between September 2, 1918 and October 1, 1918, twenty trade union gatherings took place. The Vilna Committee of the party, with Mickevičius-Kapsukas being the main instigator, also organized the launch of a legal workers press. The Central Bureau of Vilna Workers Class Trade Unions, the labour movement linked to the party, published Undzer lebn ('Our Life') in Yiddish, Pochodnia ('Torch') in Polish and Volna ('Wave') in Russian. The Central Bureau of Vilna Workers Class Trade Unions had also applied for a permit to publish the newspaper Vilnis in Lithuanian language.[12]

Užbaliai Conference (September 1918)

A conference of Lithuanian communists was held in Užbaliai [bat-smg] on September 15, 1918, which would connect a number of communist groups around Lithuania with the party. The conference was organized by the communist cells in Panevėžys and Suwałki. Reportedly, the conference had 14 delegates and 6 invitees - participants came from Panevėžys, Kupiškis, Subačius, Gelazii, Šeduva, Marijampolė, Pilviškiai, Gižai, Gelgaudiškis, Lukšiai, Višakio Rūda [lt], Užbaliai, Baltrušiai [lt] and Šacki. Participants included Mickevičius-Kapsukas, Andrius Brazdžionis, Pranas Aitmanas, P. Pajuodis, P. Kazlaučiūnas, S. Kirvelaitis, P. Lingys, Vincas Grybas, J. Bartuška, P. Bepirštis-Daumantas, J. Janušauskas, J. Voveraitis, J. Lietuvaitis, J. Zonelis, J. Gabrys and J. Galeckas. From Vilna, J. Glovackis had arrived, who briefed the gathering about the formation of the Provisional Central Bureau of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia as the new party centre.[13][14] The Užbaliai conference endorsed the political line of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), seeking to adapt it to local conditions.[13][14] The conference condemned the Council of Lithuania as a 'tool of German imperialism'. The Užbaliai meeting would later be conceptualized as the first party conference of the Communist Party of Lithuania.[14]

First Party Congress (October 1918)

 
Konstantin Kernovich, the party treasurer

The First Congress of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia (old occupation) was held in secrecy at Vilna on October 1–3, 1918.[14][4][11][10][1][15] The event was hastily organized, with just some eight days of preparation.[16] 34 delegates attended.[10] At the time the party had some 800 members.[4][11] The congress delegates represented 33 groups with 470 members from Kovno Governorate, 16 groups with 200 members from Vilna and surroundings, 10 groups with 95 members from Suwałki Governorate as well as a few small scattered groups from other areas.[4]

The Vilna/Naujoji Vilnia delegation consisted of P. Eidukevičius, R. Pilar, K. Kernovich, J. Lickevičius and Radavičius. The Kovno/Kaišiadorys/Ukmergės delegation consisted of Pr. Naruševičius, J. Mickevičius, A. Jakševičius and P. Meilus. The Šiauliai/Joniškėlis delegation consisted of Juozas Dumša [lt], S. Grybas and Karolis Požela. The Panevėžys/Šeduva/Rokiškis delegation consisted of A. Brazdžionis, P. Zėkas and Antanas Liaudanskas [lt]. The Samogitia delegation consisted of A. Mikakus, A. Šeputa, K. Juodka, A. Vitalis, M. Mačernis and S. Juzumaitė - the latter two being students. The Suwalki (Vilkaviškis/Marijampolė/Naumieści) delegation consisted of Mickevičius-Kapsukas, J. Zonelis, J. Lietuvaitis, J. Glovackis, P. Lingys, V. Skrinska, J. Krašauskas, A. Ramanauskas, P. Botyrius, Strimaitis and Klimavičius.[14]

Most of the delegates were workers, poor peasants, intelligentsia and primary school teachers.[4] The congress endorsed the decisions of the August 14, 1918 and September 15, 1918 meetings.[13]

The congress elected a Central Committee consisting of Andrius Brazdžionis, Pranas Eidukevičius, Simanas Grybas, Aleksandras Jakševičius [lt], Konstantin Kernovich, Jonas Lietuvaitis and Roman Pilar.[13][17] The Central Committee elected a Presidium, consisting of Eidukevičius (chairman), Pilar (secretary), and Kernovich (treasurer).[13] The congress elected a 21-member delegation to the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), authorizing the delegation to make a statement at the congress on the draft program of the RCP(B).[13]

The first session of the congress took place in the house of Olga Smirnova, a communist sympathizer. The second session took place in Kernovich's apartment. The third session took place at a house on Subačiaus street.[14]

Establishment of Soviet Lithuania (December 1918)

As of early December 1918 the Central Committee of the party issued German language leaflets distribute to German soldiers, calling on unity between soldiers and workers.[18] In the December 1918 elections to the Vilna Soviet of Workers Deputies the communists had won 97 seats, the General Jewish Labour Bund 60, Menshevik-Internationalists 22, Lithuanian Social Democratic Party 15.[19] On December 8, 1918 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia proclaimed the Provisional Revolutionary Workers and Peasants Government of Lithuania, which was formally installed in Vilna on December 16, 1918.[19][7][20] Mickevičius-Kapsukas and Angarietis arrived from Moscow, carrying instructions from the RCP(B) party centre (seeking to contain potential moves by Lithuanian communists to declare independence from Soviet Russia) and were hastily inducted into the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia.[10][13] Other new members of the expanded Central Committee were Kazimierz Cichowski, Semyon Dimanstein and Yitzhak Vaynstayn.[13] The Provisional Revolutionary Workers' and Peasants' Government of Lithuania, headed by Mickevičius-Kapsukas and Angarietis, was placed under the leadership of the party Central Committee, rather than the Vilna soviet.[1]

By late 1918 the Vilna Workers Club on 9, Varnų Street (present-day A. Jakšto Street) hosted the party headquarters.[21]

Second Party Conference (February 1919)

The party held its second conference February 2–4, 1919.[22] The conference, held in the midst of war communism, decided to oppose the splitting of large agricultural estates.[22][23] The dominant opinion in the party saw the large estates as a key resource, which would produce significant agricultural output being placed under state management.[22] Lenin differed with this view, at least in terms of tactics, but would give his blessings for applying this policy in SSR LiB as a specific case.[22] The majority of these estates in the SSR LiB were converted into state-run or collective farms.[23]

Merger Congress (March 1919)

On February 27, 1919 the Lithuanian and Belorussian soviet republics merged, creating the Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia (commonly known as 'Litbel').[24] The merger of the communist parties of the two republics soon followed. At the second party congress, held in Vilna March 4–6, 1919, the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Belorussia merged with the party.[25][8] The party retained the name Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia after the merger, and remained a regional unit of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).[26][11][8] The united party counted 17,636 members at the time of the merger.[8] A 15-member Central Committee was elected, consisting of Angarietis, Mickevičius-Kapsukas, Waclaw Bogucki, Kazimierz Cichowski, Semyon Dimanstein, Yakov Doletsky-Feingstein, Semyon Varfolomeevich Ivanov [uk], Viktor Yarkin [ru], Moses Kalmanovich [ru], Vilhelm Knorin, Alexander Miasnikian, Grigory Naidenkov [ru], Roman Pilar, Isaac Reingold and Józef Unszlicht.[13][27] V. Mickevicius-Kapsukas was elected Chairman of the Presidium of the Central Committee, whilst V. Knorin was elected Secretary of the Presidium.[28][27] Doletsky-Feingstein, another member of the Central Committee Presidium, represented the Central Executive Committee of the Communist Workers Party of Poland in the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia.[29]

Kazys Giedrys [de], who served as the accredited representative of the Soviet Lithuanian government to Soviet Russia, represented the party as a delegate with voting rights at the founding congress of the Communist International - held in Moscow March 2–6, 1919.[30][31]

Evacuation of the Central Committee

On April 11, 1919, the party Central Committee issued a letter to the Jewish socialist parties, adressed to the Central Committees of the General Jewish Labour Bund, the Poalei Zion and the United Jewish Socialist Workers Party, alerting on the risk of a Polish invasion and calling for mobilization of resistance. In particular, the party Central Committee called on the Jewish socialist parties to join manifestation on Red Army day.[32]

On August 8, 1919 Minsk was seized by Polish forces, whereby the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia shifted to Bobruisk, and then to Smolensk.[13][33] In Smolensk, the Central Committee had its own publishing house.[34]

Underground Bureau

On September 3, 1919 the Bureau for Underground Work [be] (Lithuanian: Nelegalaus darbo biuras, abbreviated 'NDB', Belarusian: Бюро па нелегальнай рабоце, abbreviated 'BNR') was set-up by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia - which would direct clandestine party organizations and partisan movements in the areas controlled by Polish forces and would sent communist organizers across the front lines.[13][33][35][36][37] Mickevičius-Kapsukas was the chairman of the Bureau, with the other members being Knorin, Angarietis and Bogucki.[37] The Bureau for Underground Work was guided by the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia and, for matters relating to Poland, the Central Executive Committee of the Communist Workers Party of Poland.[37]

The Bureau for Underground Work set up a network to smuggle revolutionary literature, through which the works of V. I. Lenin, propaganda leaflets and party press (such as Pravda, Zvezda, Savieckaja Bielaruś [be], Młot, Komunistas [lt], Komunista [lt], Zhizn natsionalnosti) were distributed.[37][38] Transportation points for the smuggling route were established in Krupki, Mozyr, Polotsk, Rogachev and Rēzekne. Secret warehouses were set up in Bobruisk and Dvinsk. Propaganda material were sent from Dvinsk and Rezhitsa to Lithuania, from Polotsk to Vilna, from Rogachev to Bobruisk and Minsk, from Krupki to Borisov, Vilna, Igumen, Minsk and from Mozyr to Brest-Litovsk, Grodno, Minsk, Slutsk.[37]

The party set up clandestine bureaus in Vilna and Kovno.[13] The Kovno Bureau played a key role in reviving the a clandestine communist printing activity inside Lithuania.[13] Kazys Giedrys was placed in charge of the underground Regional Bureau of the party in Vilna.[39]

By 1919 the communists ran a clandestine printing house in the city.[38] In October 1919 the Central Committee directed the Minsk Subcommittee to act as a regional party centre, in order to supervise the work of the Borisov, Grodno, Igumen, Molodechno, Nesvizh and Slutsk party subcommittees.[38] In November 1919 the Minsk Subcommittee organized a strike movement at work-places, to protest the Polish occupation.[38] The Polish authorities responded by declaring trade unions in Minsk dissolved in December 1919.[38]

But the communists regrouped, and by January 1920 new trade union organizations had been formed in Minsk, claiming a membership of around 4,000 workers.[38] In the same month, the Central Committee instructed the party organization in Minsk to mobilize for armed struggle.[38] The Minsk Raion Uprising Organization was set-up under the leadership of Vasily Sharangovich, who had been sent to Minsk in December 1920 by the Central Committee (he was later arrested by the Polish authorities, and sentenced to death).[38][40] Units of armed partisans began operations in the outskirts of the city.[38] The Polish forces moved its 17th Infantry Regiment away from the front, in order to combat the partisans.[38] The Brest Underground Committee of the party led the partisan units in south-western Belorussia.[36]

The party led an insurrection at the Kovno garrison February 21–23, 1920.[13] The party re-organized trade unions inside Lithuania.[13] On April 4, 1920 a conference of communist organizations in Lithuania was held in Kovno.[13] Giedrys, who had led the underground Vilna Bureau of the party, was arrested by Polish authorities in June 1920.[39]

In the struggle against Polish forces, the party managed to build an alliance with the Vsevolod Ignatovsky's Belorussian Communist Organization (BKO).[38] Further expanding its alliances, on April 29, 1920, upon the instruction of RCP(B), the Minsk Subcommittee of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia (led by M. Dzembo and others) joined the Belorussian Uprising Committee that had been formed in early 1920 by the Belorussian Party of Social Revolutionaries [ru] (BPSR).[38][41] The BPSR led peasant squads in the country-side around Minsk, areas where the BPSR was a significantly larger political organization than the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia.[38][22] During the summer of 1920 armed struggle intensified with acts of sabotage against communication lines, warehouses and garrisons.[38]

Liquidation of the party (July–September 1920)

On July 11, 1920, the Red Army seized Minsk.[42] With the retaking of the city, the Minsk Governorate Party Committee would function in the city.[38] The Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty was concluded on July 12, 1920.[42][43]

As Belorussian territories came under Red Army control, debate on the national question re-emergence in the party.[27] A section of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia (Knorin, Pikel, Reingold, Kalmanovich and others) revived a proposal to integrate the Minsk Governorate into Soviet Russia, within a frame of Belorussian national-cultural autonomy.[27] This proposition failed to win support in the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).[27] As the merger with RSFSR being rejected, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia decided on July 6, 1920 to begin preparing to re-establish a Belorussian soviet republic within the Minsk Governorate.[27][44] But this move met with opposition within the party leadership, on July 12, 1920 Reingold and Pikel issued a statement titled 'On the question of the creation of the Belorussian Soviet Republic' which rejected creating a Belorussian national republic and again voiced desire for integration of Belorussia into Soviet Russia.[44][22] The Orgburo of the Russian Communist Party (bolsheviks) began preparing for the establishment of separate parties for Lithuania and Belorussia.[45]

On July 30, 1920 the party (represented by Knorin, Iosif Adamovich and Alexander Chervyakov) along with Vsevolod Ignatovsky of BKO and the General Jewish Labour Bund led by Arn Vaynshteyn, held a meeting which decided to reestablish a Belorussian soviet republic.[25] The Belorussian Military Revolutionary Committee, which was to act as an emergency temporary authority in the Belorussian areas under Soviet control, was formed - consisting of Knorin, Adamovich, Chervyakov, I. Klishevsky from the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia, as well as Ignatovsky and Vaynshteyn.[46] On July 31, 1920 a meeting was held, organized by the Minsk Governorate Party Committee and the Military Revolutionary Committee, at which the creation of the Belorussian Socialist Soviet Republic was announced at a ceremony in Minsk.[25][27] The Declaration of Independence of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Belarus was signed by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia (Ivar Smilga, Knorin, Chervyakov), the Central Committee of the General Jewish Labour Bund (Vaynshteyn), Central Committee of BKO (Ignatovsky) and the Central Bureau of Trade Unions of Minsk City and Minsk Raion (A. M. Krinitsky).[27]

Following the establishment of the Belorussian soviet republic, the BKO merged into the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia.[27] On the other hand, the alliance with the BPSR broke apart, as the Belorussian SRs didn't sign the proclamation of the Belorussian soviet republic due to differences on territorial question and instead demanded a Belorussian constituent assembly.[27]

On September 5, 1920 a plenary session of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia decided to split the party into two - the Communist Party of Lithuania and the Communist Party (Bolshevik) of Belorussia.[45][47][13][48][6] The September 5, 1920 meeting charged the reorganized Central Bureau in Lithuania to lead the party there until a party congress could be held.[13]

Press organs

Belorussian

Savieckaja Bielaruś [be] ('Soviet Belorussia') began publishing in February 1920 in Smolensk as the Belorussian language organ of the Central Committee of the party. On August 15, 1920 Savieckaja Bielaruś began to be printed in Minsk.[49]

Lithuanian

Komunistas [lt] ('Communist') was the Lithuanian language organ of the Central Committee. During the Smolensk period of the Central Committee, it was published from there.[49]

Polish

Komunista [lt] ('Communist') was a Polish-language organ of the Central Committee, published from Vilna 1918-1919.[50] Komunista continued to be published from Smolensk as a Central Committee organ.[49]

On February 23, 1919 the Polish-language newspaper Młot ('Hammer') became a joint organ of the Central Executive Committee of the Communist Workers Party of Poland and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia.[51][52][53] The editorial team of Młot included Kazimierz Cichowski, Julian Leszczyński, Jakub Zbiniewicz and B. Wąsowski.[54]

Moreover, the Central Committee of the party published the weekly Głos Robotnicz ('Workers Voice') from Vilna February–April 1919.[55][56]

Russian

Zvezda ('Star') was the Russian language organ of the Central Committee. It was published from Smolensk during the period the Central Committee was based there.[49]

Yiddish

Der Komunist ('The Communist') was a daily newspaper published from Vilna between December 26, 1918 and April 3, 1919.[57][58][59] It was an organ of the party Central Committee.[57][59] At the time, the editor was Moshe Lunevsky.[60] Semyon Dimanstein was one of the contributors to the newspaper.[60] Der Komunist fell out of favour with the Central Committee, who resolved to merge it with Der shtern ('The Star', a Minsk-based newspaper, whose editorial board was shifted to Vilna).[58][59] The last issue of Der Komunist, published on April 3, 1919, declared that Der shtern was the new Central Committee organ.[58] Der shtern continued to be the Yiddish organ of the Central Committee during the period the party leadership was based in Smolensk.[49]

The Central Committee resumed the publication of a Yiddish daily, Di royte fon ('The Red Banner'), published in Vilna between August 1, 1920, and August 24, 1920.[59]

Notes

  1. ^ Belarusian: Камуністычная партыя Літвы і Беларусі, abbreviated КП ЛіБ, Lithuanian: Lietuvos ir Baltarusijos Komunistų partiją, abbreviated LBKP, Russian: Коммунистическая партия Литвы и Белоруссии, abbreviated КПЛиБ, Polish: Komunistycznej Partii Litwy i Białorusi, abbreviated KPLiB, Yiddish: קאָמוניסטישער פארטיי אין ליטע און ווייסרוסלאַנד

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See also

January 13, 2023
communist, party, lithuania, belorussia, also, known, communist, party, bolsheviks, lithuania, belorussia, communist, party, which, governed, short, lived, socialist, soviet, republic, lithuania, belorussia, 1919, central, committee, party, status, regional, c. The Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia a also known as the Communist Party Bolsheviks of Lithuania and Belorussia was a communist party which governed the short lived Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia SSR LiB in 1919 The Central Committee of the party had the status of a regional committee within the Russian Communist Party Bolsheviks 1 Following the loss of Lithuania and Belorussia to Polish forces in the Polish Soviet war the party organized partisan units behind the front lines In September 1920 the party was disbanded into the Communist Party of Lithuania and the Communist Party Bolsheviks of Belorussia Communist Party of Lithuania and BelorussiaChairpersonVincas Mickevicius KapsukasSecretaryVilhelm KnorinGoverning bodyCentral CommitteeFoundedJuly 19 1918 1918 07 19 DissolvedSeptember 5 1920 1920 09 05 Succeeded byCommunist Party of Lithuania Communist Party Bolsheviks of BelorussiaHeadquartersVilna Bobruisk Minsk SmolenskYouth wingYoung Communist League of Lithuania and BelorussiaMembership 1919 17 636IdeologyCommunismRegional affiliationRussian Communist Party Bolsheviks International affiliationCommunist International Contents 1 History 1 1 Foundation 1 2 Uzbaliai Conference September 1918 1 3 First Party Congress October 1918 1 4 Establishment of Soviet Lithuania December 1918 1 5 Second Party Conference February 1919 1 6 Merger Congress March 1919 1 7 Evacuation of the Central Committee 1 8 Underground Bureau 1 9 Liquidation of the party July September 1920 2 Press organs 2 1 Belorussian 2 2 Lithuanian 2 3 Polish 2 4 Russian 2 5 Yiddish 3 Notes 4 References 5 See alsoHistory EditFoundation Edit Vincas Mickevicius Kapsukas Zigmas Angarietis The formation of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia was preceded in the spring of 1918 by the formation of the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania and Belorussia an organization that gathered the revolutionary majority faction of the Vilna branch of the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania who had broken away from their mother party in protest over the participation of LSDP leaders in the Council of Lithuania the small communist group formed around Aleksandra Drabaviciute Ona who arrived in April 1918 of a first emissary of the Central Bureau of the Lithuanian Sections of the Russian Communist Party Bolsheviks to Lithuania and the Vilna unit of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Mensheviks led by Ginsburg Girinis Debates ranged between the different factions over party programme and national question In the end the discussions with the Mensheviks broke down 2 3 4 5 The party that gathered the communist platform was formed in Vilna on July 19 1918 as the Social Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania and Belorussia gathering the revolutionary wing of the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania and Belorussia some other former members of the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party and individual pro communist groupings 6 7 2 3 8 Leaders of the Social Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania and Belorussia included Pranas Eidukevicius and Konstantin Kernovich 9 Meanwhile in Soviet Russia there was no separate Lithuanian national organization within the Bolshevik Party unlike the case for Latvian and Polish socialists Lithuanian Bolsheviks joined the All Russian party as individuals albeit Lithuanian sections and cells were formed within the Bolshevik Party In the fall of 1917 a Central Bureau of the Lithuanian Sections of the Bolshevik Party was formed At the two conferences of the Lithuanian Sections January 18 21 1918 and May 26 27 1918 respectively the two main leaders of Lithuanian Bolsheviks Vincas Mickevicius Kapsukas and Zigmas Angarietis clashed over approach to party building Angarietis called for the formation of an independent Lithuanian communist party whilst Mickevicius Kapsukas favoured working within existing workers parties in Lithuania Angarietis position prevailed as the publication of an excerpt of Angarietis line was published in the August 15 1918 issue of the Moscow newspaper Izvestia indicating that he had be backing of the Russian Communist Party Bolsheviks on the matter 4 At a meeting in Vilna on August 14 1918 attended by the representatives of the Central Committee representatives of the Vilna Committee of the party one delegate from the provinces and the party decided to change its name to Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia in understanding with the Central Bureau of the Lithuanian Sections of the Russian Communist Party Bolsheviks 7 10 The name included Belorussia as it had organizations in Belorussian areas adjacent to Vilna 11 However the linkage with Belorussia was often omitted in Lithuanian language propaganda 10 The name implicitly provoked some confusion as a separate Communist Party Bolsheviks of Belorussia was founded in 1918 8 There was a degree of tension between Lithuanian and Belorussian communists over territorial questions causing concern for the Russian communist leadership in Moscow 8 The Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia was active in organizing the labour movement in Vilna building international trade unions Between September 2 1918 and October 1 1918 twenty trade union gatherings took place The Vilna Committee of the party with Mickevicius Kapsukas being the main instigator also organized the launch of a legal workers press The Central Bureau of Vilna Workers Class Trade Unions the labour movement linked to the party published Undzer lebn Our Life in Yiddish Pochodnia Torch in Polish and Volna Wave in Russian The Central Bureau of Vilna Workers Class Trade Unions had also applied for a permit to publish the newspaper Vilnis in Lithuanian language 12 Uzbaliai Conference September 1918 Edit A conference of Lithuanian communists was held in Uzbaliai bat smg on September 15 1918 which would connect a number of communist groups around Lithuania with the party The conference was organized by the communist cells in Panevezys and Suwalki Reportedly the conference had 14 delegates and 6 invitees participants came from Panevezys Kupiskis Subacius Gelazii Seduva Marijampole Pilviskiai Gizai Gelgaudiskis Luksiai Visakio Ruda lt Uzbaliai Baltrusiai lt and Sacki Participants included Mickevicius Kapsukas Andrius Brazdzionis Pranas Aitmanas P Pajuodis P Kazlauciunas S Kirvelaitis P Lingys Vincas Grybas J Bartuska P Bepirstis Daumantas J Janusauskas J Voveraitis J Lietuvaitis J Zonelis J Gabrys and J Galeckas From Vilna J Glovackis had arrived who briefed the gathering about the formation of the Provisional Central Bureau of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia as the new party centre 13 14 The Uzbaliai conference endorsed the political line of the Russian Communist Party Bolsheviks seeking to adapt it to local conditions 13 14 The conference condemned the Council of Lithuania as a tool of German imperialism The Uzbaliai meeting would later be conceptualized as the first party conference of the Communist Party of Lithuania 14 First Party Congress October 1918 Edit Konstantin Kernovich the party treasurerThe First Congress of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia old occupation was held in secrecy at Vilna on October 1 3 1918 14 4 11 10 1 15 The event was hastily organized with just some eight days of preparation 16 34 delegates attended 10 At the time the party had some 800 members 4 11 The congress delegates represented 33 groups with 470 members from Kovno Governorate 16 groups with 200 members from Vilna and surroundings 10 groups with 95 members from Suwalki Governorate as well as a few small scattered groups from other areas 4 The Vilna Naujoji Vilnia delegation consisted of P Eidukevicius R Pilar K Kernovich J Lickevicius and Radavicius The Kovno Kaisiadorys Ukmerges delegation consisted of Pr Narusevicius J Mickevicius A Jaksevicius and P Meilus The Siauliai Joniskelis delegation consisted of Juozas Dumsa lt S Grybas and Karolis Pozela The Panevezys Seduva Rokiskis delegation consisted of A Brazdzionis P Zekas and Antanas Liaudanskas lt The Samogitia delegation consisted of A Mikakus A Seputa K Juodka A Vitalis M Macernis and S Juzumaite the latter two being students The Suwalki Vilkaviskis Marijampole Naumiesci delegation consisted of Mickevicius Kapsukas J Zonelis J Lietuvaitis J Glovackis P Lingys V Skrinska J Krasauskas A Ramanauskas P Botyrius Strimaitis and Klimavicius 14 Most of the delegates were workers poor peasants intelligentsia and primary school teachers 4 The congress endorsed the decisions of the August 14 1918 and September 15 1918 meetings 13 The congress elected a Central Committee consisting of Andrius Brazdzionis Pranas Eidukevicius Simanas Grybas Aleksandras Jaksevicius lt Konstantin Kernovich Jonas Lietuvaitis and Roman Pilar 13 17 The Central Committee elected a Presidium consisting of Eidukevicius chairman Pilar secretary and Kernovich treasurer 13 The congress elected a 21 member delegation to the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party Bolsheviks authorizing the delegation to make a statement at the congress on the draft program of the RCP B 13 The first session of the congress took place in the house of Olga Smirnova a communist sympathizer The second session took place in Kernovich s apartment The third session took place at a house on Subaciaus street 14 Establishment of Soviet Lithuania December 1918 Edit As of early December 1918 the Central Committee of the party issued German language leaflets distribute to German soldiers calling on unity between soldiers and workers 18 In the December 1918 elections to the Vilna Soviet of Workers Deputies the communists had won 97 seats the General Jewish Labour Bund 60 Menshevik Internationalists 22 Lithuanian Social Democratic Party 15 19 On December 8 1918 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia proclaimed the Provisional Revolutionary Workers and Peasants Government of Lithuania which was formally installed in Vilna on December 16 1918 19 7 20 Mickevicius Kapsukas and Angarietis arrived from Moscow carrying instructions from the RCP B party centre seeking to contain potential moves by Lithuanian communists to declare independence from Soviet Russia and were hastily inducted into the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia 10 13 Other new members of the expanded Central Committee were Kazimierz Cichowski Semyon Dimanstein and Yitzhak Vaynstayn 13 The Provisional Revolutionary Workers and Peasants Government of Lithuania headed by Mickevicius Kapsukas and Angarietis was placed under the leadership of the party Central Committee rather than the Vilna soviet 1 By late 1918 the Vilna Workers Club on 9 Varnu Street present day A Jaksto Street hosted the party headquarters 21 Second Party Conference February 1919 Edit The party held its second conference February 2 4 1919 22 The conference held in the midst of war communism decided to oppose the splitting of large agricultural estates 22 23 The dominant opinion in the party saw the large estates as a key resource which would produce significant agricultural output being placed under state management 22 Lenin differed with this view at least in terms of tactics but would give his blessings for applying this policy in SSR LiB as a specific case 22 The majority of these estates in the SSR LiB were converted into state run or collective farms 23 Merger Congress March 1919 Edit On February 27 1919 the Lithuanian and Belorussian soviet republics merged creating the Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia commonly known as Litbel 24 The merger of the communist parties of the two republics soon followed At the second party congress held in Vilna March 4 6 1919 the Communist Party Bolsheviks of Belorussia merged with the party 25 8 The party retained the name Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia after the merger and remained a regional unit of the Russian Communist Party Bolsheviks 26 11 8 The united party counted 17 636 members at the time of the merger 8 A 15 member Central Committee was elected consisting of Angarietis Mickevicius Kapsukas Waclaw Bogucki Kazimierz Cichowski Semyon Dimanstein Yakov Doletsky Feingstein Semyon Varfolomeevich Ivanov uk Viktor Yarkin ru Moses Kalmanovich ru Vilhelm Knorin Alexander Miasnikian Grigory Naidenkov ru Roman Pilar Isaac Reingold and Jozef Unszlicht 13 27 V Mickevicius Kapsukas was elected Chairman of the Presidium of the Central Committee whilst V Knorin was elected Secretary of the Presidium 28 27 Doletsky Feingstein another member of the Central Committee Presidium represented the Central Executive Committee of the Communist Workers Party of Poland in the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia 29 Kazys Giedrys de who served as the accredited representative of the Soviet Lithuanian government to Soviet Russia represented the party as a delegate with voting rights at the founding congress of the Communist International held in Moscow March 2 6 1919 30 31 Evacuation of the Central Committee Edit On April 11 1919 the party Central Committee issued a letter to the Jewish socialist parties adressed to the Central Committees of the General Jewish Labour Bund the Poalei Zion and the United Jewish Socialist Workers Party alerting on the risk of a Polish invasion and calling for mobilization of resistance In particular the party Central Committee called on the Jewish socialist parties to join manifestation on Red Army day 32 On August 8 1919 Minsk was seized by Polish forces whereby the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia shifted to Bobruisk and then to Smolensk 13 33 In Smolensk the Central Committee had its own publishing house 34 Underground Bureau Edit On September 3 1919 the Bureau for Underground Work be Lithuanian Nelegalaus darbo biuras abbreviated NDB Belarusian Byuro pa nelegalnaj raboce abbreviated BNR was set up by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia which would direct clandestine party organizations and partisan movements in the areas controlled by Polish forces and would sent communist organizers across the front lines 13 33 35 36 37 Mickevicius Kapsukas was the chairman of the Bureau with the other members being Knorin Angarietis and Bogucki 37 The Bureau for Underground Work was guided by the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party Bolsheviks the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia and for matters relating to Poland the Central Executive Committee of the Communist Workers Party of Poland 37 The Bureau for Underground Work set up a network to smuggle revolutionary literature through which the works of V I Lenin propaganda leaflets and party press such as Pravda Zvezda Savieckaja Bielarus be Mlot Komunistas lt Komunista lt Zhizn natsionalnosti were distributed 37 38 Transportation points for the smuggling route were established in Krupki Mozyr Polotsk Rogachev and Rezekne Secret warehouses were set up in Bobruisk and Dvinsk Propaganda material were sent from Dvinsk and Rezhitsa to Lithuania from Polotsk to Vilna from Rogachev to Bobruisk and Minsk from Krupki to Borisov Vilna Igumen Minsk and from Mozyr to Brest Litovsk Grodno Minsk Slutsk 37 The party set up clandestine bureaus in Vilna and Kovno 13 The Kovno Bureau played a key role in reviving the a clandestine communist printing activity inside Lithuania 13 Kazys Giedrys was placed in charge of the underground Regional Bureau of the party in Vilna 39 By 1919 the communists ran a clandestine printing house in the city 38 In October 1919 the Central Committee directed the Minsk Subcommittee to act as a regional party centre in order to supervise the work of the Borisov Grodno Igumen Molodechno Nesvizh and Slutsk party subcommittees 38 In November 1919 the Minsk Subcommittee organized a strike movement at work places to protest the Polish occupation 38 The Polish authorities responded by declaring trade unions in Minsk dissolved in December 1919 38 But the communists regrouped and by January 1920 new trade union organizations had been formed in Minsk claiming a membership of around 4 000 workers 38 In the same month the Central Committee instructed the party organization in Minsk to mobilize for armed struggle 38 The Minsk Raion Uprising Organization was set up under the leadership of Vasily Sharangovich who had been sent to Minsk in December 1920 by the Central Committee he was later arrested by the Polish authorities and sentenced to death 38 40 Units of armed partisans began operations in the outskirts of the city 38 The Polish forces moved its 17th Infantry Regiment away from the front in order to combat the partisans 38 The Brest Underground Committee of the party led the partisan units in south western Belorussia 36 The party led an insurrection at the Kovno garrison February 21 23 1920 13 The party re organized trade unions inside Lithuania 13 On April 4 1920 a conference of communist organizations in Lithuania was held in Kovno 13 Giedrys who had led the underground Vilna Bureau of the party was arrested by Polish authorities in June 1920 39 In the struggle against Polish forces the party managed to build an alliance with the Vsevolod Ignatovsky s Belorussian Communist Organization BKO 38 Further expanding its alliances on April 29 1920 upon the instruction of RCP B the Minsk Subcommittee of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia led by M Dzembo and others joined the Belorussian Uprising Committee that had been formed in early 1920 by the Belorussian Party of Social Revolutionaries ru BPSR 38 41 The BPSR led peasant squads in the country side around Minsk areas where the BPSR was a significantly larger political organization than the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia 38 22 During the summer of 1920 armed struggle intensified with acts of sabotage against communication lines warehouses and garrisons 38 Liquidation of the party July September 1920 Edit On July 11 1920 the Red Army seized Minsk 42 With the retaking of the city the Minsk Governorate Party Committee would function in the city 38 The Soviet Lithuanian Peace Treaty was concluded on July 12 1920 42 43 As Belorussian territories came under Red Army control debate on the national question re emergence in the party 27 A section of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia Knorin Pikel Reingold Kalmanovich and others revived a proposal to integrate the Minsk Governorate into Soviet Russia within a frame of Belorussian national cultural autonomy 27 This proposition failed to win support in the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party Bolsheviks 27 As the merger with RSFSR being rejected the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia decided on July 6 1920 to begin preparing to re establish a Belorussian soviet republic within the Minsk Governorate 27 44 But this move met with opposition within the party leadership on July 12 1920 Reingold and Pikel issued a statement titled On the question of the creation of the Belorussian Soviet Republic which rejected creating a Belorussian national republic and again voiced desire for integration of Belorussia into Soviet Russia 44 22 The Orgburo of the Russian Communist Party bolsheviks began preparing for the establishment of separate parties for Lithuania and Belorussia 45 On July 30 1920 the party represented by Knorin Iosif Adamovich and Alexander Chervyakov along with Vsevolod Ignatovsky of BKO and the General Jewish Labour Bund led by Arn Vaynshteyn held a meeting which decided to reestablish a Belorussian soviet republic 25 The Belorussian Military Revolutionary Committee which was to act as an emergency temporary authority in the Belorussian areas under Soviet control was formed consisting of Knorin Adamovich Chervyakov I Klishevsky from the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia as well as Ignatovsky and Vaynshteyn 46 On July 31 1920 a meeting was held organized by the Minsk Governorate Party Committee and the Military Revolutionary Committee at which the creation of the Belorussian Socialist Soviet Republic was announced at a ceremony in Minsk 25 27 The Declaration of Independence of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Belarus was signed by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia Ivar Smilga Knorin Chervyakov the Central Committee of the General Jewish Labour Bund Vaynshteyn Central Committee of BKO Ignatovsky and the Central Bureau of Trade Unions of Minsk City and Minsk Raion A M Krinitsky 27 Following the establishment of the Belorussian soviet republic the BKO merged into the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia 27 On the other hand the alliance with the BPSR broke apart as the Belorussian SRs didn t sign the proclamation of the Belorussian soviet republic due to differences on territorial question and instead demanded a Belorussian constituent assembly 27 On September 5 1920 a plenary session of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia decided to split the party into two the Communist Party of Lithuania and the Communist Party Bolshevik of Belorussia 45 47 13 48 6 The September 5 1920 meeting charged the reorganized Central Bureau in Lithuania to lead the party there until a party congress could be held 13 Press organs EditBelorussian Edit Savieckaja Bielarus be Soviet Belorussia began publishing in February 1920 in Smolensk as the Belorussian language organ of the Central Committee of the party On August 15 1920 Savieckaja Bielarus began to be printed in Minsk 49 Lithuanian Edit Komunistas lt Communist was the Lithuanian language organ of the Central Committee During the Smolensk period of the Central Committee it was published from there 49 Polish Edit Komunista lt Communist was a Polish language organ of the Central Committee published from Vilna 1918 1919 50 Komunista continued to be published from Smolensk as a Central Committee organ 49 On February 23 1919 the Polish language newspaper Mlot Hammer became a joint organ of the Central Executive Committee of the Communist Workers Party of Poland and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia 51 52 53 The editorial team of Mlot included Kazimierz Cichowski Julian Leszczynski Jakub Zbiniewicz and B Wasowski 54 Moreover the Central Committee of the party published the weekly Glos Robotnicz Workers Voice from Vilna February April 1919 55 56 Russian Edit Zvezda Star was the Russian language organ of the Central Committee It was published from Smolensk during the period the Central Committee was based there 49 Yiddish Edit Der Komunist The Communist was a daily newspaper published from Vilna between December 26 1918 and April 3 1919 57 58 59 It was an organ of the party Central Committee 57 59 At the time the editor was Moshe Lunevsky 60 Semyon Dimanstein was one of the contributors to the newspaper 60 Der Komunist fell out of favour with the Central Committee who resolved to merge it with Der shtern The Star a Minsk based newspaper whose editorial board was shifted to Vilna 58 59 The last issue of Der Komunist published on April 3 1919 declared that Der shtern was the new Central Committee organ 58 Der shtern continued to be the Yiddish organ of the Central Committee during the period the party leadership was based in Smolensk 49 The Central Committee resumed the publication of a Yiddish daily Di royte fon The Red Banner published in Vilna between August 1 1920 and August 24 1920 59 Notes Edit Belarusian Kamunistychnaya partyya Litvy i Belarusi abbreviated KP LiB Lithuanian Lietuvos ir Baltarusijos Komunistu partija abbreviated LBKP Russian Kommunisticheskaya partiya Litvy i Belorussii abbreviated KPLiB Polish Komunistycznej Partii Litwy i Bialorusi abbreviated KPLiB Yiddish קא מוניסטישער פארטיי אין ליטע און ווייסרוסלא נדReferences Edit a b c Alfred Erich Senn 1975 The Emergence of Modern Lithuania Greenwood Press pp 41 64 ISBN 978 0 8371 7780 9 a b V Kapsukas PIRMOJI LIETUVOS PROLETARINĖ REVOLIUCIJA IR TARYBŲ VALDZIA Vilnies Spauda 1934 p 74 75 79 a b Latvijas Socialistiska partija LKP 100 Seminaras minejimas Vilniuje Pranesimas foto a b c d e f Wiktor Sukiennicki 1984 East Central Europe During World War I From Foreign Domination to National Independence East European Monographs pp 862 868 ISBN 978 0 88033 012 1 Europe Asia Studies Volume 46 Issues 4 8 Carfax Publishing Company 1994 p 1351 a b Roger East 1990 Communist and Marxist Parties of the World Longman p 222 ISBN 978 0 582 06038 8 a b c Bogdan Szajkowski 1982 The Establishment of Marxist Regimes Butterworth Scientific pp 22 40 ISBN 978 0 408 10834 8 a b c d e f Witold S Sworakowski 1973 World Communism a Handbook 1918 1965 Hoover Institution Press pp 37 309 526 ISBN 978 0 8179 1081 5 Tarybu Lietuvos enciklopedija Grudas Marveles Vyriausioji enciklopediju redakcija 1986 p 590 a b c d e Constantine Rudyard Jurgela 1985 Lithuania and the United States The Establishment of State Relations Lithuanian Historical Society pp 40 42 ISBN 978 0 918920 04 1 a b c d Vytas Stanley Vardys 1965 Lithuania Under the Soviets Portrait of a Nation 1940 65 Praeger p 112 Jews and the Jewish People Collected Materials from the Soviet Daily and Periodical Press Contemporary Jewish Library 1963 p 32 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Tadas Adomonis 1986 Lithuania An Encyclopedic Survey Encyclopedia Publishers pp 149 151 153 154 a b c d e f Bronius Vaitkevicius Socialistine revoliucija Lietuvoje 1918 1919 metais Mintis 1967 pp 297 299 Communist International Congress 1991 Workers of the World and Oppressed Peoples Unite Proceedings and Documents of the Second Congress 1920 Pathfinder p 544 ISBN 978 0 937091 09 8 Bronius Vaitkevicius 1988 Pirmoji darbininku ir valstieciu valdzia Lietuvoje monografija skiriama LKP įkurimo ir Tarybu valdzios paskelbimo Lietuvoje 70 meciui in Lithuanian Mokslas p 34 ISBN 9785420000359 Lietuviskoji tarybine enciklopedija Vol 4 Mokslas 1976 p 210 John Hiden Aleksander Loit 1988 The Baltic in International Relations Between the Two World Wars Symposium Organized by the Centre for Baltic Studies November 11 13 1986 University of Stockholm Frescati Centre for Baltic Studies University of Stockholm pp 322 323 ISBN 978 91 22 01194 1 a b Theodore R Weeks 4 December 2015 Vilnius between Nations 1795 2000 Cornell University Press p lxv lxvi ISBN 978 1 60909 191 0 Benedict V Maciuika 1955 Lithuanaia in the Last 30 Years Human Relations Area Files p 38 L Broga Lietuvos TSR turistinis z emelapis Valstybine politines ir mȯkslines literaturos leidykla 1963 p 42 a b c d e f Diana Siebert 1998 Bauerliche Alltagsstrategien in der belarussischen SSR 1921 1941 die Zerstorung patriarchalischer Familienwirtschaft Franz Steiner Verlag pp 44 45 47 51 ISBN 978 3 515 07263 2 a b Russian Studies in History M E Sharpe Incorporated 1990 p 74 Kapliyev A A 2020 The Formation of Authorities of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Lithuania and Belarus on the Example of the People s Commissariat for Health Care at the Beginning of 1919 Lithuanian Historical Studies 24 1 61 74 doi https doi org 10 30965 25386565 02401003 a b c Per Anders Rudling 15 January 2015 The Rise and Fall of Belarusian Nationalism 1906 1931 University of Pittsburgh Press pp 112 128 ISBN 978 0 8229 7958 6 Foreign Press Digest Soviet Union May 1962 p 35 a b c d e f g h i j Istorii a politicheskikh partiĭ materialy dli a samostoi atelʹnoĭ raboty studentov in Russian BGU 2002 pp 260 262 ISBN 9789854457178 P G Chigrinov 2004 Istoriya Belarusi s drevnosti do nashih dnej uchebnoe posobie in Russian Knizhnyj Dom p 461 ISBN 9789854288048 Zeszyty prasoznawcze Krakowskie Wydawn Prasowe RSW Prasa Ksiazka Ruch 1967 p 62 Library of Congress Congressional Research Service 1972 Soviet Intelligence and Security Services 1964 70 U S Government Printing Office p 198 DELEGATES TO THE FOUNDING CONGRESS OF THE COMMUNIST INTERNATIONAL Zvi Y Gitelman Yaacov Ro i 2007 Revolution Repression and Revival The Soviet Jewish Experience Rowman amp Littlefield pp 16 17 ISBN 978 0 7425 5817 5 a b Belorusskaya SSR kratkaya enciklopediya Istoriya Obshestvennyj i gosudarstvennyj stroj Zakonodatelstvo i pravo Administrativno territorialnoe ustrojstvo Naselennye punkty Mezhdunarodnye svyazi Belorus sov enciklopediya 1979 p 306 Smolenskaya oblast enciklopediya in Russian SGPU 2003 p 206 ISBN 9785880182435 I Kovkelʹ 1984 Why was the BPR Never Formed From a History of Political Bankruptcy of Nationalistic Counter revolution in Byelorussia 1918 1925 Red gazety Holas Radzimy p 38 a b 60 i e Shestʹdesi a t geroicheskikh let 1918 1978 Stikhi Voenizdat 1978 p 33 a b c d e Belaruskai a savet s kai a ent s yklapedyi a Vol 2 1970 p 506 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Ivan Shamyakin Minsk enciklopedicheskij spravochnik Izd vo Belorusskai a sov ent s iklopedii a im Petrusi a Brovki 1983 a b Aleksandr Mikhaĭlovich Prokhorov 1973 Great Soviet Encyclopedia Macmillan p 404 Political Archives of the Soviet Union Nova Science Publishers 1991 p 24 Oleg Latyszonek 1995 Bialoruskie formacje wojskowe 1917 1923 Bialoruskie Tow Historyczne p 131 ISBN 978 83 903068 5 8 a b S S Rudovich Sozdanie sovetskogo gosudarstvennogo apparata v Belarusi 1917 1920 gg in Belorusskij arheograficheskij ezhegodnik Issue 17 2016 Minsk pp 63 92 Marples David R 1999 Belarus a denationalized nation Taylor amp Francis pp 5 6 ISBN 978 90 5702 343 9 a b Okti a brʹ 1917 i sudʹby politicheskoĭ oppozit s ii U istokov politicheskogo protivostoi a nii a Belorusskoe Agenstvo nauch tekhn i delovoĭ informat s ii 1993 p 182 a b Anatolij Petrovich Grickevich 2010 Zapadnyj front RSFSR 1918 1920 borba mezhdu Rossiej i Polshej za Belorussiyu in Russian Harvest p 263 ISBN 9789851666504 P G Chigrinov 2000 Ocherki istorii Belarusi in Russian Vyshejshaya Shkola p 326 ISBN 9789850605467 Kommunist Belorussii Issues 7 9 Zvi a zda 1991 p 89 Rastsislaŭ Platonaŭ 2002 Staronki gistoryi Belarusi arhivy svedchac in Belarusian BelNDIDAS p 18 ISBN 9789856099857 a b c d e National Library of Belarus K 100 letiyu vyhoda gazety Saveckaya Belarus Henryk Malinowski 1964 Program i polityka rolna Komunistycznej Partii Robotniczej Polski 1918 1923 Ksiazka i Wiedza p 328 Belorusskaya SSR kratkaya enciklopediya Nauka i nauchnye uchrezhdeniya Tehnika i tehnologiya Narodnoe obrazovanie Kulturno prosvetitelnye uchrezhdeniya Pechat Televidenie Radioveshanie Zdravoohranenie Fizkultura i sport Belorus sov enciklopediya 1980 p 328 KC PZPR Zaklad Historii Partii Lidia Kalestynska 1967 Ksiega Polakow uczestnikow Rewolucji Pazdziernikowej 1917 1920 biografie Ksiazka i Wiedza p 149 Zaklad Narodowy imienia Ossolinskich Biblioteka Janusz Albin Biblioteka Narodowa Poland 1993 Zbiory i prace polonijne Biblioteki Zakladu Narodowego im Ossolinskich we Wroclawiu informator Biblioteka Narodowa p 67 ISBN 978 83 7009 113 2 Norbert Michta Jan Sobczak 1983 Postacie z przelomu wiekow z kregu dzialaczy SDKPiL in Polish Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza p 441 ISBN 9788303000644 Andrzej Slisz 1968 Prasa polska w Rosji w dobie wojny i rewolucji 1915 1919 Ksiazka i Wiedza p 491 Ignacy Pawlowski 1964 Polityka i dzialalnosc wojskowa KPP 1918 1928 Wydawn Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej p 102 a b Abram Kirzhnic Dzyarzhaynaya bibliyateka i bibliyagrafichny instytut BSSR Yayrejski addzel 1928 די יידישע פרעסע אין ראטנפארבאנד 1917 1927 ווייסרוסלענדישע ביכער קאמער בא דער ווייסרוסלענדישער מעלוכע ביבליאט עק p 18 a b c Arie Bar 1980 The Jewish Press that was Accounts Evaluations and Memories of Jewish Papers in Pre Holocaust Europe World Federation of Jewish Journalists p 228 a b c d Susanne Marten Finnis 2004 Vilna as a Centre of the Modern Jewish Press 1840 1928 Aspirations Challenges and Progress Peter Lang pp 130 170 174 ISBN 978 3 03910 080 4 a b ווילנע א זאמלבוך געווידמעט דער שטאט ווילנע ווילנער ברענטש 763 ארבייטער רינג 1935 p 344 See also EditKaunas Soviet of Workers Deputies Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia amp oldid 1125412442, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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