Codex S1 (or MS1; formerly Codex Sassoon 1053 and also Safra, JUD 002) is a Masoreticcodex comprising all 24 books of the Hebrew Bible, dated to the 10th century CE. It is considered as old as the Aleppo Codex and a century older than the Leningrad Codex (from 1008 CE), the earliest known complete Hebrew Bible manuscript.[1] Alternatively, it might be dated to the late 9th century.[2] The Aleppo Codex was missing 40% of its leaves when it resurfaced in Israel in 1958, while in Codex S1 only twelve leaves are completely missing and hundreds more are partially lost.[1][3] The scribe of S1 was unusually sloppy, frequently forgetting punctuation, diacritical marks, and vowels; he also errs in his consonantal spelling on dozens of occasions.[4][5][6][7][8]
Exodus 21-23 (f. 61) in Codex S1 (Photography by Ardon Bar-Hama).
Yosef Ofer [he] has announced a forthcoming critical edition of S1's masora magna.[9]
S1 is written with three columns to every page. The masora parva is complete, but the masora magna only appears on a few pages. Diacritical marks including the dot marking a shin or sin, the dagesh, the maqef, and the paseq are frequently missing. When a vowel is repeated on consecutive consonants, S1 often shows only the first. As a general rule, alephs receive an ordinary shva instead of a hataf vowel. In cases of disagreement, S1 agrees with the tradition of Ben Asher 40% of the time, with Ben Naphtali 20% of the time, and with neither 40% of the time. Ga'ya in an open syllable is marked less frequently that in the Aleppo Codex. The sof passuq is sometimes forgotten at the end of verses.[7]
History and provenanceedit
S1 includes an incomplete masora magna (ad f. 452), apparently added by a later scribe, which refers to Aaron ben Moses ben Asher and the Aleppo Codex.[1] It was carbon dated to the late 9th to early 10th century by its current owner, Jacqui Safra. It measures 12 x 14 inches, with a simple 20th-century leather binding.[2]
In the first centuries of its existence, the book switched hands throughout the Middle East, passed along from owner Khalaf ben Abraham to Isaac ben Ezekiel al-Attar, and then to his sons Ezekiel and Maimon.[1][10] In the 13th century, it was dedicated to a synagogue in Makisin, now present day Markada (مَرْكَدَة), in Al-Hasakah Governorate, Syria.[1][10] After destruction of the synagogue, either by the Mongols later in the 13th Century or by the Timurids at the start of the 15th Century, the codex was owned by Salama ibn Abi al-Fakhr as the synagogue awaited reconstruction, which never happened.[1][10][12]
Public re-emergenceedit
Six hundred years later, the codex resurfaced when David Solomon Sassoon purchased it from an owner who lived in current day Ankara, Turkey,[13] for £350 in 1929 and added his bookplate to the inner binding of the manuscript.[1][14][2] Though known to scholars in the 20th century, the book stayed under private ownership.[10] It was owned by D.S. Sassoon's descendants until 1978, when they sold it to the British Rail Pension Fund through Sotheby's Zurich. S1 was exhibited just once, in 1982 at the British Museum.[14] The manuscript was auctioned again through Sotheby's on December 5, 1989, when it sold to a dealer for £2,035,000,[15] who sold it to investor Jacqui Safra that same year.[14]
^Bergman, Ronen (2012-07-25). "A High Holy Whodunit". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-02-22.
^ברויאר, מרדכי (2003). נוסח המקרא ב״כתר ירושלים״ ומקורותיו במסורה וכתבי היד (in Hebrew). הוצאת קרן המסורה. p. 6.
^Wurthwein, Ernst; Fischer, Alexander Achilles (2014-11-27). The Text of the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Biblia Hebraica. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 42. ISBN978-0-8028-6680-6.
^ abYeivin, Israel (1980). Introduction to the Tiberian Masorah. Scholars Press. pp. 21–22. ISBN978-0-89130-374-9.
^Barthélemy, Dominique (2012-11-01). Studies in the Text of the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Hebrew Old Testament Text Project. Penn State Press. p. 304. ISBN978-1-57506-670-7.
^"פרויקטים אקדמיים". ד"ר נריה קליין (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2023-02-23.
^ abcdeMartin, Guy. "10th Century Hebrew Bible Known As The Codex Sassoon Could Bring Up To $50 Million At Auction". Forbes. Retrieved 2023-02-22.
^Schultz, Abby. "A 'Crucial Bridge' to History, the Codex Sassoon Could Fetch $50 Million". www.barrons.com. Retrieved 2023-02-23.
^Gritten, David (18 May 2023). "Oldest most complete Hebrew Bible sells for $38m at auction". BBC News. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
^ abcSchuessler, Jennifer (2023-02-15). "Oldest Nearly Complete Hebrew Bible Heads to Auction". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-02-23.
^"Bible, Exodus, in Hebrew, manuscript on vellum [Oriental (perhaps Persia), ninth or tenth century]". Sotheby's.
^"Codex Sassoon: The Earliest Most Complete Hebrew Bible". Sotheby's. Retrieved February 22, 2023.
codex, sassoon, 1053, codex, formerly, also, safra, masoretic, codex, comprising, books, hebrew, bible, dated, 10th, century, considered, aleppo, codex, century, older, than, leningrad, codex, from, 1008, earliest, known, complete, hebrew, bible, manuscript, a. Codex S1 or MS1 formerly Codex Sassoon 1053 and also Safra JUD 002 is a Masoretic codex comprising all 24 books of the Hebrew Bible dated to the 10th century CE It is considered as old as the Aleppo Codex and a century older than the Leningrad Codex from 1008 CE the earliest known complete Hebrew Bible manuscript 1 Alternatively it might be dated to the late 9th century 2 The Aleppo Codex was missing 40 of its leaves when it resurfaced in Israel in 1958 while in Codex S1 only twelve leaves are completely missing and hundreds more are partially lost 1 3 The scribe of S1 was unusually sloppy frequently forgetting punctuation diacritical marks and vowels he also errs in his consonantal spelling on dozens of occasions 4 5 6 7 8 Exodus 21 23 f 61 in Codex S1 Photography by Ardon Bar Hama Yosef Ofer he has announced a forthcoming critical edition of S1 s masora magna 9 Contents 1 Name 2 Internal features 3 History and provenance 4 Public re emergence 5 See also 6 External links 7 References 8 External linksName editS1 is named after its previous owner David Solomon Sassoon 1880 1942 1 He also owned other important manuscripts including the 10th century Damascus Pentateuch Sassoon 507 which is now at the National Library of Israel in Jerusalem 10 11 Internal features editS1 is written with three columns to every page The masora parva is complete but the masora magna only appears on a few pages Diacritical marks including the dot marking a shin or sin the dagesh the maqef and the paseq are frequently missing When a vowel is repeated on consecutive consonants S1 often shows only the first As a general rule alephs receive an ordinary shva instead of a hataf vowel In cases of disagreement S1 agrees with the tradition of Ben Asher 40 of the time with Ben Naphtali 20 of the time and with neither 40 of the time Ga ya in an open syllable is marked less frequently that in the Aleppo Codex The sof passuq is sometimes forgotten at the end of verses 7 History and provenance editS1 includes an incomplete masora magna ad f 452 apparently added by a later scribe which refers to Aaron ben Moses ben Asher and the Aleppo Codex 1 It was carbon dated to the late 9th to early 10th century by its current owner Jacqui Safra It measures 12 x 14 inches with a simple 20th century leather binding 2 In the first centuries of its existence the book switched hands throughout the Middle East passed along from owner Khalaf ben Abraham to Isaac ben Ezekiel al Attar and then to his sons Ezekiel and Maimon 1 10 In the 13th century it was dedicated to a synagogue in Makisin now present day Markada م ر ك د ة in Al Hasakah Governorate Syria 1 10 After destruction of the synagogue either by the Mongols later in the 13th Century or by the Timurids at the start of the 15th Century the codex was owned by Salama ibn Abi al Fakhr as the synagogue awaited reconstruction which never happened 1 10 12 Public re emergence editSix hundred years later the codex resurfaced when David Solomon Sassoon purchased it from an owner who lived in current day Ankara Turkey 13 for 350 in 1929 and added his bookplate to the inner binding of the manuscript 1 14 2 Though known to scholars in the 20th century the book stayed under private ownership 10 It was owned by D S Sassoon s descendants until 1978 when they sold it to the British Rail Pension Fund through Sotheby s Zurich S1 was exhibited just once in 1982 at the British Museum 14 The manuscript was auctioned again through Sotheby s on December 5 1989 when it sold to a dealer for 2 035 000 15 who sold it to investor Jacqui Safra that same year 14 It was sold at Sotheby s in New York in May 2023 for 38 1 million The codex was on display prior to auction in London ANU Museum of the Jewish People in Tel Aviv Bridwell Library at Southern Methodist University in Dallas Los Angeles and New York City 1 16 It was purchased by the American Friends of ANU Museum of the Jewish People in Tel Aviv with the aid of a donation from Alfred H Moses 17 This marks it as the fourth most expensive book and manuscript ever sold 17 See also editList of Hebrew Bible manuscripts Aleppo Codex Damascus Pentateuch Leningrad Codex Dead Sea ScrollsExternal links editCodex Sassoon the earliest most complete Hebrew Bible on Sotheby s website References edit a b c d e f g h i Fenstermaker Will February 15 2023 The Remarkable History of Codex Sassoon Sothebys Retrieved February 22 2023 a b c Magazine Smithsonian Kuta Sarah World s Oldest Near Complete Hebrew Bible Goes to Auction Smithsonian Magazine Retrieved 2023 02 23 Bergman Ronen 2012 07 25 A High Holy Whodunit The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2023 02 22 ברויאר מרדכי 2003 נוסח המקרא ב כתר ירושלים ומקורותיו במסורה וכתבי היד in Hebrew הוצאת קרן המסורה p 6 Wurthwein Ernst Fischer Alexander Achilles 2014 11 27 The Text of the Old Testament An Introduction to the Biblia Hebraica Wm B Eerdmans Publishing p 42 ISBN 978 0 8028 6680 6 Brotzman Ellis R 1994 Old Testament Textual Criticism A Practical Introduction Baker Academic p 58 ISBN 978 0 8010 1065 1 a b Yeivin Israel 1980 Introduction to the Tiberian Masorah Scholars Press pp 21 22 ISBN 978 0 89130 374 9 Barthelemy Dominique 2012 11 01 Studies in the Text of the Old Testament An Introduction to the Hebrew Old Testament Text Project Penn State Press p 304 ISBN 978 1 57506 670 7 פרויקטים אקדמיים ד ר נריה קליין in Hebrew Retrieved 2023 02 23 a b c d e Martin Guy 10th Century Hebrew Bible Known As The Codex Sassoon Could Bring Up To 50 Million At Auction Forbes Retrieved 2023 02 22 Schultz Abby A Crucial Bridge to History the Codex Sassoon Could Fetch 50 Million www barrons com Retrieved 2023 02 23 Gritten David 18 May 2023 Oldest most complete Hebrew Bible sells for 38m at auction BBC News Retrieved 18 May 2023 https www sothebys com en buy auction 2023 codex sassoon the earliest most complete hebrew bible codex sassoon circa 900 land of israel or syria a b c Schuessler Jennifer 2023 02 15 Oldest Nearly Complete Hebrew Bible Heads to Auction The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2023 02 23 Bible Exodus in Hebrew manuscript on vellum Oriental perhaps Persia ninth or tenth century Sotheby s Codex Sassoon The Earliest Most Complete Hebrew Bible Sotheby s Retrieved February 22 2023 a b An 1 100 Year Old Hebrew Bible Sells for 38 1 Million Bloomberg com 2023 05 17 Retrieved 2023 05 17 External links editHigh resolution color images of Codex Sassoon 1053 from the National Library of Israel Also available at archive org Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Codex Sassoon 1053 amp oldid 1167752230, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
