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Wikipedia

Comics studies

April 26, 2024

Comics studies (also comic art studies, sequential art studies[1] or graphic narrative studies)[2] is an academic field that focuses on comics and sequential art. Although comics and graphic novels have been generally dismissed as less relevant pop culture texts, scholars in fields such as semiotics, aesthetics, sociology, composition studies and cultural studies are now re-considering comics and graphic novels as complex texts deserving of serious scholarly study.

Not to be confused with the technical aspects of comics creation, comics studies exists only with the creation of comics theory—which approaches comics critically as an art—and the writing of comics historiography (the study of the history of comics).[3] Comics theory has significant overlap with the philosophy of comics, i.e., the study of the ontology,[4][5] epistemology[6] and aesthetics[7] of comics, the relationship between comics and other art forms, and the relationship between text and image in comics.[4]

Comics studies is also interrelated with comics criticism, the analysis and evaluation of comics and the comics medium.[8]

Matthew Smith and Randy Duncan's 2017 book The Secret Origins of Comics Studies contains a useful overview of early scholarship on comics with standout chapters by Ian Horton, Barbara Postema, Ann Miller, and Ian Gordon.[9] Frederick Luis Aldama's 2019 book Oxford Handbook of Comic Book Studies also contains a wealth of articles on approaches to comics studies and a useful history of the field by Ian Gordon.[10]

Theorizing comics edit

Although there has been the occasional investigation of comics as a valid art form, specifically in Gilbert Seldes' The 7 Lively Arts (1924), Martin Sheridan's Comics and Their Creators (1942), and David Kunzle's The Early Comic Strip: Narrative Strips and Picture Stories in the European Broadsheet from c. 1450 to 1825 (1973), contemporary Anglophone comics studies in North America can be said to have burst onto the academic scene with both Will Eisner's Comics and Sequential Art in 1985 and Scott McCloud's Understanding Comics in 1993. Continental comics studies can trace its roots back to the pioneering work of semioticians such as Roland Barthes (particularly his 1964 essay "Rhétorique de l'image", published in English as "Rhetoric of the Image" in the anthology Image—Music—Text)[11] and Umberto Eco (particularly his 1964 book Apocalittici e integrati [Apocalypse Postponed]).[12] These works were the first attempts at a general system of comics semiotics.[13]

More recently, analysis of comics have begun to be undertaken by cognitive scientists, the most prominent being Neil Cohn, who has used tools from linguistics to detail the theoretical structure of comics' underlying "visual language", and has also used psychological experimentation from cognitive neuroscience to test these theories in actual comprehension. This work has suggested similarities between the way that the brain processes language and the way it processes sequential images.[14] Cohn's theories are not universally accepted, with other scholars like Thierry Groensteen, Hannah Miodrag, and Barbara Postema offering alternative understandings.

Defining comics edit

"Comics ... are sometimes four-legged and sometimes two-legged and sometimes fly and sometimes don't ... to employ a metaphor as mixed as the medium itself, defining comics entails cutting a Gordian-knotted enigma wrapped in a mystery ..."

— R. C. Harvey, 2001[15]

 
Cartoonist and comics theorist Scott McCloud

Similar to the problems of defining literature and film,[16] no consensus has been reached on a definition of the comics medium,[17] and attempted definitions and descriptions have fallen prey to numerous exceptions.[18] Theorists such as Rodolphe Töpffer,[19] R. C. Harvey, Will Eisner,[20] David Carrier,[21] Alain Rey,[17] and Lawrence Grove emphasize the combination of text and images,[22] though there are prominent examples of pantomime comics throughout its history.[18] Other critics, such as Thierry Groensteen[22] and Scott McCloud, have emphasized the primacy of sequences of images.[23] Towards the close of the 20th century, different cultures' discoveries of each other's comics traditions, the rediscovery of forgotten early comics forms, and the rise of new forms made defining comics a more complicated task.[24]

Composition studies edit

In the field of composition studies, an interest in comics and graphic novels is growing, partially due to the work of comics theorists but also due to composition studies' growing focus on multimodality and visual rhetoric. Composition studies theorists are looking at comics as sophisticated texts, and sites of complex literacy.

Gunther Kress defines multimodality as "the use of several semiotic modes in the design of a semiotic product or event, together with the particular way in which these mode are combined"[25] or, more simply as "any text whose meanings are realized through more than one semiotic code".[26]

Kristie S. Fleckenstein sees the relationship between image and text as "mutually constitutive, mutually infused"—a relationship she names "imageword". Fleckenstein sees "imageword" as offering "a double vision of writing-reading based on [the] fusion of image and word, a double vision of literacy".[27]

Dale Jacobs sees the reading of comics as a form of "multimodal literacy or multiliteracy, rather than as a debased form of print literacy".[28] According to Jacobs, comics can help educators to move "toward attending to multimodal literacies" that "shift our focus from print only to multiple modalities".[29] He encourages educators to embrace a pedagogy that will give students skills to effectively negotiate these multiple modalities.

Comics historiography edit

Comics historiography (the study of the history of comics)[3] studies the historical process through which comics became an autonomous art medium[30] and an integral part of culture.[31] An area of study is premodern sequential art; some scholars such as Scott McCloud consider Egyptian paintings and pre-Columbian American picture manuscripts to be the very first form of comics and sequential art.[32] Another area of study is the 20th-century emergence of the subculture of comics reading, comic book collecting and comicphilia,[33] the passionate interest in comic books. (A person with a passionate interest in comics is informally called a comicphile[34] or comics buff.)[35]

The first attempts at comics historiography began in the United States in the 1940s with the work of Thomas Craven, Martin Sheridan, and Coulton Waugh. It was not until the mid-1960s, with the publication of Jules Feiffer's The Great Comic Book Heroes, that the field began to take root. Historiography became an accepted practice in the 1970s with the work of Maurice Horn, Jim Steranko, Ron Goulart, Bill Blackbeard, and Martin Williams. The late 1990s saw a wave of books celebrating American comics' centennial. Other notable writers on these topics include Will Jacobs, Gerard Jones, Rick Marschall, and R. C. Harvey. The 1990s also saw a growth of scholarly work on comics with new books from academics such as Martin Barker, David Kunzle, Thomas Inge, Joseph "Rusty" Witek, and Ian Gordon.

Educational institutions edit

Comics studies is becoming increasingly more common at academic institutions across the world. Some notable examples include: Ohio State University,[36] University of Florida,[37] University of Toronto at Mississauga,[38] and University of California Santa Cruz,[39] among others. In Britain, growing interest in comics has led to the establishment of a center for comics studies, the Scottish Centre for Comics Studies (SCCS) at the University of Dundee in Scotland.[40] Beside formal programs and degrees, it is common to see individual courses dedicated to comics and graphic novels in many educational institutions.[41]

Sol M. Davidson's New York University thesis, Culture and the Comic Strips, earned him the first PhD in comics in 1959,[42][43] while in France, Jean-Christophe Menu was awarded a Doctorate in Art and Art Sciences in 2011 from Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne after defending his thesis The Comics and its Double: Language and Frontiers of Comics: Practical, Theoretical and Editorial Prospects.[44][45]

In 2012, the University of Oregon offered the first Comics and Cartoon Studies minor in the United States.[46][47] This Comics Studies program is currently directed by Benjamin Saunders.

Teesside University began offering a BA in Comics and Graphic Novels in 2014,[48] as well as an MA in Comics from 2018.[49] They have since appointed a team of renowned comics practitioners including Fionnuala Doran,[50] Julian Lawrence, Con Chrisoulis, Nigel Kitching and Tara McInerney.[51]

The University of Lancaster started offering a PhD degree in comics studies in 2015.[52] The same year French comics studies scholar Benoît Peeters (a student of Roland Barthes) was appointed as the UK's first ever comics professor at Lancaster University.[53]

Learned societies edit

In addition to its presence in academic institutions, comics have also been studied in interdisciplinary learned society. The first US association dedicated to supporting the study of graphic narrative and sequential art was the Comics Studies Society (CSS), launched in 2014 at ICAF.[54] Other anglophone societies that can be mentioned are British Consortium of Comics Scholars (BCCS, created in 2012 by Paul Davies), Scottish Centre for Comics Studies (SCCS) and Canadian Society for the Study of Comics (CSSC, created in October 2010 by Sylvain Rheault).[55][56]

Learned societies in Americas edit

Canadian Society for the Study of Comics edit

Main article: Canadian Society for the Study of Comics

The first learned society about comics in American continent was the Canadian Society for the Study of Comics (CSSC), also known as Société Canadienne pour l'Étude de la Bande Dessinée (SCEBD). It is a bilingual community of academics focused in discuss all aspects of comics as an art form and cultural phenomenon founded in October 2010 by University of Regina professor Sylvain Rheault.[57][58][59]

Associação de Pesquisadores em Arte Sequencial edit

On March 31, 2012, the Associação de Pesquisadores em Arte Sequencial (ASPAS, Association of Researchers in Sequential Art in Portuguese) was founded in Brazil on March 31, 2012 during the 1st National Forum of Researchers in Sequential Art (FNPAS), an event promoted in the city of Leopoldina, Minas Gerais.[60][61]

In addition to regular events, ASPAS also promotes various academic activities, such as the Meeting of Comic Artists with Trina Robbins, held in 2015 at Gibiteca Henfil, in São Paulo, and in 2017 at Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.[62][63]

Comics Studies Society edit

 

In November 2014, during the International Comic Arts Forum (ICAF), the California State University, Northridge professor Charles Hatfield made a motion to create the Comics Studies Society as an interdisciplinary association open to academics, non-academics or independent scholars, teachers, and students who had the goal of promoting the critical study of comics.[64][65][66]

At a meeting inside the Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum, the CSS's first Executive Committee was officially voted and the CSS main focuses were defined as "promoting the critical study of comics, improving comics teaching, and engaging in open and ongoing conversations about the comics world". CSS also organizes the Annual Conference of the Comics Studies Society since 2018.[67][54][66][68]

Scholarly publications edit

 

Some notable academic journals specifically dedicated to comics studies are listed below in alphabetical order:

Conferences edit

Although presentations dedicated to comics are commonplace at conferences in many fields, entire conferences dedicated to this subject are becoming more common. There have been conferences at SAIC (International Comic Arts Forum, 2009), MMU (The International Bande Dessinée Society Conference), UTS (Sequential Art Studies Conference), Georgetown, Ohio State (Festival of Cartoon Art),[71] and Bowling Green (Comics in Popular Culture conference),[72] and there is a yearly conference at University of Florida (Conference on Comics and Graphic Novels).[73] Additionally, there is an annual Michigan State University Comics Forum, which brings together academics and professionals working in the industry. Notable regularly held movable conferences include the Comic Art and Comics Area of the Popular Culture Association of America and the conference of the International Society for Humor Studies.[71]

The International Comic Arts Forum (ICAF), begun in 1995 at Georgetown University, has been described as one of the earliest academic initiatives for the study of comics.[9] The German Gesellschaft für Comicforschung (ComFor, Society for Comics Studies) has organized yearly academic conferences since 2006.[74] The Comics Arts Conference has met regularly since 1992 in conjunction with San Diego Comic-Con International and WonderCon.[75] Another important conference is the annual International Graphic Novels and Comics Conference held since 2010 organized by British academics. This conference has been held in conjunction with the longer running International Bande Dessinée Society conference. Comics Forum, a UK-based community of international comics scholars, also holds an annual conference at Leeds Central Library; the first was held in 2009.[76]

Comics studies awards edit

Eisner Award for Best Academic/Scholarly Work edit

Main article: Eisner Award for Best Academic/Scholarly Work

Comics Studies Society Prizes edit

Since 2018, Comics Studies Society awards comics studies, books and articles with five annual prizes: the CSS Article Prize, the Hillary Chute Award for Best Graduate Student Paper, the Gilbert Seldes Prize for Public Scholarship, the Charles Hatfield Book Prize, and the CSS Prize for Edited Book Collections. The nominated scholars do not need to be CSS members, but only members can send the nomination letters. All first-time publications during the previous calendar year are eligible (in case of translated books, is considered the year of English publication).[77][69][78]

Winners edit

Charles Hatfield Book Prize edit
CSS Article Prize edit
  • 2018 - Benoît Crucifix, by "Cut-up and Redrawn: Charles Burns's Swipe Files", published in Inks: The Journal of the Comics Studies Society[79]
  • 2019 - André M. Carrington, by "Desiring Blackness: A Queer Orientation to Marvel's Black Panther, 1998–2016", published in American Literature[79]
  • 2020 - Dan Mazur, by "Ibrahim Njoya, a Comics Artist in Colonial-Era Cameroon", published in The Comics Journal[79]
  • 2021 - Sydney Phillips Heifler, by "Romance Comics, Dangerous Girls, and the Importance of Fathers", published in Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics[80]
    • Honorable Mention: Maite Urcaregui, by "(Un)documenting Single-Panel Methdologies and Epistemologies in the Non-fictional Cartoons of Eric J. García and Alberto Ledesma", published in Prose Studies: History, Theory, Critics[80]
  • 2022 - Vincent Haddad, by "Detroit vs. Everybody (Including Superheroes): Representing Race through Setting in DC Comics", published in Inks[81]
    • Honorable Mention: Daniel Stein, by "Black Bodies Swinging: Superheroes and the Shadow Archive of Lynching" published in Closure[81]
    • Honorable Mention: Justin Wigard, by "'The Fearless Spaceman Spiff, Interplanetary Explorer Extraordinaire': Parodic Imagination & the Pulp Aesthetic in Bill Watterson's Calvin & Hobbes", published in Inks[81]
CSS Prize for Edited Book Collections edit
Hillary Chute Award for Best Graduate Student Paper edit
  • 2018 - Alex Smith, by "Breaking Panels: Gay Cartoonists' Radical Revolt"[79]
  • 2019 - Isabelle Martin, by "'The Weight of Their Past': Reconstructing Memory and History through Reproduced Photographs in Thi Bui's Graphic Novel The Best We Could Do"[79]
  • 2020 - Haniyeh Barahouie, by "Mapping the War in Zeina Abirached's A Game for Swallows: To Die, To Leave, To Return"[79]
  • 2021 - Maite Urcaregui, by "Political Geographies of Race in James Baldwin and Yoran Cazac's Little Man, Little Man"[80]
    • Honorable Mention: Clémence Sfadj, by "Windows on Everyday Harlem: 'The Cartoons of Ollie Harrington'"[80]
  • 2022 - Kay Sohini, by "The Peculiarity of Time"[81]
    • Honorable Mention: Bryan Bove, by "It Can't All Be Sorrow: Confronting Trauma Through Television in Marvel's WandaVision"[81]
    • Honorable Mention: Adrienne Resha, by "Good Is Not a Thing You Are, It's a Thing Superheroes Do: Kamala Khan and the Identity Pause in Ms. Marvel, Superhero Bildungsroman"[81]
Gilbert Seldes Prize for Public Scholarship edit
  • 2019 - Osvaldo Oyola, by "Guess Who's Coming Home for the Holidays: Intergenerational Conflict in Bitch Planet", The Middle Spaces, "'I AM (not) FROM BEYOND!': Situating Scholarship & the Writing 'I'", The Middle Spaces, and "YA = Young Avengers: Asserting Maturity on the Threshold of Adulthood", The Middle Spaces[79]
  • 2020 - Zoe D. Smith, by "4 Colorism, or, the Ashiness of it All" and "4 Colorism, or, White Paper/Brown Pixels", Women Wrote About Comics[79]
  • 2021 - Zachary J.A. Rondinelli, by "#WelcomeToSlumberland Social Media Research Project"[80]
    • Honorable Mention: Anna F. Peppard, by "(Behold?) The Vision's Penis: The Presence of Absence in Mutant Romance Tales"[80]
  • 2022 - Ritesh Badu, by "Civilized Monsters: These Savage Shores and the Colonialist Cage"[81]
    • Honorable Mention: Vincent Haddad, by "'That Wingnut is Insane': Reality vs. Fictionality in Conspiracy Comics"[81]
    • Honorable Mention: The Oh Gosh, Oh Golly, Oh Wow! Podcast with Anna Peppard, Christopher Maverick, J. Andrew Deman, and Shawn Gilmore, episode 5, "Excalibur #5: 'Send in the Clowns'"[81]

See also edit

People

References edit

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  4. ^ a b Meskin, Aaron (2011). "The Philosophy of Comics". Philosophy Compass. 6 (12): 854–864. doi:10.1111/j.1747-9991.2011.00450.x.
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  6. ^ Meskin, Aaron and Roy T. Cook (eds.), The Art of Comics: A Philosophical Approach, Wiley-Blackwell, 2012, p. xxxi.
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Works cited edit

Further reading edit

  • Aldama, Frederick Luis (ed.), Comics Studies Here and Now, Routledge, 2018.
  • Ayaka, Carolene and Ian Hague (eds.), Representing Multiculturalism in Comics and Graphic Novels, Routledge, 2014.
  • Bongco, Mila, Reading Comics: Language, Culture, and the Concept of the Superhero in Comic Books, Routledge, 2014.
  • Bonura, Massimo, Provenzano, Federico, Teorie e Storia del Fumetto. Il fumetto e le sue teorie comunicative, Palermo, Zap edizioni, 2017.
  • Bramlett, Frank (ed.), Linguistics and the Study of Comics, Springer, 2012.
  • Bramlett, Frank, Roy Cook and Aaron Meskin (eds.), The Routledge Companion to Comics, Routledge, 2016.
  • Burke, Liam, The Comic Book Film Adaptation: Exploring Modern Hollywood's Leading Genre, University Press of Mississippi, 2015.
  • Caswell, Lucy Shelton and Jared Gardner, Drawing the Line: Comics Studies and INKS, 1994–1997, Ohio State University Press, 2017.
  • Claudio, Esther and Julio Cañero (eds.), On the Edge of the Panel: Essays on Comics Criticism, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015.
  • Cohn, Neil (ed.), The Visual Narrative Reader, Bloomsbury, 2016.
  • Cowling, Sam and Wesley Cray, Philosophy of Comics: An Introduction, Bloomsbury, 2022.
  • del Rey Cabero, Enrique (2021). How to Study Comics & Graphic Novels : A Graphic Introduction to Comics Studies. Michael Goodrum, Josean Morlesin Mellado. Oxford. ISBN 978-1-8383792-1-6. OCLC 1301199489.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Denson, Shane, Christina Meyer, Daniel Stein, Transnational Perspectives on Graphic Narratives: Comics at the Crossroads, Bloomsbury, 2013.
  • DiPaolo, Marc, War, Politics and Superheroes: Ethics and Propaganda in Comics and Film, McFarland, 2011.
  • Dong, Lan (ed.), Teaching Comics and Graphic Narratives: Essays on Theory, Strategy and Practice, McFarland, 2012.
  • Duncan, Randy and Matthew J. Smith, The Power of Comics: History, Form and Culture, Continuum, 2009.
  • Earle, Harriet, Comics, Trauma, and the New Art of War, University Press of Mississippi, 2017.
  • Fawaz, Ramzi, Deborah Whaley, and Shelley Streeby (eds.), Keywords for Comics Studies, NYU Press, 2021.
  • Fuchs, Wolfgang J. and Reinhold Reitberger, Comics: Anatomy of a Mass Medium, Little Brown & Co, 1972.
  • Gravett, Paul, Comics Art, Yale University Press, 2013.
  • Groensteen, Thierry, Comics and Narration, University Press of Mississippi, 2013.
  • Groensteen, Thierry, The System of Comics, University Press of Mississippi, 2009.
  • Hague, Ian, Comics and the Senses: A Multisensory Approach to Comics and Graphic Novels, Routledge, 2014.
  • Hatfield, Charles, Alternative Comics: An Emerging Literature, University Press of Mississippi, 2005.
  • Hatfield, Charles and Bart Beaty (eds.), Comics Studies: A Guidebook, Rutgers University Press, 2020.
  • Heer, Jeet and Kent Worcester (eds.), A Comics Studies Reader, University Press of Mississippi, 2009.
  • Kukkonen, Karin, Studying Comics and Graphic Novels, Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
  • Kukkonen, Karin, Contemporary Comics Storytelling, University of Nebraska Press, 2013.
  • Lund, Martin, Re-Constructing the Man of Steel: Superman 1938–1941, Jewish American History, and the Invention of the Jewish–Comics Connection, Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
  • Magnussen, Anne and Hans-Christian Christiansen (eds.), Comics & Culture: Analytical and Theoretical Approaches to Comics, Museum Tusculanum Press, 2000.
  • McLaughlin, Jeff (ed.), Comics as Philosophy, University Press of Mississippi, 2005.
  • McLaughlin, Jeff (ed.), Graphic Novels as Philosophy, University Press of Mississippi, 2017.
  • Meesters, Gert, "Creativity in Comics. Exploring the Frontiers of the Medium by Respecting Explicit Self-imposed Constraints," in Tony Veale, Kurt Feyaerts, Charles Forceville (ed.), Creativity and the Agile Mind: A Multi-Disciplinary Study of a Multi-Faceted Phenomenon, Walter de Gruyter, 2013, pp. 275–292.
  • Miller, Ann and Bart Beaty (eds.), The French Comics Theory Reader, Leuven University Press, 2014.
  • Miodrag, Hannah, Comics and Language: Reimagining Critical Discourse on the Form, University Press of Mississippi, 2013.
  • Ndalianis, Angela (Spring 2011). "Why Comics Studies?". Cinema Journal. 50 (3). University of Texas Press: 113–117. doi:10.1353/cj.2011.0027. JSTOR 41240726.
  • Pizzino, Christopher, Arresting Development: Comics at the Boundaries of Literature, U of Texas Press, 2016.
  • Postema, Barbara, Narrative Structure in Comics: Making Sense of Fragments, Boydell & Brewer, 2013.
  • Reynolds, Richard, Super Heroes: A Modern Mythology, University Press of Mississippi, 1994.
  • Saraceni, Mario, The Language of Comics, Routledge, 2003.
  • Schmitz-Emans, Monika (ed.), Comic und Literatur: Konstellationen, Walter de Gruyter, 2012.
  • Smith, Matthew and Randy Duncan (eds.), Critical Approaches to Comics: Theories and Methods, Routledge, 2012.
  • Smith, Matthew and Randy Duncan (eds.), The Secret Origins of Comics Studies, Routledge, 2017.
  • Stein, Daniel and Jan-Noël Thon (eds.), From Comic Strips to Graphic Novels: Contributions to the Theory and History of Graphic Narrative, Walter de Gruyter, 2015.
  • Weiner, Robert G. (ed.), Graphic Novels and Comics in Libraries and Archives: Essays on Readers, Research, History and Cataloging, McFarland, 2010.
  • Wolk, Douglas, Reading Comics: How Graphic Novels Work and What They Mean, Da Capo Press, 2008.

Historiography edit

  • Barrier, J. Michael and Martin Williams. A Smithsonian Book of Comic-Book Comics (Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982) ISBN 978-0874742282
  • Blackbeard, Bill and Martin Williams, editors. The Smithsonian Collection of Newspaper Comics (Smithsonian Institution Press, 1977) ISBN 978-0874741728
  • Blackbeard, Bill and Dale Crain. The Comic Strip Century: Celebrating 100 Years of an American Art Form (Kitchen Sink Press, 1995) ISBN 9780878163557
  • Booker, M. Keith (ed.), Comics through Time: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas, Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2014.
  • Booker, M. Keith (ed.), Encyclopedia of Comic Books and Graphic Novels, Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2010.
  • Couperie, Pierre C. and Maurice Horn, editors. A History of the Comic Strip (Crown Publishers, 1968)
  • Craven, Thomas, editor. Cartoon Cavalcade: A Collection of the Best American Humorous Cartoons from the Turn of the Century to the Present (Simon & Schuster, 1943)
  • Feiffer, Jules. The Great Comic Book Heroes: The Origins and Early Adventures of the Classic Super-Heroes of the Comic Books (Dial Press, 1965)
  • Gabilliet, Jean-Paul, Of Comics and Men: A Cultural History of American Comic Books, University Press of Mississippi, 2010.
  • Goulart, Ron. The Adventurous Decade: Comic Strips In the Thirties (Crown Publishers, 1975) ISBN 9780870002526
  • Goulart, Ron. The Great Comic Book Artists (St. Martin's Press, 1986) ISBN 978-0312345570
  • Goulart, Ron. Ron Goulart's Great History of Comic Books: the Definitive Illustrated History from the 1890s to the 1980s (Contemporary Books, 1986) ISBN 978-0809250455
  • Goulart, Ron. The Encyclopedia of American Comics: From 1897 to the Present (Facts on File, 1991) ISBN 978-0816018529
  • Goulart, Ron. The Comic Book Reader's Companion: an A-Z Guide to Everyone's Favorite Art Form (Harper Perennial, 1993) ISBN 9780062731173
  • Goulart, Ron. The Funnies: 100 Years of American Comic Strips (Adams Media Corp, 1995) ISBN 9781558505391
  • Goulart, Ron. Comic Book Encyclopedia: The Ultimate Guide to Characters, Graphic Novels, Writers, and Artists in the Comic Book Universe (HarperCollins, 2004) ISBN 978-0060538163
  • Hajdu, David, The Ten-Cent Plague: The Great Comic-Book Scare and How It Changed America, Picador, 2009 (originally Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2008).
  • Harvey, R. C. The Art of the Funnies: An Aesthetic History (University Press of Mississippi, 1994) ISBN 978-0878056743
  • Harvey, R. C. The Art of the Comic Book: An Aesthetic History (University Press of Mississippi, 1996) ISBN 978-0878057580
  • Kunzle, David, The Early Comic Strip: Narrative Strips and Picture Stories in the European Broadsheet from c. 1450 to 1825, University of California Press, 1973,
  • Jacobs, Will and Gerard Jones. The Comic Book Heroes: The First History of Modern Comic Books: From the Silver Age to the Present (Crown Publishers, 1985) ISBN 978-0517554401
  • Jones, Gerard, Men of Tomorrow: Geeks, Gangsters, and the Birth of the Comic Book, Basic Books, 2005.
  • Marschall, Rick. America's Great Comic Strip Artists: From the Yellow Kid to Peanuts (Abbeville Press, 1989) ISBN 978-0896599178
  • Petersen, Robert S., Comics, Manga, and Graphic Novels: A History of Graphic Narratives, ABC-CLIO, 2011.
  • Pustz, Matthew (ed.), Comic Books and American Cultural History: An Anthology, Continuum, 2012.
  • Sheridan, Martin. Comics and Their Creators: Life Stories of American Cartoonists, Hale, Cushman & Flint, 1942.
  • Steranko, Jim. The Steranko History of Comics vol. 1 (Supergraphics, 1970) ISBN 0-517-50188-0
  • Steranko, Jim. The Steranko History of Comics vol. 2 (Supergraphics, 1972) ISBN 978-0517501887
  • Walker, Brian. The Comics: Before 1945 (Harry N. Abrams, 2004) ISBN 978-0810949706
  • Walker, Brian. The Comics: Since 1945 (Harry N. Abrams, 2006) ISBN 978-0810992603
  • Waugh, Colton. The Comics (Macmillan, 1947)
  • Williams, Paul and James Lyons (eds.), The Rise of the American Comics Artist: Creators and Contexts, University Press of Mississippi, 2010.
  • Wright, Bradford W., Comic Book Nation: The Transformation of Youth Culture in America, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001.

External links edit

  • The National Association of Comic Art Educators' page
  • ComicsResearch.org
  • Comics in the Classroom
  • (defunct)
  • Comics Research--annotated bibliographies for comics scholarship
  • Comic book annotations and bibliographies
  • Online Bibliographies of Anime and Manga research 2022-04-09 at the Wayback Machine
  • Neil Cohn's Visual Language Lab website
  • The Comics Grid: Journal of Comics Scholarship
  • The Comics Studies Society (CSS) 2022-03-30 at the Wayback Machine
  • Inks: their journal (publisher's site)
  • The Japan Society for Studies in Cartoons and Comics (JSSCC, Nihon manga gakkai)
  • Association des Critiques et journalistes de Bande Dessinée
  • CuCo, Cuadernos de Cómic
  • Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios sobre la Historieta
  • Oxford Comics Network

April 26, 2024
comics, studies, also, comic, studies, sequential, studies, graphic, narrative, studies, academic, field, that, focuses, comics, sequential, although, comics, graphic, novels, have, been, generally, dismissed, less, relevant, culture, texts, scholars, fields, . Comics studies also comic art studies sequential art studies 1 or graphic narrative studies 2 is an academic field that focuses on comics and sequential art Although comics and graphic novels have been generally dismissed as less relevant pop culture texts scholars in fields such as semiotics aesthetics sociology composition studies and cultural studies are now re considering comics and graphic novels as complex texts deserving of serious scholarly study Not to be confused with the technical aspects of comics creation comics studies exists only with the creation of comics theory which approaches comics critically as an art and the writing of comics historiography the study of the history of comics 3 Comics theory has significant overlap with the philosophy of comics i e the study of the ontology 4 5 epistemology 6 and aesthetics 7 of comics the relationship between comics and other art forms and the relationship between text and image in comics 4 Comics studies is also interrelated with comics criticism the analysis and evaluation of comics and the comics medium 8 Matthew Smith and Randy Duncan s 2017 book The Secret Origins of Comics Studies contains a useful overview of early scholarship on comics with standout chapters by Ian Horton Barbara Postema Ann Miller and Ian Gordon 9 Frederick Luis Aldama s 2019 book Oxford Handbook of Comic Book Studies also contains a wealth of articles on approaches to comics studies and a useful history of the field by Ian Gordon 10 Contents 1 Theorizing comics 1 1 Defining comics 1 2 Composition studies 1 3 Comics historiography 2 Educational institutions 3 Learned societies 3 1 Learned societies in Americas 3 1 1 Canadian Society for the Study of Comics 3 1 2 Associacao de Pesquisadores em Arte Sequencial 3 1 3 Comics Studies Society 4 Scholarly publications 5 Conferences 6 Comics studies awards 6 1 Eisner Award for Best Academic Scholarly Work 6 2 Comics Studies Society Prizes 6 2 1 Winners 6 2 1 1 Charles Hatfield Book Prize 6 2 1 2 CSS Article Prize 6 2 1 3 CSS Prize for Edited Book Collections 6 2 1 4 Hillary Chute Award for Best Graduate Student Paper 6 2 1 5 Gilbert Seldes Prize for Public Scholarship 7 See also 8 References 8 1 Works cited 9 Further reading 9 1 Historiography 10 External linksTheorizing comics editAlthough there has been the occasional investigation of comics as a valid art form specifically in Gilbert Seldes The 7 Lively Arts 1924 Martin Sheridan s Comics and Their Creators 1942 and David Kunzle s The Early Comic Strip Narrative Strips and Picture Stories in the European Broadsheet from c 1450 to 1825 1973 contemporary Anglophone comics studies in North America can be said to have burst onto the academic scene with both Will Eisner s Comics and Sequential Art in 1985 and Scott McCloud s Understanding Comics in 1993 Continental comics studies can trace its roots back to the pioneering work of semioticians such as Roland Barthes particularly his 1964 essay Rhetorique de l image published in English as Rhetoric of the Image in the anthology Image Music Text 11 and Umberto Eco particularly his 1964 book Apocalittici e integrati Apocalypse Postponed 12 These works were the first attempts at a general system of comics semiotics 13 More recently analysis of comics have begun to be undertaken by cognitive scientists the most prominent being Neil Cohn who has used tools from linguistics to detail the theoretical structure of comics underlying visual language and has also used psychological experimentation from cognitive neuroscience to test these theories in actual comprehension This work has suggested similarities between the way that the brain processes language and the way it processes sequential images 14 Cohn s theories are not universally accepted with other scholars like Thierry Groensteen Hannah Miodrag and Barbara Postema offering alternative understandings Defining comics edit Comics are sometimes four legged and sometimes two legged and sometimes fly and sometimes don t to employ a metaphor as mixed as the medium itself defining comics entails cutting a Gordian knotted enigma wrapped in a mystery R C Harvey 2001 15 nbsp Cartoonist and comics theorist Scott McCloud Similar to the problems of defining literature and film 16 no consensus has been reached on a definition of the comics medium 17 and attempted definitions and descriptions have fallen prey to numerous exceptions 18 Theorists such as Rodolphe Topffer 19 R C Harvey Will Eisner 20 David Carrier 21 Alain Rey 17 and Lawrence Grove emphasize the combination of text and images 22 though there are prominent examples of pantomime comics throughout its history 18 Other critics such as Thierry Groensteen 22 and Scott McCloud have emphasized the primacy of sequences of images 23 Towards the close of the 20th century different cultures discoveries of each other s comics traditions the rediscovery of forgotten early comics forms and the rise of new forms made defining comics a more complicated task 24 Composition studies edit In the field of composition studies an interest in comics and graphic novels is growing partially due to the work of comics theorists but also due to composition studies growing focus on multimodality and visual rhetoric Composition studies theorists are looking at comics as sophisticated texts and sites of complex literacy Gunther Kress defines multimodality as the use of several semiotic modes in the design of a semiotic product or event together with the particular way in which these mode are combined 25 or more simply as any text whose meanings are realized through more than one semiotic code 26 Kristie S Fleckenstein sees the relationship between image and text as mutually constitutive mutually infused a relationship she names imageword Fleckenstein sees imageword as offering a double vision of writing reading based on the fusion of image and word a double vision of literacy 27 Dale Jacobs sees the reading of comics as a form of multimodal literacy or multiliteracy rather than as a debased form of print literacy 28 According to Jacobs comics can help educators to move toward attending to multimodal literacies that shift our focus from print only to multiple modalities 29 He encourages educators to embrace a pedagogy that will give students skills to effectively negotiate these multiple modalities Comics historiography edit Comics historiography the study of the history of comics 3 studies the historical process through which comics became an autonomous art medium 30 and an integral part of culture 31 An area of study is premodern sequential art some scholars such as Scott McCloud consider Egyptian paintings and pre Columbian American picture manuscripts to be the very first form of comics and sequential art 32 Another area of study is the 20th century emergence of the subculture of comics reading comic book collecting and comicphilia 33 the passionate interest in comic books A person with a passionate interest in comics is informally called a comicphile 34 or comics buff 35 The first attempts at comics historiography began in the United States in the 1940s with the work of Thomas Craven Martin Sheridan and Coulton Waugh It was not until the mid 1960s with the publication of Jules Feiffer s The Great Comic Book Heroes that the field began to take root Historiography became an accepted practice in the 1970s with the work of Maurice Horn Jim Steranko Ron Goulart Bill Blackbeard and Martin Williams The late 1990s saw a wave of books celebrating American comics centennial Other notable writers on these topics include Will Jacobs Gerard Jones Rick Marschall and R C Harvey The 1990s also saw a growth of scholarly work on comics with new books from academics such as Martin Barker David Kunzle Thomas Inge Joseph Rusty Witek and Ian Gordon Educational institutions editComics studies is becoming increasingly more common at academic institutions across the world Some notable examples include Ohio State University 36 University of Florida 37 University of Toronto at Mississauga 38 and University of California Santa Cruz 39 among others In Britain growing interest in comics has led to the establishment of a center for comics studies the Scottish Centre for Comics Studies SCCS at the University of Dundee in Scotland 40 Beside formal programs and degrees it is common to see individual courses dedicated to comics and graphic novels in many educational institutions 41 Sol M Davidson s New York University thesis Culture and the Comic Strips earned him the first PhD in comics in 1959 42 43 while in France Jean Christophe Menu was awarded a Doctorate in Art and Art Sciences in 2011 from Universite Paris 1 Pantheon Sorbonne after defending his thesis The Comics and its Double Language and Frontiers of Comics Practical Theoretical and Editorial Prospects 44 45 In 2012 the University of Oregon offered the first Comics and Cartoon Studies minor in the United States 46 47 This Comics Studies program is currently directed by Benjamin Saunders Teesside University began offering a BA in Comics and Graphic Novels in 2014 48 as well as an MA in Comics from 2018 49 They have since appointed a team of renowned comics practitioners including Fionnuala Doran 50 Julian Lawrence Con Chrisoulis Nigel Kitching and Tara McInerney 51 The University of Lancaster started offering a PhD degree in comics studies in 2015 52 The same year French comics studies scholar Benoit Peeters a student of Roland Barthes was appointed as the UK s first ever comics professor at Lancaster University 53 Learned societies editIn addition to its presence in academic institutions comics have also been studied in interdisciplinary learned society The first US association dedicated to supporting the study of graphic narrative and sequential art was the Comics Studies Society CSS launched in 2014 at ICAF 54 Other anglophone societies that can be mentioned are British Consortium of Comics Scholars BCCS created in 2012 by Paul Davies Scottish Centre for Comics Studies SCCS and Canadian Society for the Study of Comics CSSC created in October 2010 by Sylvain Rheault 55 56 Learned societies in Americas edit Canadian Society for the Study of Comics edit Main article Canadian Society for the Study of Comics The first learned society about comics in American continent was the Canadian Society for the Study of Comics CSSC also known as Societe Canadienne pour l Etude de la Bande Dessinee SCEBD It is a bilingual community of academics focused in discuss all aspects of comics as an art form and cultural phenomenon founded in October 2010 by University of Regina professor Sylvain Rheault 57 58 59 Associacao de Pesquisadores em Arte Sequencial edit On March 31 2012 the Associacao de Pesquisadores em Arte Sequencial ASPAS Association of Researchers in Sequential Art in Portuguese was founded in Brazil on March 31 2012 during the 1st National Forum of Researchers in Sequential Art FNPAS an event promoted in the city of Leopoldina Minas Gerais 60 61 In addition to regular events ASPAS also promotes various academic activities such as the Meeting of Comic Artists with Trina Robbins held in 2015 at Gibiteca Henfil in Sao Paulo and in 2017 at Federal University of Rio de Janeiro 62 63 Comics Studies Society edit nbsp In November 2014 during the International Comic Arts Forum ICAF the California State University Northridge professor Charles Hatfield made a motion to create the Comics Studies Society as an interdisciplinary association open to academics non academics or independent scholars teachers and students who had the goal of promoting the critical study of comics 64 65 66 At a meeting inside the Billy Ireland Cartoon Library amp Museum the CSS s first Executive Committee was officially voted and the CSS main focuses were defined as promoting the critical study of comics improving comics teaching and engaging in open and ongoing conversations about the comics world CSS also organizes the Annual Conference of the Comics Studies Society since 2018 67 54 66 68 Scholarly publications edit nbsp Some notable academic journals specifically dedicated to comics studies are listed below in alphabetical order CuCo Cuadernos de comic published by the Editorial de Universidad de Alcala European Comic Art ImageTexT a peer reviewed open access journal that began in the spring of 2004 and is based at the University of Florida Image and Narrative stylized as Image amp Narrative a peer reviewed e journal on visual narratology Inks The Journal of the Comics Studies Society published by the Ohio State University Press and organized by Comics Studies Society since 2017 The journal was nominated as Eisner Awards Best Comics Related Periodical Journalism in 2020 69 68 70 International Journal of Comic Art 9a Arte Online at https www revistas usp br nonaarte Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios sobre la Historieta Studies in Comics SANE Sequential Art Narrative in Education based at the University of Nebraska Lincoln The Comics Grid Journal of Comics Scholarship first published in January 2011 an open access researcher led peer reviewed academic journal published by the Open Library of Humanities Conferences editAlthough presentations dedicated to comics are commonplace at conferences in many fields entire conferences dedicated to this subject are becoming more common There have been conferences at SAIC International Comic Arts Forum 2009 MMU The International Bande Dessinee Society Conference UTS Sequential Art Studies Conference Georgetown Ohio State Festival of Cartoon Art 71 and Bowling Green Comics in Popular Culture conference 72 and there is a yearly conference at University of Florida Conference on Comics and Graphic Novels 73 Additionally there is an annual Michigan State University Comics Forum which brings together academics and professionals working in the industry Notable regularly held movable conferences include the Comic Art and Comics Area of the Popular Culture Association of America and the conference of the International Society for Humor Studies 71 The International Comic Arts Forum ICAF begun in 1995 at Georgetown University has been described as one of the earliest academic initiatives for the study of comics 9 The German Gesellschaft fur Comicforschung ComFor Society for Comics Studies has organized yearly academic conferences since 2006 74 The Comics Arts Conference has met regularly since 1992 in conjunction with San Diego Comic Con International and WonderCon 75 Another important conference is the annual International Graphic Novels and Comics Conference held since 2010 organized by British academics This conference has been held in conjunction with the longer running International Bande Dessinee Society conference Comics Forum a UK based community of international comics scholars also holds an annual conference at Leeds Central Library the first was held in 2009 76 Comics studies awards editEisner Award for Best Academic Scholarly Work edit Main article Eisner Award for Best Academic Scholarly Work Comics Studies Society Prizes edit Since 2018 Comics Studies Society awards comics studies books and articles with five annual prizes the CSS Article Prize the Hillary Chute Award for Best Graduate Student Paper the Gilbert Seldes Prize for Public Scholarship the Charles Hatfield Book Prize and the CSS Prize for Edited Book Collections The nominated scholars do not need to be CSS members but only members can send the nomination letters All first time publications during the previous calendar year are eligible in case of translated books is considered the year of English publication 77 69 78 Winners edit Charles Hatfield Book Prize edit 2018 Brannon Costello by Neon Visions The Comics of Howard Chaykin Louisiana State University Press 79 2019 Lara Saguisag by Incorrigibles and Innocents Constructing Childhood and Citizenship in Progressive Era Comics Rutgers University Press 79 2020 Jorge Santos by Graphic Memories of the Civil Rights Movement Reframing History in Comics University of Texas Press 79 2021 Rebecca Wanzo by The Content of Our Caricature African American Comic Art and Political Belonging New York University Press 80 Honorable Mention Jean Lee Cole by How the Other Half Laughs The Comic Sensibility in American Culture 1895 1920 University Press of Mississippi 80 2022 Susan E Kirtley by Typical Girls The Rhetoric of Womanhood in Comic Strips Ohio State University Press 81 Honorable Mention Esther De Dauw by Hot Pants and Spandex Suits Gender Representation in American Superhero Comic Books Rutgers University Press 81 Honorable Mention Zack Kruse by Mysterious Travelers Steve Ditko and the Search for a New Liberal Identity University Press of Mississippi 81 CSS Article Prize edit 2018 Benoit Crucifix by Cut up and Redrawn Charles Burns s Swipe Files published in Inks The Journal of the Comics Studies Society 79 2019 Andre M Carrington by Desiring Blackness A Queer Orientation to Marvel s Black Panther 1998 2016 published in American Literature 79 2020 Dan Mazur by Ibrahim Njoya a Comics Artist in Colonial Era Cameroon published in The Comics Journal 79 2021 Sydney Phillips Heifler by Romance Comics Dangerous Girls and the Importance of Fathers published in Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics 80 Honorable Mention Maite Urcaregui by Un documenting Single Panel Methdologies and Epistemologies in the Non fictional Cartoons of Eric J Garcia and Alberto Ledesma published in Prose Studies History Theory Critics 80 2022 Vincent Haddad by Detroit vs Everybody Including Superheroes Representing Race through Setting in DC Comics published in Inks 81 Honorable Mention Daniel Stein by Black Bodies Swinging Superheroes and the Shadow Archive of Lynching published in Closure 81 Honorable Mention Justin Wigard by The Fearless Spaceman Spiff Interplanetary Explorer Extraordinaire Parodic Imagination amp the Pulp Aesthetic in Bill Watterson s Calvin amp Hobbes published in Inks 81 CSS Prize for Edited Book Collections edit 2020 Tahneer Oksman and Seamus O Malley by The Comics of Julie Doucet and Gabrielle Bell University of Mississippi Press 79 2021 Anna F Peppard by Supersex Sexuality Fantasy and the Superhero University of Texas Press 80 Honorable Mention Frederick Luis Aldama by Graphic Indigeneity Comics in the Americas and Australasia University Press of Mississippi 80 Honorable Mention Dominic Davies and Candida Rifkind by Documenting Trauma in Comics Traumatic Pasts Embodied Histories and Graphic Reportage Palgrave Macmillan 80 Honorable Mention Martha Kuhlman and Jose Alaniz by Comics of the New Europe Reflections and Intersections Leuven University Press 80 2022 Benjamin Woo and Jeremy Stoll by The Comics World Comic Books Graphic Novels and Their Publics University Press of Mississippi 81 Honorable Mention Jamie Brassett and Richard Reynolds by Superheroes and Excess A Philosophical Adventure Routledge 81 Hillary Chute Award for Best Graduate Student Paper edit 2018 Alex Smith by Breaking Panels Gay Cartoonists Radical Revolt 79 2019 Isabelle Martin by The Weight of Their Past Reconstructing Memory and History through Reproduced Photographs in Thi Bui s Graphic Novel The Best We Could Do 79 2020 Haniyeh Barahouie by Mapping the War in Zeina Abirached s A Game for Swallows To Die To Leave To Return 79 2021 Maite Urcaregui by Political Geographies of Race in James Baldwin and Yoran Cazac s Little Man Little Man 80 Honorable Mention Clemence Sfadj by Windows on Everyday Harlem The Cartoons of Ollie Harrington 80 2022 Kay Sohini by The Peculiarity of Time 81 Honorable Mention Bryan Bove by It Can t All Be Sorrow Confronting Trauma Through Television in Marvel s WandaVision 81 Honorable Mention Adrienne Resha by Good Is Not a Thing You Are It s a Thing Superheroes Do Kamala Khan and the Identity Pause in Ms Marvel Superhero Bildungsroman 81 Gilbert Seldes Prize for Public Scholarship edit 2019 Osvaldo Oyola by Guess Who s Coming Home for the Holidays Intergenerational Conflict in Bitch Planet The Middle Spaces I AM not FROM BEYOND Situating Scholarship amp the Writing I The Middle Spaces and YA Young Avengers Asserting Maturity on the Threshold of Adulthood The Middle Spaces 79 2020 Zoe D Smith by 4 Colorism or the Ashiness of it All and 4 Colorism or White Paper Brown Pixels Women Wrote About Comics 79 2021 Zachary J A Rondinelli by WelcomeToSlumberland Social Media Research Project 80 Honorable Mention Anna F Peppard by Behold The Vision s Penis The Presence of Absence in Mutant Romance Tales 80 2022 Ritesh Badu by Civilized Monsters These Savage Shores and the Colonialist Cage 81 Honorable Mention Vincent Haddad by That Wingnut is Insane Reality vs Fictionality in Conspiracy Comics 81 Honorable Mention The Oh Gosh Oh Golly Oh Wow Podcast with Anna Peppard Christopher Maverick J Andrew Deman and Shawn Gilmore episode 5 Excalibur 5 Send in the Clowns 81 See also edit nbsp Comics portal Alternative comics Childhood studies Glossary of comics terminology Graphic medicine Comics in education Comics poetry Conference on College Composition and Communication How to Read Nancy Institute for Comics Studies Joe Kubert School of Cartoon and Graphic Art List of comics critics University Press of Mississippi Great Comics Artists Series Comics and Popular Culture category Wilhelm Busch Museum People Donald Ault Martin Barker Bart Beaty Julian Chambliss Peter Coogan Mark Evanier Mel Gibson Ian Gordon Thierry Groensteen Charles Hatfield Jeet Heer M Thomas Inge James Kakalios Susan Kirtley Joan Ormrod Shirrel Rhoades Candida Rifkind Julia Round Peter Sanderson Jim Steranko Carol Tilley Michael Uslan Rebecca Wanzo Qiana Whitted Kent WorcesterReferences edit International Journal of Comic Art volume 7 2005 p 574 Pramod K Nayar The Indian Graphic Novel Nation History and Critique Routledge 2016 p 13 a b Benoit Crucifix Redrawing Comics into the Graphic Novel Comics Historiography Canonization and Authors Histories of the Medium Whither comics studies panel International conference of the French Association for American Studies Toulouse France May 24 27 2016 a b Meskin Aaron 2011 The Philosophy of Comics Philosophy Compass 6 12 854 864 doi 10 1111 j 1747 9991 2011 00450 x Iain Thomson in his Deconstructing the Hero in Jeff McLaughlin ed Comics as Philosophy Jackson University Press of Mississippi 2005 pp 100 129 develops the concept of comics as philosophy Meskin Aaron and Roy T Cook eds The Art of Comics A Philosophical Approach Wiley Blackwell 2012 p xxxi David Carrier The Aesthetics of Comics Penn State University Press 2000 Part 1 The Nature of Comics Bramlett Frank Roy Cook and Aaron Meskin eds The Routledge Companion to Comics Routledge 2016 p 330 a b Matthew Smith Randy Duncan 2017 The Secret Origins of Comics Studies Taylor amp Francis p 316 ISBN 978 1 317 50578 5 Gordon Ian 2019 03 14 Aldama Frederick Luis ed Comics Studies in America The Oxford Handbook of Comic Book Studies Oxford University Press pp 629 641 doi 10 1093 oxfordhb 9780190917944 013 36 ISBN 978 0 19 091794 4 retrieved 2023 07 18 Roland Barthes Rhetorique de l image Communications 4 1 1964 pp 40 51 translated as Rhetoric of the Image in Roland Barthes Image Music Text essays selected and translated by Stephen Heath New York 1977 pp 32 51 Umberto Eco Apocalittici e integrati comunicazioni di massa e teorie della cultura di massa Bompiani 1964 Cf also Umberto Eco 1972 Epilogue in Walter Herdeg and David Pascal eds The Art of the Comic Strip Zurich The Graphis Press Jochen Ecke Gideon Haberkorn eds Comics as a Nexus of Cultures Essays on the Interplay of Media McFarland 2010 p 238 Neil Cohn The Visual Language of Comics Introduction to the Structure and Cognition of Sequential Images London Bloomsbury 2013 p 1ff Harvey 2001 p 76 Groensteen 2012 pp 128 129 a b Groensteen 2012 p 124 a b Groensteen 2012 p 126 Thomas 2010 p 158 Beaty 2012 p 65 Groensteen 2012 pp 126 131 a b Grove 2010 pp 17 19 Thomas 2010 pp 157 170 Groensteen 2012 p 112 113 Kress Gunther and Theo Van Leeuwen 2001 Multimodal Discourse The Modes and Media of Contemporary Communication Arnold Publishers p 20 Kress Gunther and Theo van Leeuwen 2006 Reading Images The Grammar of Visual Design 2nd ed Routledge p 177 Fleckenstein Kristie 2003 Embodied Literacies Imageword and a Poetics of Teaching Southern Illinois University Press p 2 Jacobs Dale Marvelling at The Man Called Nova Comics as Sponsors of Multimodal Literacy The Journal of the Conference on College Composition and Communication 59 2 182 Jacobs Dale Marvelling at The Man Called Nova Comics as Sponsors of Multimodal Literacy The Journal of the Conference on College Composition and Communication 59 2 201 Williams Paul and James Lyons eds The Rise of the American Comics Artist Creators and Contexts University Press of Mississippi 2010 p 106 Waugh Coulton The Comics University Press of Mississippi 1991 p xiii Scott McCloud Understanding Comics Harper Perennial 1993 pp 10 15 Alexandre Linck Vargas A invencao dos quadrinhos teoria e critica da sarjeta The Invention of Comics Theory and Criticism of Gutters Ph D thesis Federal University of Santa Catarina 2015 Abstract we stumble upon the inventions of a comics artistry from the 1960s on through conflicts with the art world Pop Art Lowbrow Art and exhibitions through the emergence of an authorial disposal and of an institutionalized comicphilia Warren Jarod 23 July 2013 Logline Importance and Creation Cinelinx com Retrieved 19 May 2020 Rhoades Shirrel A Complete History of American Comic Books Peter Lang 2008 p 66 Comics Studies OSU Popular Culture Studies UF Comics Studies Studying Comics at UF English ufl edu 2007 04 04 Archived from the original on 2018 10 28 Retrieved 2009 11 23 Visual Culture Studies University of Toronto Mississauga Spiegelman Art Comix 101 Lecture Porter College University of California Santa Cruz April 1992 Scottish Centre for Comics Studies scottishcomicstudies com Retrieved 2016 11 28 UF Comics Studies Teaching Comics English ufl edu 2007 04 09 Retrieved 2009 11 23 Sol M Davidson Culture and the Comic Strips Ph D diss New York University 1959 Sol amp Penny Davison Collection George A Smathers Libraries Article about Jean Christophe Menu presenting his thesis at the Sorbonne Theses fr La bande dessinee et son double langage et marges de la bande dessinee perspectives pratiques theoriques et editoriales Serious about the funnies Private donor endows UO Comics Studies minor Around the O 2013 12 02 Retrieved 2022 07 22 Courses Comics Studies at University of Oregon Retrieved 2022 07 22 Teesside University Comics and Graphic Novels BA Teesside University Retrieved 2018 07 06 Teesside University Comics MA Teesside University Retrieved 2018 07 06 The graphic tale of Irish revolutionary Roger Casement The Irish News 2016 08 11 Retrieved 2018 07 06 Tara McInerney Website Tara McInerney Retrieved 2018 07 06 Lancaster University offers doctorate in comic books Independent co uk 2015 11 25 Retrieved 2016 06 06 Great snakes Tintin expert appointed UK s first comics professor TheGuardian com 2015 11 26 Retrieved 2016 06 06 a b Comics Studies Society goes public on Feb 14 2016 launches its founding membership drive SciFi Pulse 2016 02 15 About Official website of British Consortium of Comics Scholars 13 February 2015 Comic Studies in the UK and Beyond Learning the Comic Art downthetubes 5 February 2020 Comics Education and Libraries American Libraries Magazine 2017 05 24 Comic Studies in the UK and Beyond Learning the Comic Art downthetubes 5 February 2020 Candida Rifkind and Linda Warley 2016 Canadian Graphic Picturing Life Narratives Wilfrid Laurier University Press ISBN 9781771121811 Livro Arte Sequencial e seus Multiversos Conceituais tera lancamento no Museu Espaco dos Anjos in Portuguese Jornal Leopoldinense September 3 2018 ASPAS 10 anos fomentando a cultura no Brasil in Portuguese O Barquinho Cultural April 5 2022 Daminelli Eugenio 2017 Elas fazem HQ mulheres brasileiras no campo das historias em quadrinhos independentes in Portuguese Federal University of Santa Catarina Trina Robbins em dois eventos no Rio de Janeiro in Portuguese Universo HQ September 26 2017 CSUN Professor Advocates Interdisciplinary Collaboration Through Comics Studies CSUN Today 2018 03 19 Matthew J Smith Randy Duncan 2017 The Secret Origins of Comics Studies Routledge ISBN 9781317505785 page needed a b Brittany Tullis and Mark Heimermann 2017 Picturing Childhood Youth in Transnational Comics University of Texas Press p 2 ISBN 9781477311622 About the Comics Studies Society Comics Studies Society official website a b Washington People Rebecca Wanzo Washington University in St Louis 2017 02 03 a b Announcement of open membership for new Comics Studies Society Sacred and Sequential 2016 02 19 2020 Eisner Nominees The Complete List The Hollywood Reporter 2020 06 04 a b Regularly Held Conferences Robert G Weiner ed Graphic Novels and Comics in Libraries and Archives Essays on Readers Research History and Cataloging McFarland 2010 p 264 Comics Conference www english ufl edu Archived from the original on 2009 11 29 Retrieved 2009 11 21 Gesellschaft fur Comicforschung Archived from the original on 2011 07 18 Retrieved 2010 10 22 The Comics Arts Conference and Public Humanities Comics Forum Comics Forum Retrieved 2017 02 02 About the Comics Studies Society Prizes Comics Studies Society official website Comics Studies Society Prizes 2022 Call for Nominations Malmo Comics Research Lab 2022 02 23 a b c d e f g h i j k l Comics Studies Society Prizes Past Winners Comics Studies Society official website a b c d e f g h i j k l 2021 Comics Studies Society Prizes Inks The Journal of the Comics Studies Society 5 3 349 351 2021 via Project MUSE a b c d e f g h i j k l m n 2022 Comics Studies Society Prize Winners Oregon Cartoon Project March 2022 Works cited edit Beaty Bart 2012 Comics Versus Art University of Toronto Press ISBN 978 1 4426 9627 3 Groensteen Thierry Spring 2012 The Current State of French Comics Theory Scandinavian Journal of Comic Art 1 1 111 122 Grove Laurence 2010 Comics in French The European Bande Dessinee in Context Berghahn Books ISBN 978 1 84545 588 0 Harvey R C 2001 Comedy at the Juncture of Word and Image In Varnum Robin Gibbons Christina T eds The Language of Comics Word and Image University Press of Mississippi pp 75 96 ISBN 978 1 57806 414 4 Thomas Evan 2010 10 Invisible Art Invisible Planes Invisible People In Aldama Frederick Luis ed Multicultural Comics From Zap to Blue Beetle University of Texas Press ISBN 978 0 292 73743 3 permanent dead link Further reading editAldama Frederick Luis ed Comics Studies Here and Now Routledge 2018 Ayaka Carolene and Ian Hague eds Representing Multiculturalism in Comics and Graphic Novels Routledge 2014 Bongco Mila Reading Comics Language Culture and the Concept of the Superhero in Comic Books Routledge 2014 Bonura Massimo Provenzano Federico Teorie e Storia del Fumetto Il fumetto e le sue teorie comunicative Palermo Zap edizioni 2017 Bramlett Frank ed Linguistics and the Study of Comics Springer 2012 Bramlett Frank Roy Cook and Aaron Meskin eds The Routledge Companion to Comics Routledge 2016 Burke Liam The Comic Book Film Adaptation Exploring Modern Hollywood s Leading Genre University Press of Mississippi 2015 Caswell Lucy Shelton and Jared Gardner Drawing the Line Comics Studies and INKS 1994 1997 Ohio State University Press 2017 Claudio Esther and Julio Canero eds On the Edge of the Panel Essays on Comics Criticism Cambridge Scholars Publishing 2015 Cohn Neil ed The Visual Narrative Reader Bloomsbury 2016 Cowling Sam and Wesley Cray Philosophy of Comics An Introduction Bloomsbury 2022 del Rey Cabero Enrique 2021 How to Study Comics amp Graphic Novels A Graphic Introduction to Comics Studies Michael Goodrum Josean Morlesin Mellado Oxford ISBN 978 1 8383792 1 6 OCLC 1301199489 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Denson Shane Christina Meyer Daniel Stein Transnational Perspectives on Graphic Narratives Comics at the Crossroads Bloomsbury 2013 DiPaolo Marc War Politics and Superheroes Ethics and Propaganda in Comics and Film McFarland 2011 Dong Lan ed Teaching Comics and Graphic Narratives Essays on Theory Strategy and Practice McFarland 2012 Duncan Randy and Matthew J Smith The Power of Comics History Form and Culture Continuum 2009 Earle Harriet Comics Trauma and the New Art of War University Press of Mississippi 2017 Fawaz Ramzi Deborah Whaley and Shelley Streeby eds Keywords for Comics Studies NYU Press 2021 Fuchs Wolfgang J and Reinhold Reitberger Comics Anatomy of a Mass Medium Little Brown amp Co 1972 Gravett Paul Comics Art Yale University Press 2013 Groensteen Thierry Comics and Narration University Press of Mississippi 2013 Groensteen Thierry The System of Comics University Press of Mississippi 2009 Hague Ian Comics and the Senses A Multisensory Approach to Comics and Graphic Novels Routledge 2014 Hatfield Charles Alternative Comics An Emerging Literature University Press of Mississippi 2005 Hatfield Charles and Bart Beaty eds Comics Studies A Guidebook Rutgers University Press 2020 Heer Jeet and Kent Worcester eds A Comics Studies Reader University Press of Mississippi 2009 Kukkonen Karin Studying Comics and Graphic Novels Wiley Blackwell 2013 Kukkonen Karin Contemporary Comics Storytelling University of Nebraska Press 2013 Lund Martin Re Constructing the Man of Steel Superman 1938 1941 Jewish American History and the Invention of the Jewish Comics Connection Palgrave Macmillan 2016 Magnussen Anne and Hans Christian Christiansen eds Comics amp Culture Analytical and Theoretical Approaches to Comics Museum Tusculanum Press 2000 McLaughlin Jeff ed Comics as Philosophy University Press of Mississippi 2005 McLaughlin Jeff ed Graphic Novels as Philosophy University Press of Mississippi 2017 Meesters Gert Creativity in Comics Exploring the Frontiers of the Medium by Respecting Explicit Self imposed Constraints in Tony Veale Kurt Feyaerts Charles Forceville ed Creativity and the Agile Mind A Multi Disciplinary Study of a Multi Faceted Phenomenon Walter de Gruyter 2013 pp 275 292 Miller Ann and Bart Beaty eds The French Comics Theory Reader Leuven University Press 2014 Miodrag Hannah Comics and Language Reimagining Critical Discourse on the Form University Press of Mississippi 2013 Ndalianis Angela Spring 2011 Why Comics Studies Cinema Journal 50 3 University of Texas Press 113 117 doi 10 1353 cj 2011 0027 JSTOR 41240726 Pizzino Christopher Arresting Development Comics at the Boundaries of Literature U of Texas Press 2016 Postema Barbara Narrative Structure in Comics Making Sense of Fragments Boydell amp Brewer 2013 Reynolds Richard Super Heroes A Modern Mythology University Press of Mississippi 1994 Saraceni Mario The Language of Comics Routledge 2003 Schmitz Emans Monika ed Comic und Literatur Konstellationen Walter de Gruyter 2012 Smith Matthew and Randy Duncan eds Critical Approaches to Comics Theories and Methods Routledge 2012 Smith Matthew and Randy Duncan eds The Secret Origins of Comics Studies Routledge 2017 Stein Daniel and Jan Noel Thon eds From Comic Strips to Graphic Novels Contributions to the Theory and History of Graphic Narrative Walter de Gruyter 2015 Weiner Robert G ed Graphic Novels and Comics in Libraries and Archives Essays on Readers Research History and Cataloging McFarland 2010 Wolk Douglas Reading Comics How Graphic Novels Work and What They Mean Da Capo Press 2008 Historiography edit Barrier J Michael and Martin Williams A Smithsonian Book of Comic Book Comics Smithsonian Institution Press 1982 ISBN 978 0874742282 Blackbeard Bill and Martin Williams editors The Smithsonian Collection of Newspaper Comics Smithsonian Institution Press 1977 ISBN 978 0874741728 Blackbeard Bill and Dale Crain The Comic Strip Century Celebrating 100 Years of an American Art Form Kitchen Sink Press 1995 ISBN 9780878163557 Booker M Keith ed Comics through Time A History of Icons Idols and Ideas Santa Barbara California ABC CLIO 2014 Booker M Keith ed Encyclopedia of Comic Books and Graphic Novels Santa Barbara California ABC CLIO 2010 Couperie Pierre C and Maurice Horn editors A History of the Comic Strip Crown Publishers 1968 Craven Thomas editor Cartoon Cavalcade A Collection of the Best American Humorous Cartoons from the Turn of the Century to the Present Simon amp Schuster 1943 Feiffer Jules The Great Comic Book Heroes The Origins and Early Adventures of the Classic Super Heroes of the Comic Books Dial Press 1965 Gabilliet Jean Paul Of Comics and Men A Cultural History of American Comic Books University Press of Mississippi 2010 Goulart Ron The Adventurous Decade Comic Strips In the Thirties Crown Publishers 1975 ISBN 9780870002526 Goulart Ron The Great Comic Book Artists St Martin s Press 1986 ISBN 978 0312345570 Goulart Ron Ron Goulart s Great History of Comic Books the Definitive Illustrated History from the 1890s to the 1980s Contemporary Books 1986 ISBN 978 0809250455 Goulart Ron The Encyclopedia of American Comics From 1897 to the Present Facts on File 1991 ISBN 978 0816018529 Goulart Ron The Comic Book Reader s Companion an A Z Guide to Everyone s Favorite Art Form Harper Perennial 1993 ISBN 9780062731173 Goulart Ron The Funnies 100 Years of American Comic Strips Adams Media Corp 1995 ISBN 9781558505391 Goulart Ron Comic Book Encyclopedia The Ultimate Guide to Characters Graphic Novels Writers and Artists in the Comic Book Universe HarperCollins 2004 ISBN 978 0060538163 Hajdu David The Ten Cent Plague The Great Comic Book Scare and How It Changed America Picador 2009 originally Farrar Straus and Giroux 2008 Harvey R C The Art of the Funnies An Aesthetic History University Press of Mississippi 1994 ISBN 978 0878056743 Harvey R C The Art of the Comic Book An Aesthetic History University Press of Mississippi 1996 ISBN 978 0878057580 Kunzle David The Early Comic Strip Narrative Strips and Picture Stories in the European Broadsheet from c 1450 to 1825 University of California Press 1973 Jacobs Will and Gerard Jones The Comic Book Heroes The First History of Modern Comic Books From the Silver Age to the Present Crown Publishers 1985 ISBN 978 0517554401 Jones Gerard Men of Tomorrow Geeks Gangsters and the Birth of the Comic Book Basic Books 2005 Marschall Rick America s Great Comic Strip Artists From the Yellow Kid to Peanuts Abbeville Press 1989 ISBN 978 0896599178 Petersen Robert S Comics Manga and Graphic Novels A History of Graphic Narratives ABC CLIO 2011 Pustz Matthew ed Comic Books and American Cultural History An Anthology Continuum 2012 Sheridan Martin Comics and Their Creators Life Stories of American Cartoonists Hale Cushman amp Flint 1942 Steranko Jim The Steranko History of Comics vol 1 Supergraphics 1970 ISBN 0 517 50188 0 Steranko Jim The Steranko History of Comics vol 2 Supergraphics 1972 ISBN 978 0517501887 Walker Brian The Comics Before 1945 Harry N Abrams 2004 ISBN 978 0810949706 Walker Brian The Comics Since 1945 Harry N Abrams 2006 ISBN 978 0810992603 Waugh Colton The Comics Macmillan 1947 Williams Paul and James Lyons eds The Rise of the American Comics Artist Creators and Contexts University Press of Mississippi 2010 Wright Bradford W Comic Book Nation The Transformation of Youth Culture in America Johns Hopkins University Press 2001 External links editThe National Association of Comic Art Educators page ComicsResearch org Comics in the Classroom The Institute for Comics Studies defunct Comics Research annotated bibliographies for comics scholarship Comic book annotations and bibliographies Online Bibliographies of Anime and Manga research Archived 2022 04 09 at the Wayback Machine Neil Cohn s Visual Language Lab website Cognitive Comics A Constructivist Approach to Sequential Art The Comics Grid Journal of Comics Scholarship The Comics Studies Society CSS Archived 2022 03 30 at the Wayback Machine Inks their journal publisher s site The Japan Society for Studies in Cartoons and Comics JSSCC Nihon manga gakkai Association des Critiques et journalistes de Bande Dessinee CuCo Cuadernos de Comic Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios sobre la Historieta Oxford Comics Network Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Comics studies amp oldid 1220010403, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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