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Glossary of comics terminology

Comics has developed specialized terminology. Some several attempts have been made to formalize and define the terminology of comics by authors such as Will Eisner, Scott McCloud, R. C. Harvey and Dylan Horrocks. Much of the terminology in English is under dispute, so this page will list and describe the most common terms used in comics.

Comics

"Comics" is used as a non-count noun, and thus is used with the singular form of a verb,[1] in the way the words "politics" or "economics" are, to refer to the medium, so that one refers to the "comics industry" rather than the "comic industry". "Comic" as an adjective also has the meaning of "funny", or as pertaining to comedians, which can cause confusion and is usually avoided in most cases ("comic strip" being a well-entrenched exception).[2]

"Comic" as a singular noun is sometimes used to refer to individual comics periodicals, what are known in North America as "comic books".[citation needed]

"Underground comix" is a term first popularized by cartoonists in the underground comix movement of the 1960s and 1970s in an attempt to move the word away from its etymological origins. Art Spiegelman in particular has been a proponent of its usage, hoping to highlight the fact that the medium is capable of mature, non-comedic content, as well as to emphasize the hybrid nature of the medium ("co-mix").[3]

"Alternative comics" is a term covering a range of American comics that have appeared since the 1980s, following the comix movement of the late 1960s/early 1970s.

Other terms used as synonyms for "comics" are "sequential art", a term coined and popularized by Will Eisner,[3] and graphic novel, which is normally used to denote book-form comics, although this usage is not consistent.[4]

Layout

 
A typical comics page layout.
  A is a panel
  B is a borderless panel
  are the gutters
  is a tier

Panel

A panel (alternatively known as frame or box)[5] is one drawing on a page,[6] and contains a segment of action. A page may have one or many panels, and panels are frequently, but not always,[5] surrounded by a border or outline,[7] whose shape can be altered to indicate emotion, tension or flashback sequences.[8] The size, shape and style of a panel, as well as the placement of figures and speech balloons inside it, affect the timing or pacing of a story.[9] Panels are used to break up and encapsulate sequences of events in a narrative.[10] What occurs in a panel may be asynchronous, meaning that not everything that occurs in a single panel necessarily occurs at one time.[11]

Gutter

The gutter is the space between panels.[6][12] Vertical gutters can be made thinner than horizontal gutters in order to encourage the reader to group each row of panels for easier reading.[13]

Tier

A tier[needs IPA] is a singular row of panels.[14]

Splash

A splash or splash page is a large, often full-page illustration which opens and introduces a story.[6] Often designed as a decorative unit, its purpose is to capture the reader's attention, and can be used to establish time, place and mood.[15]

Spread

A spread is an image that spans more than one page. The two-page spread or double-page spread[16] is the most common, but there are spreads that span more pages, often by making use of a foldout (or gatefold).[citation needed]

Elements

 
A caption (the yellow box) gives the narrator a voice. The characters' dialogue is given through speech balloons. The character speaking is indicated by the tail of the balloon.

Word balloon

A speech/word/dialogue balloon or speech/word/dialogue bubble is a speech indicator, containing the characters' dialogue. The indicator from the balloon that points at the speaker is called a pointer[6] or tail.[3][15][17]

The word balloon bridges the gap between word and image—"the word made image", as expressed by Pierre Fresnault-Druelle.[18] In early renderings, word balloons were no more than ribbons emanating from their speakers' mouths, but as it evolved and became more sophisticated, it became a more expressive device. Its shape came to convey meaning as well.[19] A thought balloon contains copy expressing a character's unvoiced thoughts, usually shaped like a cloud, with bubbles as a pointer.[6] Emotions can be expressed by the shape of the balloon—spiked balloons can indicate shouting, and "dripping" balloons can indicate sarcasm.[20]

Caption

In a caption, words appear in a box separated from the rest of the panel or page, usually to give voice to a narrator, but sometimes used for the characters' thoughts or dialogue.[6][21] In some comics, where speech balloons are not used, the captions provide the reader with text about what is happening in the images. This genre is called text comics.

Sound effects

Sound effects or onomatopoeia are words without bubbles that mimic sounds.[22] They are non-vocal sound images, from the subtle to the forceful, such as 'ding-ding' for a bell, to "WHAM" for an impact.[23]

Concepts

Closure

The reader performs closure by using background knowledge and an understanding of panel relations to combine panels mentally into events.[24]

Encapsulation

Encapsulation is the capturing of prime moments in a story. Not every moment of a story is presented in comics. For the artist, encapsulation involves choosing what will be presented in which panels, how many panels will be used to present the action, and the size and layout of the panels. The layouts of the panels can influence the way the panels interact with each other to the reader. This interaction can lend more meaning to the panels than what they have individually. Encapsulation is distinctive to comics, and an essential consideration in the creation of a work of comics.[25]

Division of labour

Sometimes all aspects of a comics production down to the editing, publishing and distribution are done by a single person; in such cases the term comic book creator (also comics creator or comics maker[26]) is employed (occasionally the term "graphic novelist" is also employed[27]). The sophisticated term graphic narrator[28] (also graphic storyteller[29]) is also found in the academic literature on art education.[30]

At the other extreme, the labour behind the comics creation is sometimes divided up into different specialties.

Cartoonist

Cartoonist refers to a person who writes as well as does most or all of the art duties.

Writer

Also sometimes called scripter, plotter or author,[31] the writer scripts the work—scripting may include plot, dialogue and action—in a way that the artist (or artists) can interpret the story into visuals for the reader.[32] Writers can communicate their stories in varying amounts of detail to the artist(s) and in a number of ways, including verbally, by script or by thumbnail layout.[33]

Artist

The artist is the person who handles the visuals. This job may be broken down further into:

Penciller

The penciller or penciler lays down the basic artwork for a page, deciding on panel placement and the placement of figures and settings in the panels,[21] the backgrounds and the characters' facial expressions and poses.[3]

Inker

An inker or finisher "finishes" and sometimes enhances, the pencilled artwork using ink (traditionally India ink) and a pen or brush to create a high-contrast image for photographing and printing.[3][21][34] The extent of the inker's job varies depending on how tight the penciller's work is, but nonetheless requires the skill of an artist,[3] and is more or less active depending on the completeness of the pencils provided.[33]

Colourist

The colourist or colorist adds colours to the finished artwork, which can have an effect on mood and meaning.[11] Colourists can work with a variety of media, such as rubylith, paints, and computers.[citation needed] Digital colorists may employ a Flatter to assist them.

Letterer

Normally separate from the writer, the letterer is the person who fills (and possibly places) speech balloons and captions with the dialogue and other words meant to be read. Letterers may also provide the lettering for sound, although this is often done by the artist even when a letterer is present.[35] In the West, comics have traditionally been hand-lettered, although computer typesetting has become increasingly common.[3][36] The manner in which the letterer letters the text influences how the message is interpreted by the reader,[33] and the letterer can suggest the paralanguage of dialogue by varying the weight, size and shape of the lettering.[37]

Formats

Comic strip

A comic strip is a short work of comics which has its origins in the world of newspapers, but may also appear in magazines or other periodicals, as well as in books and elsewhere.[citation needed] In comic strips, generally the only unit of encapsulation is the panel.[38]

 
Mutt and Jeff daily comic strip (1913)

Dailies

As the name implies, a daily comic strip is a comic strip that is normally run six days a week in a newspaper, historically in black and white, although colour examples have become common. They normally run every day in a week but one (usually Sunday), in which the strip appears larger and usually in colour. The Sunday strips are often outside the ongoing story in the case of strips that have continuity.[citation needed]

Usually, daily strips are short and limited to one tier.[citation needed]

 
Full-page Krazy Kat Sunday comic strip (1922)

Sundays

Sunday comics are comic strips that traditionally run in newspapers on Sundays (Saturdays in some papers), frequently in full colour. Before World War II, cartoonists normally were given an entire page to themselves, and often would devote the page to a single comic strip, although many would divide the page between a main strip and a "topper" (which would sometimes run on the bottom). Wartime paper shortages brought down the size of strips, and to this day Sunday pages normally are made up of a multitude of strips.[3]

Gag and editorial cartoons

Gag cartoons and editorial cartoons are usually single-panel comics, although sequential examples are not rare.[citation needed]

A gag cartoon (a.k.a. panel cartoon or gag panel) is most often a single-panel cartoon, usually including a hand-lettered or typeset caption beneath the drawing. A pantomime cartoon carries no caption. In some cases, dialogue may appear in speech balloons, following the common convention of comic strips. As the name implies—"gag" being a show business term for a comedic idea—these cartoons are most often intended to provoke laughter.

An editorial cartoon or political cartoon is most often a single-panel comic that contain some level of political or social commentary. Such cartoons are used to convey and question an aspect of daily news or current affairs in a national or international context. Political cartoons generally feature a caricaturist style of drawing, to capture the likeness of a politician or subject. Political cartoonists may also employ humor or satire to ridicule an individual or group, emphasize their point of view, or comment on a particular event. The traditional and most common outlet for political cartoons is the editorial page of a newspaper, or in a pocket cartoon, in the front news section of a newspaper. Editorial cartoons are not usually found in the dedicated comic section, although certain cartoons or comic strips have achieved crossover status.

Comic book

A comic book, also known as a comic or floppy, is a periodical, normally thin in size and stapled together.[39] Comic books have a greater variety of units of encapsulation than comic strips, including the panel, the page, the spread, and inset panels. They are also capable of more sophisticated layouts and compositions.[38] A floppy comic is also known as an American comic book.

Comic books are typically published as either an ongoing series (a series that runs indefinitely), as a limited series (a series intended to end after a certain number of issues), or as a one shot (a comic book which is intended as a one-off publication).[40][41][42] Some series will publish an annual issue once a year which is two to three times as large as a regular issue;[43] "while they don't have to be one-shot stories, generally annuals are used as ways to tell stories that don't fit within a single issue or can't be included in a full arc".[44]

Trade paperback

A trade paperback is a collection of stories originally published in comic books, reprinted in book format, usually presenting either a complete miniseries, a story arc from a single title, or a series of stories with an arc or common theme.[41][42] The term may refer to either a paperback or a hardcover collection of comics. A trade paperback typically differs from a graphic novel in that a graphic novel is usually original material.[45]

Graphic novel

Graphic novel is a term whose definition is hard to pin down, but usually refers to a self-contained, book-length form. Some would have its use restricted only to long-form narratives, while at the other extreme are people who use it as a synonym for "comics" or "comic book".[3][46][47] Others again define it as a book with a square-bound spine, even if it is a collection of short strips.[48] Still others have used the term to distance their work from the negative connotations the terms "comic" or "comic book" have for the public, or to give their work an elevated air. Other than in presentation and intent, they hardly differ from comic books.[49]

Some prefer not use the term "graphic novel" at all. Amongst the criticisms are that the use of the word "novel" excludes non-novelistic genres, such as journalism, biography or history. Others believe the term has become too general, a catch-all for all kinds of content, and thus meaningless.[46]

Towards the close of the 20th century, the three major comics-producing traditions—American, western European (especially the Franco-Belgian), and Japanese—converged in a trend towards book-length comics: the comic album in Europe, the tankōbon[a] in Japan, and the graphic novel in the English-speaking countries.

Webcomics

Webcomics, comics published via the Internet on the World Wide Web, have emerged since the beginning of the 21st century. As they are not limited by the size and shape of a physical page, they can make use of what Scott McCloud calls the infinite canvas, where the individual comics can make use of different sizes and dimensions. Webcomics are also capable of incorporated multimedia elements, such as sound, animation and bigger panels (scrolling panels). In South Korea, an infinite canvas format caught on called the webtoon. A slide show-like format for webcomics was described by French cartoonists Balak in 2010, which he dubbed Turbomedia.[citation needed]

International comics

Comics of non-English origin are often referred to by the terms used in those comics' language of origin. The most widespread example is when fans of Japanese comics use the term manga,[50] which is also applied to non-Japanese comics done in a Japanese style.[3] One also sees BD or bandes dessinées used to refer to Franco-Belgian comics,[11][36] tebeos in Spain, manhwa and manhua to refer to Korean and Chinese comics respectively, and fumetti to refer to Italian comics, although this term is also used in English to refer to comics whose graphics are made using photographs rather than illustrations.[citation needed]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ tankōbon (単行本, translation close to "independently appearing book")

References

  1. ^ Chute & Devoken 2012, p. 175.
  2. ^ Lyga & Lyga 2004, p. 162.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Glossary Of Specialized Cartoon-related Words and Phrases Used in Don Markstein's Toonopedia™". www.toonopedia.com. Archived from the original on 2009-10-16. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
  4. ^ Goldsmith 2005, p. 16; Karp 2012, pp. 4–6.
  5. ^ a b Eisner 1985, p. 45.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Lee 1978, p. 15.
  7. ^ Eisner 1985, p. 28.
  8. ^ Eisner 1985, pp. 44, 46–47.
  9. ^ Eisner 1985, p. 30.
  10. ^ Eisner 1985, p. 38.
  11. ^ a b c Duncan & Smith 2009, p. 315.
  12. ^ Eisner 1985, p. 157; McCloud 1993, p. 66.
  13. ^ "Panel Layout: The Golden Ratio". MakingComics. Retrieved 2016-03-15. Greater horizontal proximity encourages the reader to group each row of panels for easier reading.
  14. ^ Chapman 2012, p. 50.
  15. ^ a b Eisner 1985, p. 62.
  16. ^ Johnston, Rich (Oct 2, 2010). "The Death Of The Double Page Spread?". Bleeding Cool.
  17. ^ Dawson 2010, p. 112.
  18. ^ Carrier 2001, p. 28.
  19. ^ Eisner 1985, p. 27.
  20. ^ Eisner 1996, p. 174.
  21. ^ a b c Lyga & Lyga 2004, p. 161.
  22. ^ Duncan & Smith 2009, p. 318.
  23. ^ Duncan & Smith 2009, p. 156.
  24. ^ Duncan & Smith 2009, p. 316.
  25. ^ Duncan & Smith 2009, p. 10.
  26. ^ Smith, Matthew and Randy Duncan (eds.), Critical Approaches to Comics: Theories and Methods, Routledge, 2012, p. 76.
  27. ^ Booker 2010, p. 172: "William Erwin Eisner was a comic book creator, graphic novelist, teacher, entrepreneur, and advocate of comics".
  28. ^ Elliot W. Eisner and Michael D. Day (eds.), Handbook of Research and Policy in Art Education, Routledge, 2004, p. 305.
  29. ^ Baetens, Jan; Frey, Hugo (2015). The Graphic Novel: An Introduction. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 187.
  30. ^ Elliot W. Eisner and Michael D. Day (eds.), Handbook of Research and Policy in Art Education, Routledge, 2004, p. 305.
  31. ^ Booker 2014, pp. 174 & 867.
  32. ^ Lyga & Lyga 2004, p. 165.
  33. ^ a b c Duncan & Smith 2009, p. 8.
  34. ^ Lee 1978, p. 145.
  35. ^ Lyga & Lyga 2004, p. 163.
  36. ^ a b Dawson 2010, p. 110.
  37. ^ Duncan & Smith 2009, p. 145.
  38. ^ a b Duncan & Smith 2009, p. 6.
  39. ^ Lyga & Lyga 2004, p. 164.
  40. ^ "Formats & Definitions". Free Comic Book Day. Dec 7, 2016. Retrieved 2021-04-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  41. ^ a b "Beinecke Cataloging Manual - Comics and Graphic Novels". beinecke1.library.yale.edu. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
  42. ^ a b Phoenix 2020, pp. 4–12.
  43. ^ "What Are Comic Book Annuals?". How To Love Comics. Aug 19, 2020. Retrieved 2021-04-04.
  44. ^ Schenkel, Katie (Aug 31, 2017). "Jumping into Comics through Annuals". BOOK RIOT. Retrieved 2021-04-04.
  45. ^ "Creating Comics, Part 4: Comic Books vs. Graphic Novels | Writing Scraps". Seanjjordan.com. Aug 6, 2007. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
  46. ^ a b Weiner & Weiner 2010, p. 227.
  47. ^ Semley, John (Oct 21, 2011). "Interview: Brooke Gladstone". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 2012-02-15.
  48. ^ Abel, Jessica (2002). "What is a 'Graphic Novel'?". Retrieved 2012-02-16.
  49. ^ Duncan & Smith 2009, p. 4.
  50. ^ McCloud 2006, p. 215.

Works cited

External links

glossary, comics, terminology, comics, developed, specialized, terminology, some, several, attempts, have, been, made, formalize, define, terminology, comics, authors, such, will, eisner, scott, mccloud, harvey, dylan, horrocks, much, terminology, english, und. Comics has developed specialized terminology Some several attempts have been made to formalize and define the terminology of comics by authors such as Will Eisner Scott McCloud R C Harvey and Dylan Horrocks Much of the terminology in English is under dispute so this page will list and describe the most common terms used in comics Contents 1 Comics 2 Layout 2 1 Panel 2 2 Gutter 2 3 Tier 2 4 Splash 2 5 Spread 3 Elements 3 1 Word balloon 3 2 Caption 3 3 Sound effects 4 Concepts 4 1 Closure 4 2 Encapsulation 5 Division of labour 5 1 Cartoonist 5 2 Writer 5 3 Artist 5 3 1 Penciller 5 3 2 Inker 5 3 3 Colourist 5 4 Letterer 6 Formats 6 1 Comic strip 6 1 1 Dailies 6 1 2 Sundays 6 2 Gag and editorial cartoons 6 3 Comic book 6 3 1 Trade paperback 6 3 2 Graphic novel 6 4 Webcomics 7 International comics 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 10 1 Works cited 11 External linksComics Edit Comics is used as a non count noun and thus is used with the singular form of a verb 1 in the way the words politics or economics are to refer to the medium so that one refers to the comics industry rather than the comic industry Comic as an adjective also has the meaning of funny or as pertaining to comedians which can cause confusion and is usually avoided in most cases comic strip being a well entrenched exception 2 Comic as a singular noun is sometimes used to refer to individual comics periodicals what are known in North America as comic books citation needed Underground comix is a term first popularized by cartoonists in the underground comix movement of the 1960s and 1970s in an attempt to move the word away from its etymological origins Art Spiegelman in particular has been a proponent of its usage hoping to highlight the fact that the medium is capable of mature non comedic content as well as to emphasize the hybrid nature of the medium co mix 3 Alternative comics is a term covering a range of American comics that have appeared since the 1980s following the comix movement of the late 1960s early 1970s Other terms used as synonyms for comics are sequential art a term coined and popularized by Will Eisner 3 and graphic novel which is normally used to denote book form comics although this usage is not consistent 4 Layout Edit A typical comics page layout A is a panel B is a borderless panel are the gutters is a tierPanel Edit A panel alternatively known as frame or box 5 is one drawing on a page 6 and contains a segment of action A page may have one or many panels and panels are frequently but not always 5 surrounded by a border or outline 7 whose shape can be altered to indicate emotion tension or flashback sequences 8 The size shape and style of a panel as well as the placement of figures and speech balloons inside it affect the timing or pacing of a story 9 Panels are used to break up and encapsulate sequences of events in a narrative 10 What occurs in a panel may be asynchronous meaning that not everything that occurs in a single panel necessarily occurs at one time 11 Gutter Edit The gutter is the space between panels 6 12 Vertical gutters can be made thinner than horizontal gutters in order to encourage the reader to group each row of panels for easier reading 13 Tier Edit A tier needs IPA is a singular row of panels 14 Splash Edit A splash or splash page is a large often full page illustration which opens and introduces a story 6 Often designed as a decorative unit its purpose is to capture the reader s attention and can be used to establish time place and mood 15 Spread Edit A spread is an image that spans more than one page The two page spread or double page spread 16 is the most common but there are spreads that span more pages often by making use of a foldout or gatefold citation needed Elements Edit A caption the yellow box gives the narrator a voice The characters dialogue is given through speech balloons The character speaking is indicated by the tail of the balloon Word balloon Edit A speech word dialogue balloon or speech word dialogue bubble is a speech indicator containing the characters dialogue The indicator from the balloon that points at the speaker is called a pointer 6 or tail 3 15 17 The word balloon bridges the gap between word and image the word made image as expressed by Pierre Fresnault Druelle 18 In early renderings word balloons were no more than ribbons emanating from their speakers mouths but as it evolved and became more sophisticated it became a more expressive device Its shape came to convey meaning as well 19 A thought balloon contains copy expressing a character s unvoiced thoughts usually shaped like a cloud with bubbles as a pointer 6 Emotions can be expressed by the shape of the balloon spiked balloons can indicate shouting and dripping balloons can indicate sarcasm 20 Caption Edit In a caption words appear in a box separated from the rest of the panel or page usually to give voice to a narrator but sometimes used for the characters thoughts or dialogue 6 21 In some comics where speech balloons are not used the captions provide the reader with text about what is happening in the images This genre is called text comics Sound effects Edit Sound effects or onomatopoeia are words without bubbles that mimic sounds 22 They are non vocal sound images from the subtle to the forceful such as ding ding for a bell to WHAM for an impact 23 Concepts EditClosure Edit The reader performs closure by using background knowledge and an understanding of panel relations to combine panels mentally into events 24 Encapsulation Edit Encapsulation is the capturing of prime moments in a story Not every moment of a story is presented in comics For the artist encapsulation involves choosing what will be presented in which panels how many panels will be used to present the action and the size and layout of the panels The layouts of the panels can influence the way the panels interact with each other to the reader This interaction can lend more meaning to the panels than what they have individually Encapsulation is distinctive to comics and an essential consideration in the creation of a work of comics 25 Division of labour EditSometimes all aspects of a comics production down to the editing publishing and distribution are done by a single person in such cases the term comic book creator also comics creator or comics maker 26 is employed occasionally the term graphic novelist is also employed 27 The sophisticated term graphic narrator 28 also graphic storyteller 29 is also found in the academic literature on art education 30 At the other extreme the labour behind the comics creation is sometimes divided up into different specialties Cartoonist Edit Main article Cartoonist Cartoonist refers to a person who writes as well as does most or all of the art duties Writer Edit Main article Script comics Also sometimes called scripter plotter or author 31 the writer scripts the work scripting may include plot dialogue and action in a way that the artist or artists can interpret the story into visuals for the reader 32 Writers can communicate their stories in varying amounts of detail to the artist s and in a number of ways including verbally by script or by thumbnail layout 33 Artist Edit Main article Comics artist The artist is the person who handles the visuals This job may be broken down further into Penciller Edit Main articles Comics artist and Penciller The penciller or penciler lays down the basic artwork for a page deciding on panel placement and the placement of figures and settings in the panels 21 the backgrounds and the characters facial expressions and poses 3 Inker Edit Main article Inker An inker or finisher finishes and sometimes enhances the pencilled artwork using ink traditionally India ink and a pen or brush to create a high contrast image for photographing and printing 3 21 34 The extent of the inker s job varies depending on how tight the penciller s work is but nonetheless requires the skill of an artist 3 and is more or less active depending on the completeness of the pencils provided 33 Colourist Edit Main article Colorist The colourist or colorist adds colours to the finished artwork which can have an effect on mood and meaning 11 Colourists can work with a variety of media such as rubylith paints and computers citation needed Digital colorists may employ a Flatter to assist them Letterer Edit Main article Letterer Normally separate from the writer the letterer is the person who fills and possibly places speech balloons and captions with the dialogue and other words meant to be read Letterers may also provide the lettering for sound although this is often done by the artist even when a letterer is present 35 In the West comics have traditionally been hand lettered although computer typesetting has become increasingly common 3 36 The manner in which the letterer letters the text influences how the message is interpreted by the reader 33 and the letterer can suggest the paralanguage of dialogue by varying the weight size and shape of the lettering 37 Formats EditComic strip Edit A comic strip is a short work of comics which has its origins in the world of newspapers but may also appear in magazines or other periodicals as well as in books and elsewhere citation needed In comic strips generally the only unit of encapsulation is the panel 38 Mutt and Jeff daily comic strip 1913 Dailies Edit As the name implies a daily comic strip is a comic strip that is normally run six days a week in a newspaper historically in black and white although colour examples have become common They normally run every day in a week but one usually Sunday in which the strip appears larger and usually in colour The Sunday strips are often outside the ongoing story in the case of strips that have continuity citation needed Usually daily strips are short and limited to one tier citation needed Full page Krazy Kat Sunday comic strip 1922 Sundays Edit Sunday comics are comic strips that traditionally run in newspapers on Sundays Saturdays in some papers frequently in full colour Before World War II cartoonists normally were given an entire page to themselves and often would devote the page to a single comic strip although many would divide the page between a main strip and a topper which would sometimes run on the bottom Wartime paper shortages brought down the size of strips and to this day Sunday pages normally are made up of a multitude of strips 3 Gag and editorial cartoons Edit Gag cartoons and editorial cartoons are usually single panel comics although sequential examples are not rare citation needed A gag cartoon a k a panel cartoon or gag panel is most often a single panel cartoon usually including a hand lettered or typeset caption beneath the drawing A pantomime cartoon carries no caption In some cases dialogue may appear in speech balloons following the common convention of comic strips As the name implies gag being a show business term for a comedic idea these cartoons are most often intended to provoke laughter An editorial cartoon or political cartoon is most often a single panel comic that contain some level of political or social commentary Such cartoons are used to convey and question an aspect of daily news or current affairs in a national or international context Political cartoons generally feature a caricaturist style of drawing to capture the likeness of a politician or subject Political cartoonists may also employ humor or satire to ridicule an individual or group emphasize their point of view or comment on a particular event The traditional and most common outlet for political cartoons is the editorial page of a newspaper or in a pocket cartoon in the front news section of a newspaper Editorial cartoons are not usually found in the dedicated comic section although certain cartoons or comic strips have achieved crossover status Comic book Edit A comic book also known as a comic or floppy is a periodical normally thin in size and stapled together 39 Comic books have a greater variety of units of encapsulation than comic strips including the panel the page the spread and inset panels They are also capable of more sophisticated layouts and compositions 38 A floppy comic is also known as an American comic book Comic books are typically published as either an ongoing series a series that runs indefinitely as a limited series a series intended to end after a certain number of issues or as a one shot a comic book which is intended as a one off publication 40 41 42 Some series will publish an annual issue once a year which is two to three times as large as a regular issue 43 while they don t have to be one shot stories generally annuals are used as ways to tell stories that don t fit within a single issue or can t be included in a full arc 44 Trade paperback Edit A trade paperback is a collection of stories originally published in comic books reprinted in book format usually presenting either a complete miniseries a story arc from a single title or a series of stories with an arc or common theme 41 42 The term may refer to either a paperback or a hardcover collection of comics A trade paperback typically differs from a graphic novel in that a graphic novel is usually original material 45 Graphic novel Edit Graphic novel is a term whose definition is hard to pin down but usually refers to a self contained book length form Some would have its use restricted only to long form narratives while at the other extreme are people who use it as a synonym for comics or comic book 3 46 47 Others again define it as a book with a square bound spine even if it is a collection of short strips 48 Still others have used the term to distance their work from the negative connotations the terms comic or comic book have for the public or to give their work an elevated air Other than in presentation and intent they hardly differ from comic books 49 Some prefer not use the term graphic novel at all Amongst the criticisms are that the use of the word novel excludes non novelistic genres such as journalism biography or history Others believe the term has become too general a catch all for all kinds of content and thus meaningless 46 Towards the close of the 20th century the three major comics producing traditions American western European especially the Franco Belgian and Japanese converged in a trend towards book length comics the comic album in Europe the tankōbon a in Japan and the graphic novel in the English speaking countries Webcomics Edit Webcomics comics published via the Internet on the World Wide Web have emerged since the beginning of the 21st century As they are not limited by the size and shape of a physical page they can make use of what Scott McCloud calls the infinite canvas where the individual comics can make use of different sizes and dimensions Webcomics are also capable of incorporated multimedia elements such as sound animation and bigger panels scrolling panels In South Korea an infinite canvas format caught on called the webtoon A slide show like format for webcomics was described by French cartoonists Balak in 2010 which he dubbed Turbomedia citation needed International comics EditComics of non English origin are often referred to by the terms used in those comics language of origin The most widespread example is when fans of Japanese comics use the term manga 50 which is also applied to non Japanese comics done in a Japanese style 3 One also sees BD or bandes dessinees used to refer to Franco Belgian comics 11 36 tebeos in Spain manhwa and manhua to refer to Korean and Chinese comics respectively and fumetti to refer to Italian comics although this term is also used in English to refer to comics whose graphics are made using photographs rather than illustrations citation needed See also EditComics and Sequential Art Graphic Storytelling and Visual Narrative Comics studies Manga iconography Reinventing Comics The Lexicon of Comicana Understanding ComicsNotes Edit tankōbon 単行本 translation close to independently appearing book References Edit Chute amp Devoken 2012 p 175 Lyga amp Lyga 2004 p 162 a b c d e f g h i j Glossary Of Specialized Cartoon related Words and Phrases Used in Don Markstein s Toonopedia www toonopedia com Archived from the original on 2009 10 16 Retrieved 2013 02 08 Goldsmith 2005 p 16 Karp 2012 pp 4 6 a b Eisner 1985 p 45 a b c d e f Lee 1978 p 15 Eisner 1985 p 28 Eisner 1985 pp 44 46 47 Eisner 1985 p 30 Eisner 1985 p 38 a b c Duncan amp Smith 2009 p 315 Eisner 1985 p 157 McCloud 1993 p 66 Panel Layout The Golden Ratio MakingComics Retrieved 2016 03 15 Greater horizontal proximity encourages the reader to group each row of panels for easier reading Chapman 2012 p 50 a b Eisner 1985 p 62 Johnston Rich Oct 2 2010 The Death Of The Double Page Spread Bleeding Cool Dawson 2010 p 112 Carrier 2001 p 28 Eisner 1985 p 27 Eisner 1996 p 174 a b c Lyga amp Lyga 2004 p 161 Duncan amp Smith 2009 p 318 Duncan amp Smith 2009 p 156 Duncan amp Smith 2009 p 316 Duncan amp Smith 2009 p 10 Smith Matthew and Randy Duncan eds Critical Approaches to Comics Theories and Methods Routledge 2012 p 76 Booker 2010 p 172 William Erwin Eisner was a comic book creator graphic novelist teacher entrepreneur and advocate of comics Elliot W Eisner and Michael D Day eds Handbook of Research and Policy in Art Education Routledge 2004 p 305 Baetens Jan Frey Hugo 2015 The Graphic Novel An Introduction New York Cambridge University Press p 187 Elliot W Eisner and Michael D Day eds Handbook of Research and Policy in Art Education Routledge 2004 p 305 Booker 2014 pp 174 amp 867 Lyga amp Lyga 2004 p 165 a b c Duncan amp Smith 2009 p 8 Lee 1978 p 145 Lyga amp Lyga 2004 p 163 a b Dawson 2010 p 110 Duncan amp Smith 2009 p 145 a b Duncan amp Smith 2009 p 6 Lyga amp Lyga 2004 p 164 Formats amp Definitions Free Comic Book Day Dec 7 2016 Retrieved 2021 04 02 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link a b Beinecke Cataloging Manual Comics and Graphic Novels beinecke1 library yale edu Retrieved 2021 04 02 a b Phoenix 2020 pp 4 12 What Are Comic Book Annuals How To Love Comics Aug 19 2020 Retrieved 2021 04 04 Schenkel Katie Aug 31 2017 Jumping into Comics through Annuals BOOK RIOT Retrieved 2021 04 04 Creating Comics Part 4 Comic Books vs Graphic Novels Writing Scraps Seanjjordan com Aug 6 2007 Retrieved 2010 09 10 a b Weiner amp Weiner 2010 p 227 Semley John Oct 21 2011 Interview Brooke Gladstone The A V Club Retrieved 2012 02 15 Abel Jessica 2002 What is a Graphic Novel Retrieved 2012 02 16 Duncan amp Smith 2009 p 4 McCloud 2006 p 215 Works cited Edit Booker M Keith ed 2010 Encyclopedia of Comic Books and Graphic Novels Santa Barbara California ABC CLIO Booker M Keith ed 2014 Comics through Time A History of Icons Idols and Ideas Santa Barbara California ABC CLIO Carrier David 2001 The Aesthetics of Comics Penn State Press ISBN 978 0 271 02188 1 Chapman Robyn 2012 Drawing Comics Lab 52 Exercises on Characters Panels Storytelling Publishing amp Professional Practices Quarry Books ISBN 978 1 61058 629 0 Chute Hillary Devoken Marianne 2012 Comic books and Graphic Novels In Glover David McCracken Scott eds The Cambridge Companion to Popular Fiction Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 51337 1 Dawson Willow 2010 Lila amp Ecco s Do It Yourself Comics Club Kids Can Press Ltd ISBN 978 1 55453 438 8 Duncan Randy Smith Matthew J 2009 The Power of Comics Continuum International Publishing Group ISBN 978 0 8264 2936 0 Eisner Will 1985 Comics amp Sequential Art Poorhouse Press ISBN 978 0 9614 7281 8 Eisner Will 1996 Graphic Storytelling and Visual Narrative Poorhouse Press ISBN 978 0 9614728 2 5 Goldsmith Francisca 2005 Graphic Novels Now Building Managing And Marketing a Dynamic Collection American Library Association ISBN 978 0 8389 0904 1 Hunter Jeffrey W ed 2005 Contemporary Literary Criticism Volume 195 Gale Research ISBN 9780787679651 Karp Jesse 2012 Graphic Novels in Your School Library American Library Association ISBN 978 0 8389 1089 4 Lee Stan 1978 How to Draw Comics the Marvel Way Simon amp Schuster ISBN 978 0 671 53077 8 Lyga Allyson A W Lyga Barry 2004 Graphic Novels in your Media Center A Definitive Guide 1st ed Libraries Unlimited ISBN 1 59158 142 7 McCloud Scott 1993 Understanding Comics Kitchen Sink Press ISBN 0 87816 243 7 McCloud Scott 2006 Making Comics Harper ISBN 978 0 06 078094 4 Phoenix Jack 2020 Maximizing the Impact of Comics in Your Library Graphic Novels Manga and More Santa Barbara California ISBN 978 1 4408 6886 3 OCLC 1141029685 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Weiner Robert G Weiner Stephen 2010 Graphic Novels and Comics in Libraries and Archives McFarland ISBN 978 0 7864 4302 4 External links EditDrawing Words amp Writing Pictures Jessica Abel and Matt Madden on reading teaching and making comics Glossary at Don Markstein s Toonopedia Comic Book Glossary Archived 2009 02 08 at the Wayback Machine at About com Portals Comics Visual arts Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Glossary of comics terminology amp oldid 1169955652 Division of labour, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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