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Cluster II (spacecraft)

March 11, 2023

Cluster II[2] is a space mission of the European Space Agency, with NASA participation, to study the Earth's magnetosphere over the course of nearly two solar cycles. The mission is composed of four identical spacecraft flying in a tetrahedral formation. As a replacement for the original Cluster spacecraft which were lost in a launch failure in 1996, the four Cluster II spacecraft were successfully launched in pairs in July and August 2000 onboard two Soyuz-Fregat rockets from Baikonur, Kazakhstan. In February 2011, Cluster II celebrated 10 years of successful scientific operations in space. As of October 2020, its mission has been extended until the end of 2022.[3] China National Space Administration/ESA Double Star mission operated alongside Cluster II from 2004 to 2007.

Cluster II
Artist's impression of the Cluster constellation.
Mission typeMagnetospheric research
OperatorESA with NASA collaboration
COSPAR IDFM6 (SALSA): 2000-041A
FM7 (SAMBA): 2000-041B
FM5 (RUMBA): 2000-045A
FM8 (TANGO): 2000-045B
SATCAT no.FM6 (SALSA): 26410
FM7 (SAMBA): 26411
FM5 (RUMBA): 26463
FM8 (TANGO): 26464
Websitehttp://sci.esa.int/cluster
Mission durationplanned: 5 years
elapsed: 22 years, 7 months and 21 days
Spacecraft properties
ManufacturerAirbus (ex. Dornier)[1]
Launch mass1,200 kg (2,600 lb)[1]
Dry mass550 kg (1,210 lb)[1]
Payload mass71 kg (157 lb)[1]
Dimensions2.9 m × 1.3 m (9.5 ft × 4.3 ft)[1]
Power224 watts[1]
Start of mission
Launch dateFM6: 16 July 2000, 12:39 UTC (2000-07-16UTC12:39Z)
FM7: 16 July 2000, 12:39 UTC (2000-07-16UTC12:39Z)
FM5: 09 August 2000, 11:13 UTC (2000-08-09UTC11:13Z)
FM8: 09 August 2000, 11:13 UTC (2000-08-09UTC11:13Z)
RocketSoyuz-U/Fregat
Launch siteBaikonur 31/6
ContractorStarsem
Orbital parameters
Reference systemGeocentric
RegimeElliptical Orbit
Perigee altitudeFM6: 16,118 km (10,015 mi)
FM7: 16,157 km (10,039 mi)
FM5: 16,022 km (9,956 mi)
FM8: 12,902 km (8,017 mi)
Apogee altitudeFM6: 116,740 km (72,540 mi)
FM7: 116,654 km (72,485 mi)
FM5: 116,786 km (72,567 mi)
FM8: 119,952 km (74,535 mi)
InclinationFM6: 135 degrees
FM7: 135 degrees
FM5: 138 degrees
FM8: 134 degrees
PeriodFM6: 3259 minutes
FM7: 3257 minutes
FM5: 3257 minutes
FM8: 3258 minutes
Epoch13 March 2014, 11:15:07 UTC

ESA solar system insignia for Cluster II  

Mission overview

The four identical Cluster II satellites study the impact of the Sun's activity on the Earth's space environment by flying in formation around Earth. For the first time in space history, this mission is able to collect three-dimensional information on how the solar wind interacts with the magnetosphere and affects near-Earth space and its atmosphere, including aurorae.

The spacecraft are cylindrical (2.9 x 1.3 m, see online 3D model) and are spinning at 15 rotations per minute. After launch, their solar cells provided 224 watts power for instruments and communications. Solar array power has gradually declined as the mission progressed, due to damage by energetic charged particles, but this was planned for and the power level remains sufficient for science operations. The four spacecraft maneuver into various tetrahedral formations to study the magnetospheric structure and boundaries. The inter-spacecraft distances can be altered and has varied from around 4 to 10,000 km. The propellant for the transfer to the operational orbit, and the maneuvers to vary inter-spacecraft separation distances made up approximately half of the spacecraft's launch weight.

The highly elliptical orbits of the spacecraft initially reached a perigee of around 4 RE (Earth radii, where 1 RE = 6371 km) and an apogee of 19.6 RE. Each orbit took approximately 57 hours to complete. The orbit has evolved over time; the line of apsides has rotated southwards so that the distance at which the orbit crossed the magnetotail current sheet progressively reduced, and a wide range of dayside magnetopause crossing latitudes were sampled. Gravitational effects impose a long term cycle of change in the perigee (and apogee) distance, which saw the perigees reduce to a few 100 km in 2011 before beginning to rise again. The orbit plane has rotated away from 90 degrees inclination. Orbit modifications by ESOC have altered the orbital period to 54 hours. All these changes have allowed Cluster to visit a much wider set of important magnetospheric regions than was possible for the initial 2-year mission, improving the scientific breadth of the mission.

The European Space Operations Centre (ESOC) acquires telemetry and distributes to the online data centers the science data from the spacecraft. The Joint Science Operations Centre JSOC at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the UK coordinates scientific planning and in collaboration with the instrument teams provides merged instrument commanding requests to ESOC.

The Cluster Science Archive is the ESA long term archive of the Cluster and Double Star science missions. Since 1 November 2014, it is the sole public access point to the Cluster mission scientific data and supporting datasets. The Double Star data are publicly available via this archive. The Cluster Science Archive is located alongside all the other ESA science archives at the European Space Astronomy Center, located near Madrid, Spain. From February 2006 to October 2014, the Cluster data could be accessed via the Cluster Active Archive.

History

The Cluster mission was proposed to ESA in 1982 and approved in 1986, along with the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), and together these two missions constituted the Solar Terrestrial Physics "cornerstone" of ESA's Horizon 2000 missions programme. Though the original Cluster spacecraft were completed in 1995, the explosion of the Ariane 5 rocket carrying the satellites in 1996 delayed the mission by four years while new instruments and spacecraft were built.

On July 16, 2000, a Soyuz-Fregat rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome launched two of the replacement Cluster II spacecraft, (Salsa and Samba) into a parking orbit from where they maneuvered under their own power into a 19,000 by 119,000 kilometer orbit with a period of 57 hours. Three weeks later on August 9, 2000, another Soyuz-Fregat rocket lifted the remaining two spacecraft (Rumba and Tango) into similar orbits. Spacecraft 1, Rumba, is also known as the Phoenix spacecraft, since it is largely built from spare parts left over after the failure of the original mission. After commissioning of the payload, the first scientific measurements were made on February 1, 2001.

The European Space Agency ran a competition to name the satellites across all of the ESA member states.[4] Ray Cotton, from the United Kingdom, won the competition with the names Rumba, Tango, Salsa and Samba.[5] Ray's town of residence, Bristol, was awarded with scale models of the satellites in recognition of the winning entry,[6][7] as well as the city's connection with the satellites. However, after many years of being stored away, they were finally given a home at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory.

Originally planned to last until the end of 2003, the mission has been extended several times. The first extension took the mission from 2004 until 2005, and the second from 2005 to June 2009. The mission has now been extended until the end of 2020.[8]

Scientific objectives

Previous single and two-spacecraft missions were not capable of providing the data required to accurately study the boundaries of the magnetosphere. Because the plasma comprising the magnetosphere cannot be viewed using remote sensing techniques, satellites must be used to measure it in-situ. Four spacecraft allow scientists make the 3D, time-resolved measurements needed to create a realistic picture of the complex plasma interactions occurring between regions of the magnetosphere and between the magnetosphere and the solar wind.

Each satellite carries a scientific payload of 11 instruments designed to study the small-scale plasma structures in space and time in the key plasma regions: solar wind, bow shock, magnetopause, polar cusps, magnetotail, plasmapause boundary layer and over the polar caps and the auroral zones.

  • The bow shock is the region in space between the Earth and the sun where the solar wind decelerates from super- to sub-sonic before being deflected around the Earth. In traversing this region, the spacecraft make measurements which help characterize processes occurring at the bow shock, such as the origin of hot flow anomalies and the transmission of electromagnetic waves through the bow shock and the magnetosheath from the solar wind.
  • Behind the bow shock is the thin plasma layer separating the Earth and solar wind magnetic fields known as the magnetopause. This boundary moves continuously due to the constant variation in solar wind pressure. Since the plasma and magnetic pressures within the solar wind and the magnetosphere, respectively, should be in equilibrium, the magnetosphere should be an impenetrable boundary. However, plasma has been observed crossing the magnetopause into the magnetosphere from the solar wind. Cluster's four-point measurements make it possible to track the motion of the magnetopause as well as elucidate the mechanism for plasma penetration from the solar wind.
  • In two regions, one in the northern hemisphere and the other in the south, the magnetic field of the Earth is perpendicular rather than tangential to the magnetopause. These polar cusps allow solar wind particles, consisting of ions and electrons, to flow into the magnetosphere. Cluster records the particle distributions, which allow the turbulent regions at the exterior cusps to be characterized.
  • The regions of the Earth's magnetic field that are stretched by the solar wind away from the Sun are known collectively as the magnetotail. Two lobes that reach past the Moon in length form the outer magnetotail while the central plasma sheet forms the inner magnetotail, which is highly active. Cluster monitors particles from the ionosphere and the solar wind as they pass through the magnetotail lobes. In the central plasma sheet, Cluster determines the origins of ion beams and disruptions to the magnetic field-aligned currents caused by substorms.
  • The precipitation of charged particles in the atmosphere creates a ring of light emission around the magnetic pole known as the auroral zone. Cluster measures the time variations of transient particle flows and electric and magnetic fields in the region.

Instrumentation on each Cluster satellite

Number Acronym Instrument Measurement Purpose
1 ASPOC Active Spacecraft Potential Control experiment Regulation of spacecraft's electrostatic potential Enables the measure by PEACE of cold electrons (a few eV temperature), otherwise hidden by spacecraft photoelectrons
2 CIS Cluster Ion Spectroscopy experiment Ion times-of-flight (TOFs) and energies from 0 to 40 keV Composition and 3D distribution of ions in plasma
3 DWP Digital Wave Processing instrument Coordinates the operations of the EFW, STAFF, WBD and WHISPER instruments. At the lowest level, DWP provides electrical signals to synchronise instrument sampling. At the highest level, DWP enables more complex operational modes by means of macros.
4 EDI Electron Drift Instrument Electric field E magnitude and direction E vector, gradients in local magnetic field B
5 EFW Electric Field and Wave experiment Electric field E magnitude and direction E vector, spacecraft potential, electron density and temperature
6 FGM Fluxgate Magnetometer Magnetic field B magnitude and direction B vector and event trigger to all instruments except ASPOC
7 PEACE Plasma Electron and Current Experiment Electron energies from 0.0007 to 30 keV 3D distribution of electrons in plasma
8 RAPID Research with Adaptive Particle Imaging Detectors Electron energies from 39 to 406 keV, ion energies from 20 to 450 keV 3D distributions of high-energy electrons and ions in plasma
9 STAFF Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Field Fluctuation experiment Magnetic field B magnitude and direction of EM fluctuations, cross-correlation of E and B Properties of small-scale current structures, source of plasma waves and turbulence
10 WBD Wide Band Data receiver High time resolution measurements of both electric and magnetic fields in selected frequency bands from 25 Hz to 577 kHz. It provides a unique new capability to perform Very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) measurements. Properties of natural plasma waves (e.g. auroral kilometric radiation) in the Earth magnetosphere and its vicinity including: source location and size and propagation.
11 WHISPER Waves of High Frequency and Sounder for Probing of Density by Relaxation Electric field E spectrograms of terrestrial plasma waves and radio emissions in the 2–80 kHz range; triggering of plasma resonances by an active sounder. Source location of waves by triangulation; electron density within the range 0.2–80 cm−3

Double Star mission with China

In 2003 and 2004, the China National Space Administration launched the Double Star satellites, TC-1 and TC-2, that worked together with Cluster to make coordinated measurements mostly within the magnetosphere. TC-1 stopped operating on 14 October 2007. The last data from TC-2 was received in 2008. TC-2 made a contribution to magnetar science[9][10] as well as to magnetospheric physics. The TC-1 examined density holes near the Earth's bow shock that can play a role in bow shock formation[11][12] and looked at neutral sheet oscillations.[13]

Awards

Cluster team awards

  • 2019 Royal Astronomical Society Group Achievement Award
  • 2015 ESA 15th anniversary award
  • 2013 ESA team award
  • 2010 International Academy of Astronautics Laurels for team achievements for Cluster and Double Star teams
  • 2005 ESA Cluster 5th anniversary award
  • 2004 NASA group achievement award
  • 2000 Popular science best of what's new award
  • 2000 ESA Cluster launch award

Individual awards

  • 2023 Hermann Opgenoorth (Univ. of Umea, Sweden), former Cluster Ground Based Working Group lead, was awarded the 2023 EGU Julius Bartels Medal
  • 2020 Daniel Graham (Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala, Sweden) was awarded the COSPAR Zeldovich medal
  • 2019 Margaret Kivelson (UCLA, USA), Cluster FGM CoI, received RAS gold medal
  • 2018 Hermann Opgenoorth (Univ. of Umea, Sweden), former Cluster Ground Based Working Group lead, was awarded the 2018 Baron Marcel Nicolet Space Weather and Space Climate medal 2018-11-26 at the Wayback Machine
  • 2016 Stephen Fuselier (SWRI, USA), Cluster CIS CoI, received EGU Hannes Alfvén Meda
  • 2016 Mike Hapgood, Cluster mission scientific operations expert was awarded the Baron Marcel Nicolet Medal for Space Weather and Space Climate
  • 2014 Rumi Nakamura (IWF, Austria), Cluster CIS/EDI/FGM CoI, received EGU Julius Bartels Medal
  • 2013 Mike Hapgood (RAL, UK), Cluster JSOC project scientist
  • 2013 Göran Marklund, EFW Co-I, received the EGU Hannes Alfvén Medal 2013.
  • 2013 Steve Milan, Cluster Ground based representative of the Cluster mission
  • 2012 Andrew Fazakerley, Cluster and Double Star PI (PEACE), received the Royal Astronomical Society Chapman Medal
  • 2012 Zuyin Pu (Pekin U., China), RAPID/CIS/FGM CoI, received AGU International Award
  • 2012 Jolene Pickett (Iowa U., USA), a Cluster WBD PI, received the State of Iowa Board of Regents Staff Excellence
  • 2012 Jonathan Eastwood (Imperial College, UK), FGM Co-I, received COSPAR Yakov B. Zeldovich medal
  • 2008 Andre Balogh (Imperial College, UK), Cluster FGM PI, received RAS Chapman medal
  • 2006 Steve Schwartz (QMW, UK), Cluster UK data system scientist and PEACE co-I, received RAS Chapman medal

Discoveries and mission milestones

2022

  • October 14 - New insights on the formation of transpolar auroral arc [14]
  • September 20 - A highway for atmospheric ion escape from Earth during the impact of an interplanetary coronal mass ejection [15]
  • August 03 - Joint Cluster/ground-based studies in the first 20 years of the Cluster mission [16]
  • July 18 – In situ observation of a magnetopause indentation that is correspondent to throat aurora and is caused by magnetopause reconnection[17]
  • June 16 - Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices as an interplay of Magnetosphere-Ionosphere coupling [18]
  • June 02 - ESA highlight: Magnetic vortices explain mysterious auroral beads [19]
  • May 16 - The influence of localized dynamics on dusk-dawn convection in the Earth’s magnetotail [20]
  • April 1 - Dawn-dusk ion flow asymmetry in the plasma sheet [21]
  • February 1 - South Pole Station ground-based and Cluster satellite measurements of leaked and escaping Auroral Kilometric Radiation [22]
  • January 1 - Massive multi-mission statistical study and analytical modeling of the Earth's magnetopause [23]

2021

  • December 15 - ESA highlight: Swarm and Cluster get to the bottom of geomagnetic storms [24]
  • November 7 - Unique MMS and Cluster observations about magnetic reconnection extent at the magnetopause [25]
  • November 2 - Spatial distribution of energetic protons in the magnetosphere based on 17 years of data [26]
  • October 11 - Unique MMS and Cluster observation of disturbances in the near-Earth magnetotail before a magnetic substorm [27]
  • September 7 - AGU EOS spotlight: Understanding Aurora Formation with ESA’s Cluster Mission [28]
  • May 2 - Cluster and MMS uncover anisotropic spatial correlation functions at kinetic range in the magnetosheath turbulence [29]
  • April 9 - The Solar-cycle Variations of the Anisotropy of Taylor Scale and Correlation Scale in the Solar Wind Turbulence [30]
  • February 18 - Heavy Metal and Rock in Space: Cluster RAPID Observations of Fe and Si [31]

2020

  • December 1 - Cluster, Helios and Ulysses reveal characteristics of solar wind supra thermal halo electrons[32]
  • November 1 - Cluster, Swam and CHAMP join forces to explain hemispheric asymmetries in the Earth magnetotail[33]
  • October 21 - Space plasma regimes classified with Cluster data[34]
  • October 1 - Effects of Solar Activity on Taylor Scale and Correlation Scale in Solar Wind Magnetic Fluctuations [35]
  • September 1 - Van Allen Probes and Cluster join forces to study Outer Radiation Belt Electrons[36]
  • August 9 - Cluster’s 20 years of studying Earth’s magnetosphere, celebrating 20 years after the launch of the second pair of Cluster spacecraft
  • July 31 - ESA science highlight: Auroral substorms triggered by short circuiting of plasma flows[37]
  • July 16 - BBC skyatnight podcast with Dr. Mike Hapgood on 20 years of ESA’s Cluster mission, celebrating 20 years after the launch of the first pair of Cluster satellites
  • April 20 - What drives some of the largest and most dynamic auroral forms?[38]
  • March 19 - ESA science highlight: Iron is everywhere in Earth's vicinity, suggest two decades of Cluster data[39]
  • February 27 - What makes Kelvin Helmholtz vortices grow at the Earth's magnetopause?[40]

2019

  • December 23 - Magnetized dust clouds penetrate the terrestrial bow shock[41]
  • November 18 - ESA science highlight: Earth’s magnetic song recorded for the first time during a solar storm[42]
  • October 10 - What is the source of the energetic oxygen ions found in the high-altitude cusp region? [43]
  • August 27 - ESA science highlight: Cluster and XMM pave the way for SMILE[44]
  • August 20 - Asymmetric transport of the Earth's polar outflows by the interplanetary magnetic field[45]
  • August 5 - Energetic electron acceleration found by Cluster in unconfined reconnection jets for the first time[46]
  • May 1 - Kelvin‐Helmholtz waves magnetic curvature and vorticity: Four‐spacecraft Cluster observations[47]
  • March 4 - ESA science highlight: Cluster helps solve mysteries of geomagnetic storms[48]
  • February 27 - ESA science highlight: Cluster reveals inner workings of Earth's cosmic particle accelerator[49]
  • February 13 - Statistical survey of the terrestrial bow shock observed by the Cluster spacecraft[50]
  • January 14 - Super-efficient electron acceleration by an isolated magnetic reconnection[51]

2018

  • November 28 – Complete picture of the O+ circulation (and escape) in the outer magnetosphere and its dependence on geomagnetic activity[52]
  • November 8 - ESA science highlight: Windy with a chance of magnetic storms – space weather science with Cluster
  • September 30 - O+ escape during the extreme space weather event of 4–10 September 2017[53]
  • August 8 - Statistical survey of day-side magnetospheric current flow using Cluster observations: bow shock[54]
  • June 20 – Detection of magnetic nulls around reconnection fronts (open access)[55]
  • May 21 – Tailward propagation of magnetic energy density variations with respect to substorm onset times (open access)[56]
  • April 24 – Kelvin–Helmholtz Instability: lessons learned and ways forward[57]
  • March 29 – Three-dimensional density and compressible magnetic structure in solar wind turbulence[58]
  • February 8 – ESA spotlight on... Understanding Earth: what the Cluster mission has taught us so far
  • January 29 – ESA research highlight: Cluster measures turbulence in Earth's magnetic environment[59]
  • January 22 – Science nugget of the 2013-2014 Cluster Inner Magnetosphere campaign[60]

2017

  • December 11, 2017 – Empirical modeling of the quiet and storm time geosynchronous magnetic field[61]
  • December 6, 2017 – Direct measurement of anisotropic and asymmetric wave vector spectrum in ion-scale solar wind turbulence[62]
  • October 30, 2017 – Coherent structures at ion scales in the fast solar wind: Cluster observations[63]
  • September 18, 2017 – An intense magnetic substorm scrutinized by a fleet of satellites including Cluster and MMS (open access)[64]
  • August 28, 2017 – Relationship between electron field‐aligned anisotropy and dawn‐dusk magnetic field: nine years of Cluster observations in the Earth magnetotail[65]
  • August 1, 2017 – Collisionless shock velocity estimation at Venus and Earth (open access)[66]
  • June 16, 2017 – Cover of GRL: Global ULF waves generated by a hot flow anomaly[67]
  • April 10, 2017 - ESA research highlight: O marks the spot for magnetic reconnection[68]
  • April 7, 2017 – EOS research spotlight: Explaining unexpected twists in the Sun's Magnetic Field[69]
  • March 23, 2017 – Occurrence frequency and location of magnetic islands at the dayside magnetopause[70]
  • February 18, 2017 – Magnetic reconnection and their associated auroral enhancements (open access)[71]

2016

  • October 3, 2016 – What happens to the Earth's magnetosphere when its bow shock disappears?[72]
  • September 6, 2016 – Embry-Riddle University (FL, USA) science highlight: Space plasma hurricanes could lead to new sources of energy[73]
  • July 20, 2016 – Cluster and MMS join forces to understand the origin of northern lights[74]
  • July 8 – Transport of solar wind H+ and He++ ions across Earth's bow shock[75]
  • July 7 – ESA science highlight: the curious case of Earth's leaking atmosphere[76][77]
  • June 11 – Substructures within a dipolarization front revealed by high-temporal resolution Cluster observations[78]
  • May 11 – Cone angle control of the interaction of magnetic clouds with the Earth's bow shock[79]
  • March 21 – The particle carriers of field‐aligned currents in the Earth's magnetotail during a substorm[80]
  • February 29 – The role of ionospheric O+ outflow in the generation of earthward propagating plasmoids[77]
  • January 11 – A statistical study of plasmaspheric plumes and ionospheric outflows observed at the dayside magnetopause[76]

2015

  • December 7 - Coalescence of magnetic flux ropes in the ion diffusion region of magnetic reconnection[81]
  • October 22 - Wide-banded Non-Thermal Continuum (NTC) radiation: local to remote observations by the four Cluster satellites[82]
  • September 3 - Statistics and accuracy of magnetic null identification in multispacecraft data (open access)[83]
  • August 22 - Cusp dynamics under northward IMF using three‐dimensional global particle‐in‐cell simulations (open access)[84]
  • July 14 - Cluster solves the mystery of equatorial noise[85]
  • July 1 - Seven ESA satellites team up to explore the Earth's magnetic field[86]
  • April 9 - Heart of the black auroras revealed by Cluster[87]
  • March 25 - Cluster satellite catches up
  • February 19 - Magnetospheric signatures of ionospheric density cavities observed by Cluster (open access)[88]
  • February 16 - Solar illumination control of ionospheric outflow above polar cap arcs (open access)[89]
  • January 16 – Rejigging the Cluster quartet at the bow shock and in the solar wind

2014

  • December 18 – Origin of high-latitude auroras revealed[90]
  • November 20 - The Cluster mission is extended by ESA up to 2018
  • September 4 - Full particle electromagnetic simulations of entropy generation across a collisionless shock[91]
  • August 28 – A mixed-up magnetic storm[92]
  • July 1 - Dawn–dusk asymmetries in the coupled solar wind–magnetosphere–ionosphere system: a review[93]
  • June 15 - [94]
  • May 28 - Evidence of strong energetic ion acceleration in the near‐Earth magnetotail (free access)[95]
  • May 7 - Cluster helps to model Earth's mysterious magnetosphere[96]
  • March 15 - Direct calculation of the ring current distribution and magnetic structure seen by Cluster during geomagnetic storms (open access)[97]
  • January 13 - Low-altitude electron acceleration due to multiple flow bursts in the magnetotail (open access)[98]

2013

  • November 26 - Cluster takes a tilt at radio wave sources[99]
  • November 15 – On the relation between asymmetries in the ring current and magnetopause current (free access)[100]
  • September 20 - ESA's Cluster satellites in closest-ever 'dance in space'
  • September 10 – Cluster shows plasmasphere interacting with Van Allen belts[101]
  • July 18 - Wobbly magnetic reconnection speeds up electrons[102]
  • July 2 - Cluster discovers steady leak in the Earth's plasmasphere[103]
  • May 2 - Cluster hears the heartbeat of magnetic reconnection[104]
  • April 15 - From solar activity to stunning aurora (ESA Space Science's image of the week)
  • April 10 – Cluster finds source of aurora energy boost[105]

2012

  • December 18 – The solar wind is swirly[106]
  • October 24 - Cluster observes a 'porous' magnetopause[107]
  • August 1 – Cluster looks into waves in the magnetosphere's thin boundaries[108]
  • July 2 - Hidden Portals in Earth's Magnetic Field (NASA science cast video)
  • June 6 – Origin of particle acceleration in cusps of Earth's magnetosphere uncovered[109]
  • March 7 - Earth’s magnetic field provides vital protection[110]
  • February 27 - Northern lights mystery may be solved (Space.com)[111]
  • February 23 - Surprise Ions (Science News for kids) 2012-07-10 at the Wayback Machine
  • January 26 - Giant veil of cold plasma discovered high above Earth (National Geographic)
  • January 24 – Elusive matter found to be abundant far above Earth (AGU press release) 2012-10-24 at the Wayback Machine[112]

2011

  • November 16 – Cluster reveals Earth's bow shock is remarkably thin[113]
  • September 6 – Ultra fast substorm auroras explained[114]
  • August 31 - 40 year old Mariner 5 solar wind problem finds answer[115]
  • July 5–10 - Aurora explorer: the Cluster mission exhibit at the Royal Society summer science exhibition 2011
  • July 4 – Cluster observes jet braking and plasma heating[116]
  • June 30 - 'Dirty hack' restores Cluster mission from near loss
  • March 21 - How vital is a planet's magnetic field? New debate rises
  • February 5 – Cluster encounters a natural particle accelerator[117]
  • January 7 - ESA spacecraft model magnetic boundaries[118]

2010

  • November 22 - ESA extends the Cluster mission until December 2014
  • October 4 – Cluster helps disentangle turbulence in the solar wind[119]
  • September 1 - 10 years of success for Cluster quartet[120]
  • July 26 - Cluster makes crucial step in understanding space weather[121][122]
  • July 16 - Cluster's decade of discovery
  • July 8 - Announcement of opportunity for Cluster guest investigators
  • June 3 – The Cluster archive: more than 1000 users[123]
  • April 24 - High-speed plasma jets: origin uncovered[124]
  • March 11 - Shocking recipe for 'killer electrons'[125]
  • January 20 - Multiple rifts in Earth's magnetic shield[126]

2009

  • October 7 - ESA extends the Cluster mission until December 2012
  • July 16 – Cluster shows how solar wind is heated at electron scales[127]
  • June 18 - Cluster and Double Star: 1000 publications
  • April 29 - Monitoring the impact of extreme solar events[128]
  • March 25 - Cluster's insight into space turbulence[129]
  • February 9 - ESA extends the Cluster mission until the end of 2009
  • January 14 – Cluster detects invisible escaping ions[130]

2008

  • December 15 - The science of space weather[131]
  • December 5 - Looking at Jupiter to understand Earth[132]
  • October 17 - Highlights from Cluster-THEMIS workshop
  • August 27 - Cluster examines Earth-escaping ions[133]
  • August 11 - Electron trapping within reconnection[134][135]
  • June 27 - Beamed radio emission from Earth[136]
  • June 9 - Reconnection - Triggered by Whistlers?[137]
  • March 7 - Solitons found in the magnetopause[138]
  • January 23 - Cluster result impacts future space missions[139]

2007

  • December 6 - Cluster explains nightside ion beams[140]
  • November 21 - Cluster captures the impact of a Coronal Mass Ejection[141][142]
  • November 9 - Cluster probes generalized Ohm's law in space [143]
  • October 22 - Cluster monitors convection cells over the polar caps[144][145]
  • September 11 - Cluster and Double Star pinpoint the source of bright aurorae[146]
  • July 26 - Cluster helps reveal how the Sun shakes the Earth's magnetic field[147][148]
  • June 29 - Cluster unveils a new 3D vision of magnetic reconnection[149]
  • June 21 - Formation flying at closest-ever separation
  • May 11 - Cluster reveals the reformation of the Earth's bow shock[150]
  • April 12 - Cluster finds new clues on what triggers space tsunamis[151]
  • March 26 - First direct evidence in space of magnetic reconnection in turbulent plasma[152]
  • March 12 - A leap forward in probing magnetic reconnection in space[153]
  • February 9 - New insights in the auroral electrical circuit revealed by Cluster[154]

2006

  • December 29 - 1000th Orbit for the Cluster Mission
  • December 6 - Cluster finds magnetic reconnection within giant swirls of plasma[155]
  • November 13 - Cluster takes a new look at the plasmasphere[156][157]
  • October 5 - Double Star and Cluster witness pulsated reconnection for several hours[158]
  • August 24 - Cluster links magnetic substorms and Earthward directed high-speed flows[159]
  • July 18 - Magnetic heart of a 3D reconnection event revealed by Cluster[160]
  • June 20 - Space is fizzy[161]
  • May 19 - New Microscopic Properties of Magnetic Reconnection Derived by Cluster[162]
  • March 30 - Cluster and Double Star reveal the extent of neutral sheet oscillations[163]
  • February 24 - Cluster reveals fundamental 3-D properties of magnetic turbulence[164]
  • February 1 - The Cluster Active Archive goes live
  • January 11 - Cover of Nature Magazine: Feel the Force[165]

2005

  • December 22 - Cluster helps to protect astronauts and satellites against killer electrons[166]
  • September 21 - Double Star and Cluster observe first evidence of crustal cracking
  • August 10 - From ‘macro’ to ‘micro’ – turbulence seen by Cluster[167]
  • July 28 - First direct measurements of the ring current[168]
  • July 14 - Five years of formation flying with Cluster
  • April 28 - Calming effect of a solar storm[169][170]
  • February 18 - Cluster will become the first multi-scale mission
  • February 4 - Direct observation of 3D magnetic reconnection[171]

2004

  • December 12 - Cluster determines the spatial scale of high speed flows in the magnetotail[172]
  • November 24 Four-point observations of solar wind discontinuities[173]
  • September 17 - Cluster locates the source of non-thermal terrestrial continuum radiation by triangulation[174]
  • August 12 - Cluster finds giant gas vortices at the edge of Earth's magnetic bubble[175]
  • June 23 - Cluster discovers internal origin of the plasma sheet oscillations[176]
  • May 13 - Cluster captures a triple cusp[177]
  • April 5 - First attempt to estimate Earth's bow shock thickness[178]

2001–2003

  • 3 December 2003 - Cracks in Earth's magnetic shield (NASA website)[179]
  • 29 June 2003 - Multi-point observations of magnetic reconnection[180]
  • 20 May 2003 - ESA's Cluster solves auroral puzzle[181]
  • 29 January 2003 - Bifurcation of the tail current[182]
  • 28 January 2003 - Electric current measured in space for the first time[183]
  • 29 December 2002 - Thickness of the tail current sheet estimated in space for the first time[184]
  • 1 October 2002 - Telescopic/Microscopic view of a substorm[185]
  • 11 December 2001 - Cluster quartet probes the secrets of the black aurora[186]
  • 31 October 2001 - First measurements of density gradients in space[187]
  • 9 October 2001 - Double cusp observed by Cluster[188]
  • 1 February 2001 – Official start of scientific operations

References

  • Escoubet, C.P.; A. Masson; H. Laakso; M.L. Goldstein (2021). "Cluster after 20 years of operations: Science highlights and technical challenges". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 126 (8). Bibcode:2021JGRA..12629474E. doi:10.1029/2021JA029474.
  • Escoubet, C.P.; A. Masson; H. Laakso; M.L. Goldstein (2015). "Recent highlights from Cluster, the first 3-D magnetospheric mission". Annales Geophysicae. 33 (10): 1221–1235. Bibcode:2015AnGeo..33.1221E. doi:10.5194/angeo-33-1221-2015.
  • Escoubet, C.P.; M. Taylor; A. Masson; H. Laakso; J. Volpp; M. Hapgood; M.L. Goldstein (2013). "Dynamical processes in space: Cluster results". Annales Geophysicae. 31 (6): 1045–1059. Bibcode:2013AnGeo..31.1045E. doi:10.5194/angeo-31-1045-2013.
  • Taylor, M.; C.P. Escoubet; H. Laakso; A. Masson; M. Goldstein (2010). "The Cluster Mission: Space Plasma in Three Dimensions". In H. Laakso; et al. (eds.). The Cluster Active Archive. Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings. Astrophys. & Space Sci. Proc., Springer. pp. 309–330. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-3499-1_21. ISBN 978-90-481-3498-4.
  • Escoubet, C.P.; M. Fehringer; M. Goldstein (2001). "The Cluster mission". Annales Geophysicae. 19 (10/12): 1197–1200. Bibcode:2001AnGeo..19.1197E. doi:10.5194/angeo-19-1197-2001.
  • Escoubet, C.P.; R. Schmidt; M.L. Goldstein (1997). "Cluster - Science and Mission Overview". Space Science Reviews. 79: 11–32. Bibcode:1997SSRv...79...11E. doi:10.1023/A:1004923124586. S2CID 116954846.

Selected publications

All 3618 publications related to the Cluster and the Double Star missions (count as of 31 December 2022) can be found on the publication section of the ESA Cluster mission website. Among these publications, 3125 are refereed publications, 342 proceedings, 121 PhDs and 30 other types of theses.

  1. ^ a b c d e f "Cluster (Four Spacecraft Constellation in Concert with SOHO)". ESA. Retrieved 2014-03-13.
  2. ^ "Cluster II operations". European Space Agency. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  3. ^ "Extended Operations Confirmed for Science Missions". ESA. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  4. ^ "European Space Agency Announces Contest to Name the Cluster Quartet" (PDF). XMM-Newton Press Release. European Space Agency: 4. 2000. Bibcode:2000xmm..pres....4.
  5. ^ "Bristol and Cluster – the link". European Space Agency. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  6. ^ "Cluster II – Scientific Update and Presentation of Model to the City of Bristol". Spaceref. SpaceRef Interactive Inc. 9 July 2001.
  7. ^ "Cluster – Presentation of model to the city of Bristol and science results overview". European Space Agency.
  8. ^ "Extended life for ESA's science missions". ESA. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
  9. ^ Schwartz, S.; et al. (2005). "A γ-ray giant flare from SGR1806-20: evidence for crustal cracking via initial timescales". The Astrophysical Journal. 627 (2): L129–L132. arXiv:astro-ph/0504056. Bibcode:2005ApJ...627L.129S. doi:10.1086/432374. S2CID 119371524.
  10. ^ "ESA Science & Technology - Double Star and Cluster observe first evidence of crustal cracking". sci.esa.int. September 21, 2005. from the original on 2020-02-01. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
  11. ^ "ESA Science & Technology - Cluster and Double Star discover density holes in the solar wind". sci.esa.int. June 20, 2006. from the original on 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
  12. ^ Britt, Robert Roy (June 20, 2006). "CNN.com - Earth surrounded by giant fizzy bubbles - Jun 20, 2006". www.cnn.com. from the original on 2006-06-22. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
  13. ^ "ESA Science & Technology - Cluster and Double Star reveal the extent of neutral sheet oscillations". sci.esa.int. March 30, 2006. from the original on 2021-04-18. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
  14. ^ Li, W. (2022). "The Dawn-Dusk Tail Lobe Magnetotail Configuration and the Formation of Aurora Transpolar Arc". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 127 (10). Bibcode:2022JGRA..12730676L. doi:10.1029/2022JA030676. S2CID 252929937.
  15. ^ Zhang, H. (2022). "A highway for atmospheric ion escape from Earth during the impact of an interplanetary coronal mass ejection". Astrophysical Journal. 937 (4): 4. Bibcode:2022ApJ...937....4Z. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac8a93. S2CID 252306675.
  16. ^ Fear, R.C. (2022). "Joint Cluster/ground-based studies in the first 20 years of the Cluster mission" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 127 (8). Bibcode:2022JGRA..12729928F. doi:10.1029/2021JA029928. S2CID 251333661.
  17. ^ Qiu, H.; Han, D.-S.; et al. (2022). "In situ observation of a magnetopause indentation that is correspondent to throat aurora and is caused by magnetopause reconnection". Geophys. Res. Lett. 49 (15). Bibcode:2022GeoRL..4999408Q. doi:10.1029/2022GL099408. S2CID 250718001.
  18. ^ Hwang, K.-J.; Weygand, J.M.; Sibeck, D.G.; et al. (2022). "Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices as an interplay of Magnetosphere-Ionosphere coupling". Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences. 9: 895514. Bibcode:2022FrASS...9.5514H. doi:10.3389/fspas.2022.895514.
  19. ^ Petrinec, S.M.; Wing, S.; Johnson, R.; Zhang, Y.; et al. (2022). "Multi-Spacecraft Observations of Fluctuations Occurring Along the Dusk Flank Magnetopause, and Testing the Connection to an Observed Ionospheric Bead". Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences. 9: 827612. Bibcode:2022FrASS...927612P. doi:10.3389/fspas.2022.827612.
  20. ^ Lane, J.H.; Grocott, A.; Case, N.A. (2022). "The influence of localized dynamics on dusk-dawn convection in the Earth's magnetotail". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 127 (5). Bibcode:2022JGRA..12730057L. doi:10.1029/2021JA030057. S2CID 248850580.
  21. ^ Chong, G.S.; Pitkänen, T.; Hamrin, M.; Kullen, A. (2022). "Dawn-dusk ion flow asymmetry in the plasma sheet". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 127 (4). doi:10.1029/2021JA030208. S2CID 247652250.
  22. ^ LaBelle, J.; Yearby, K.; Pickett, J.S. (2022). "South Pole Station ground-based and Cluster satellite measurements of leaked and escaping Auroral Kilometric Radiation" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 127 (2). Bibcode:2022JGRA..12729399L. doi:10.1029/2021JA029399. S2CID 246333134.
  23. ^ Nguyen, G.; Aunai, N.; Michotte de Welle, B.; Jeandet, A.; Lavraud, B.; Fontaine, D. (2022). "Massive multi-mission statistical study and analytical modeling of the Earth's magnetopause" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 127 (1). doi:10.1029/2021JA029773. S2CID 245248549.
  24. ^ Wei, D.; Dunlop, M.; et al. (2021). "Intense dB/dt variations driven by near‐Earth bursty bulk flows (BBFs): A case study". Geophysical Research Letters. 48 (4). Bibcode:2021GeoRL..4891781W. doi:10.1029/2020GL091781. S2CID 234111026.
  25. ^ Toledo-Rodeondo, S.; et al. (2021). "Solar Wind—Magnetosphere Coupling During Radial Interplanetary Magnetic Field Conditions: Simultaneous Multi-Point Observations". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 126 (11). Bibcode:2021JGRA..12629506T. doi:10.1029/2021JA029506. hdl:10481/72025. S2CID 243961209.
  26. ^ Kronberg, E.; et al. (2021). "Prediction of Soft Proton Intensities in the Near-Earth Space Using Machine Learning". Astrophysical Journal. 921 (1): 76. arXiv:2105.15108. Bibcode:2021ApJ...921...76K. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac1b30. S2CID 235254767.
  27. ^ Nakamura, R.; et al. (2021). "Thin Current Sheet Behind the Dipolarization Front". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 126 (10). arXiv:2208.12671. Bibcode:2021JGRA..12629518N. doi:10.1029/2021JA029518. S2CID 241861877.
  28. ^ Marklund, G.; Lindqvist, P.-A. (2021). "Cluster Multi-Probing of the Aurora During Two Decades". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 126 (6). Bibcode:2021JGRA..12629497M. doi:10.1029/2021JA029497. S2CID 236271440.
  29. ^ Huang, S.Y.; et al. (2021). "Multi-spacecraft measurement of anisotropic spatial correlation functions at kinetic range in the magnetosheath turbulence". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 126 (5). Bibcode:2021JGRA..12628780H. doi:10.1029/2020JA028780. S2CID 235556211.
  30. ^ Zhou, H.; He, H.-Q. (2021). "The Solar-cycle Variations of the Anisotropy of Taylor Scale and Correlation Scale in the Solar Wind Turbulence". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 911 (1): L2. arXiv:2104.04920. Bibcode:2021ApJ...911L...2Z. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/abef00. S2CID 233210154.
  31. ^ Haaland, S.; et al. (2021). "Heavy Metal and Rock in Space: Cluster RAPID Observations of Fe and Si". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 126 (3). Bibcode:2021JGRA..12628852H. doi:10.1029/2020JA028852. S2CID 233922057.
  32. ^ Lazar, M.; Pierrard, S. (2020). "Characteristics of solar wind suprathermal halo electrons". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 642 (A130): A130. Bibcode:2020A&A...642A.130L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038830. S2CID 229028809.
  33. ^ Hatch, S.M.; Haaland, S. (2020). "Seasonal and hemispheric asymmetries of F region polar cap plasma density: Swarm and CHAMP observations". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 125 (11): e2020JA028084. Bibcode:2020JGRA..12528084H. doi:10.1029/2020JA028084.
  34. ^ Bakrania, M.R.; Rae, I.J.; Walsh, A.P. (2020). "Using Dimensionality Reduction and Clustering Techniques to Classify Space Plasma Regimes". Front. Astron. Space Sci. 7 (80): 80. arXiv:2009.10466. Bibcode:2020FrASS...7...80B. doi:10.3389/fspas.2020.593516.
  35. ^ Zhou, G.; He, H.-Q.; Wan, W. (2020). "Effects of Solar Activity on Taylor Scale and Correlation Scale in Solar Wind Magnetic Fluctuations". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 899 (L32): L32. arXiv:2008.08542. Bibcode:2020ApJ...899L..32Z. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/abaaa9.
  36. ^ Aryan, H.; Agapitov, O.V. (2020). "Outer Radiation Belt Electron Lifetime Model Based on Combined Van Allen Probes and Cluster VLF Measurements". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 125 (8): e2020JA028018. Bibcode:2020JGRA..12528018A. doi:10.1029/2020JA028018.
  37. ^ Mishin, E.; Streltsov, A. (2020). "Prebreakup Arc Intensification due to Short Circuiting of Mesoscale Plasma Flows Over the Plasmapause". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 125 (5): e2019JA027666. Bibcode:2020JGRA..12527666M. doi:10.1029/2019JA027666.
  38. ^ Forsyth, C.; Sergeev, V.A.; Henderson, M.G.; Nishimura, Y.; Gallardo-Lacourt, B. (2020). "Physical Processes of Meso-Scale, Dynamic Auroral Forms". Space Sci. Rev. 216 (3): 46. Bibcode:2020SSRv..216...46F. doi:10.1007/s11214-020-00665-y.
  39. ^ Haaland, S.; Daly, P.W.; Vilenius, E.; Dandouras, I. (2020). "Suprathermal Fe in the Earth's plasma environment: Cluster RAPID observations". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 125 (2): e2019JA027596. Bibcode:2020JGRA..12527596H. doi:10.1029/2019JA027596.
  40. ^ Nakamura, T.K.M.; Stawarz, J.E.; Hasegawa, H.; Narita, Y.; Franci, L.; Narita, Y.; Nakamura, R.; Nystrom, W.D (2020). "Effects of Fluctuating Magnetic Field on the Growth of the Kelvin‐Helmholtz Instability at the Earth's Magnetopause". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 125 (3): e2019JA027515. Bibcode:2020JGRA..12527515N. doi:10.1029/2019JA027515. S2CID 212953719.
  41. ^ Lai, H.R.; Russell, C.T.; Jia, Y.D.; Connors, M. (2019). "First observations of the disruption of the Earth's foreshock wave field during magnetic clouds". Geophysical Research Letters. 46 (24): 14282–14289. doi:10.1029/2019GL085818. S2CID 213497617.
  42. ^ Turc, L.; Roberts, O.W.; Archer, M.O.; Palmroth, M.; Battarbee, M.; Brito, T.; Ganse, U.; Grandin, M.; Pfau‐Kempf, Y.; Escoubet, C.P.; Dandouras, I. (2019). "First observations of the disruption of the Earth's foreshock wave field during magnetic clouds" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 46 (22): 1612–1624. Bibcode:2019GeoRL..4612644T. doi:10.1029/2019GL084437. hdl:10138/315030. S2CID 212882584.
  43. ^ Duan, S.; Dai, L.; Wang, C.; Cai, C.; He, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Rème, H.; Dandouras, I. (2019). "Conjunction Observations of Energetic Oxygen Ions O+ Accumulated in the Sequential Flux Ropes in the High‐Altitude Cusp" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 124 (10): 7912–7922. Bibcode:2019JGRA..124.7912D. doi:10.1029/2019JA026989. S2CID 210305167.
  44. ^ Connor, H.K.; Carter, J.A. (2019). "Exospheric neutral hydrogen density at the nominal 10 RE subsolar point deduced from XMM-Newton X-ray observations". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 124 (3): 1612–1624. Bibcode:2019JGRA..124.1612C. doi:10.1029/2018JA026187.
  45. ^ Wang, J.; et al. (2019). "Asymmetric transport of the Earth's polar outflows by the interplanetary magnetic field". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 881 (2): L34. Bibcode:2019ApJ...881L..34W. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab385d. S2CID 202135965.
  46. ^ Chen, G.; Fu, H.S.; Zhang, Y.; Li, X.; Ge, Y.S.; Du, A.M.; Liu, C.M.; Xu, Y. (2019). "Energetic electron acceleration in unconfined reconnection jets". The Astrophysical Journal. 881 (1): L8. Bibcode:2019ApJ...881L...8C. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab3041.
  47. ^ Kieokaew, R.; Foullon, C. (2019). "Kelvin‐Helmholtz waves magnetic curvature and vorticity: Four‐spacecraft Cluster observations". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 124 (5): 3347–3359. Bibcode:2019JGRA..124.3347K. doi:10.1029/2019JA026484.
  48. ^ Damiano, P.A.; Chaston, C.C.; Hull, A.J.; Johnson, J.R. (2018). "Electron distributions in kinetic scale field line resonances: A comparison of simulations and observations". Geophysical Research Letters. 45 (12): 5826–5835. Bibcode:2018GeoRL..45.5826D. doi:10.1029/2018GL077748. OSTI 1468802.
  49. ^ Dimmock, A.P.; et al. (2019). "Direct evidence of nonstationary collisionless shocks in space plasmas". Science Advances. 5 (2): eaau9926. Bibcode:2019SciA....5.9926D. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aau9926. PMC 6392793. PMID 30820454.
  50. ^ Kruparova, O.; et al. (2019). "Statistical survey of the terrestrial bow shock observed by the Cluster spacecraft" (PDF). J. Geophysical. Res. 124 (3): 1539–1547. Bibcode:2019JGRA..124.1539K. doi:10.1029/2018JA026272. hdl:11603/12953. S2CID 134189855.
  51. ^ Fu, H.S.; Xu, Y.; Vaivads, A.; Khotyaintsev, Y.V. (2019). "Super-efficient electron acceleration by an isolated magnetic reconnection". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 870 (L22): L22. Bibcode:2019ApJ...870L..22F. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aafa75.
  52. ^ Slapak, R.; Nilsson, H. (2018). "The Oxygen Ion Circulation in The Outer Terrestrial Magnetosphere and Its Dependence on Geomagnetic Activity". Geophys. Res. Lett. 45 (23): 12, 669–12, 676. Bibcode:2018GeoRL..4512669S. doi:10.1029/2018GL079816.
  53. ^ Schillings, A.; Nilsson, H.; Slapak, R.; Wintoft, P.; Yamauchi, M.; Wik, M.; Dandouras, I.; Carr, C.M. (2018). "O+ escape during the extreme space weather event of 4–10 September 2017". Space Weather. 16 (4): 1363–1376. Bibcode:2018SpWea..16.1363S. doi:10.1029/2018sw001881.
  54. ^ Liebert, E.; Nabert, C.; Glassmeier, K.-H. (2018). "Statistical survey of day-side magnetospheric current flow using Cluster observations: bow shock". Annales Geophysicae. 36 (4): 1073–1080. Bibcode:2018AnGeo..36.1073L. doi:10.5194/angeo-36-1073-2018.
  55. ^ Liu, C.M.; H. S. Fu; D. Cao; Y. Xu; A. Divin (2018). "Detection of magnetic nulls around reconnection fronts". The Astrophysical Journal. 860 (2): 128. Bibcode:2018ApJ...860..128L. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aac496. S2CID 125461272.
  56. ^ Coxon, J.C.; Freeman, M.P.; Jackman, C.M.; Forsyth, C.; Rae, I.J.; Fear, R.C. (2018). "Tailward propagation of magnetic energy density variations with respect to substorm onset times". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 123 (6): 4741–4754. Bibcode:2018JGRA..123.4741C. doi:10.1029/2017JA025147.
  57. ^ Masson, A.; Nykyri, K. (2018). "Kelvin–Helmholtz Instability: lessons learned and ways forward" (PDF). Space Science Reviews. 214 (4): 71. Bibcode:2018SSRv..214...71M. doi:10.1007/s11214-018-0505-6. S2CID 125646793.
  58. ^ Roberts, O. W.; Narita, Y.; Escoubet, C.-P (2018). "Three-dimensional density and compressible magnetic structure in solar wind turbulence". Annales Geophysicae. 36 (2): 527–539. Bibcode:2018AnGeo..36..527R. doi:10.5194/angeo-36-527-2018.
  59. ^ Hadid, L. Z.; Sahraoui, F.; Galtier, S.; Huang, S. Y. (January 2018). "Compressible Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence in the Earth's Magnetosheath: Estimation of the Energy Cascade Rate Using in situ Spacecraft Data". Physical Review Letters. 120 (5): 055102. arXiv:1710.04691. Bibcode:2018PhRvL.120e5102H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.055102. PMID 29481187. S2CID 3676068.
  60. ^ Grigorenko, E.E.; Dubyagin, S.; Malykhin, A.; Khotyaintsev, Y.V.; Kronberg, E.A.; Lavraud, B.; Ganushkina, N.Yu (2018). . Geophysical Research Letters. 45 (2): 602–611. Bibcode:2018GeoRL..45..602G. doi:10.1002/2017GL076303. hdl:2027.42/142547. S2CID 133980983. Archived from the original on 2019-10-31. Retrieved 2019-10-31.
  61. ^ Andreeva V. A.; Tsyganenko N. A. (2017). "Empirical Modeling of the Quiet and Storm Time Geosynchronous Magnetic Field". Space Weather. 16 (1): 16–36. Bibcode:2018SpWea..16...16A. doi:10.1002/2017SW001684.
  62. ^ Roberts, O.W.; Y. Narita; C.P. Escoubet (2017). "Direct measurement of anisotropic and asymmetric wave vector Spectrum in ion-scale solar wind turbulence". The Astrophysical Journal. 851 (1): L11. Bibcode:2017ApJ...851L..11R. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa9bf3.
  63. ^ Perrone, D.; O. Alexandrova; O.W. Roberts; S. Lion; C. Lacombe; A. Walsh; M. Maksimovic; I. Zouganelis (2017). "Coherent structures at ion scales in the fast solar wind: Cluster observations". The Astrophysical Journal. 849 (1): 49. arXiv:1709.09644. Bibcode:2017ApJ...849...49P. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa9022. S2CID 119050245.
  64. ^ Perrone, D.; O. Alexandrova; O.W. Roberts; S. Lion; C. Lacombe; A. Walsh; M. Maksimovic; I. Zouganelis (2017). "Near-Earth plasma sheet boundary dynamics during substorm dipolarization". Earth, Planets and Space. 69 (1): 129. Bibcode:2017EP&S...69..129N. doi:10.1186/s40623-017-0707-2. PMC 6961498. PMID 32009832.
  65. ^ Yushkov, E.; A. Petrukovich; A. Artemyev; R. Nakamura (2017). "Relationship between electron field-aligned anisotropy and dawn-dusk magnetic field: nine years of Cluster observations in the Earth magnetotail". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 122 (9): 9294–9305. Bibcode:2017JGRA..122.9294Y. doi:10.1002/2016JA023739. S2CID 134267682.
  66. ^ Giagkiozis, S.; S. N. Walker; S. A. Pope; G. Collinson (2017). "Validation of single spacecraft methods for collisionless shock velocity estimation". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 122 (8): 8632–8641. Bibcode:2017JGRA..122.8632G. doi:10.1002/2017JA024502.
  67. ^ Zhao, L.L.; Zhang, H.; Zong, Q.G. (2017). "Global ULF waves generated by a hot flow anomaly". Geophysical Research Letters. 44 (11): 5283–5291. Bibcode:2017GeoRL..44.5283Z. doi:10.1002/2017GL073249.
  68. ^ Fu, H.S.; A. Vaivads; Y.V. Khotyaintsev; M. André; J. B. Cao; V. Olshevsky; J. P. Eastwood; A. Retinò (2017). "Intermittent energy dissipation by turbulent reconnection". Geophysical Research Letters. 44 (1): 37–43. Bibcode:2017GeoRL..44...37F. doi:10.1002/2016GL071787. hdl:10044/1/44378. S2CID 125215749.
  69. ^ Turc, L.; D. Fontaine; C.P. Escoubet; E.K.J. Kilpua; A.P. Dimmock (2017). "Statistical study of the alteration of the magnetic structure of magnetic clouds in the Earth's magnetosheath". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 122 (3): 2956–2972. Bibcode:2017JGRA..122.2956T. doi:10.1002/2016JA023654. hdl:10138/224163. S2CID 125621578.
  70. ^ Vines, S.K.; S.A. Fuselier; S.M. Petrinec; K.J. Trattner; R.C. Allen (2017). "Occurrence frequency and location of magnetic islands at the dayside magnetopause". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 122 (4): 4138–4155. Bibcode:2017JGRA..122.4138V. doi:10.1002/2016JA023524.
  71. ^ Case, N. A.; A. Grocott; S. E. Milan; T. Nagai; J. P. Reistad (2017). "An analysis of magnetic reconnection events and their associated auroral enhancements". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 122 (2): 2922–2935. Bibcode:2017JGRA..122.2922C. doi:10.1002/2016JA023586.
  72. ^ Lugaz, N.; C.J. Farrugia; C.-L. Huang; R.M. Winslow; H.E. Spence; N.A. Schwadron (2016). "Earth's magnetosphere and outer radiation belt under sub-Alfvénic solar wind". Nature Communications. 7: 13001. Bibcode:2016NatCo...713001L. doi:10.1038/ncomms13001. PMC 5063966. PMID 27694887.
  73. ^ Moore, T.W.; Nykyri, K.; Dimmock, A.P. (2016). "Cross-scale energy transport in space plasmas". Nature Physics. 12 (12): 1164–1169. Bibcode:2016NatPh..12.1164M. doi:10.1038/nphys3869. S2CID 125684283.
  74. ^ Schmid, D.; R. Nakamura; M. Volwerk; F. Plaschke; Y. Narita; W. Baumjohann; et al. (2016). "A comparative study of dipolarization fronts at MMS and Cluster". Geophysical Research Letters. 43 (12): 6012–6019. Bibcode:2016GeoRL..43.6012S. doi:10.1002/2016GL069520. PMC 4949994. PMID 27478286.
  75. ^ Parks, G.K.; E. Lee; S.Y. Fu; H.E. Kim; Y.Q. Ma; Z.W. Yang; Y. Liu; N. Lin; J. Hong; P. Canu (2016). "Transport of solar wind H+ and He++ ions across Earth's bow shock". The Astrophysical Journal. 825 (2): L27. Bibcode:2016ApJ...825L..27P. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/825/2/L27.
  76. ^ a b Lee, S.H.; H. Zhang; Q.-G. Zong; A. Otto; H. Rème; E. Liebert (2016). "A statistical study of plasmaspheric plumes and ionospheric outflows observed at the dayside magnetopause". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 121 (1): 492–506. Bibcode:2016JGRA..121..492L. doi:10.1002/2015JA021540.
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External links

  • ESA Cluster mission website
  • The Cluster Science Archive, the public data archive of the Cluster and the Double Star missions
  • More on spacecraft operations
  • ESA Cluster mission Twitter account
  • Imperial College London role in the Cluster mission
  • University College London's Mullard Space Science Laboratory's role in the Cluster mission 2016-03-07 at the Wayback Machine
  • Cluster: aurora explorer, an exhibit at the Royal Society Summer Exhibition 2011
  • The Cluster Active Archive (former public data archive, up to 2014)
  • Cluster mission article on eoPortal by ESA

March 11, 2023
cluster, spacecraft, this, article, external, links, follow, wikipedia, policies, guidelines, please, improve, this, article, removing, excessive, inappropriate, external, links, converting, useful, links, where, appropriate, into, footnote, references, januar. This article s use of external links may not follow Wikipedia s policies or guidelines Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references January 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Cluster II 2 is a space mission of the European Space Agency with NASA participation to study the Earth s magnetosphere over the course of nearly two solar cycles The mission is composed of four identical spacecraft flying in a tetrahedral formation As a replacement for the original Cluster spacecraft which were lost in a launch failure in 1996 the four Cluster II spacecraft were successfully launched in pairs in July and August 2000 onboard two Soyuz Fregat rockets from Baikonur Kazakhstan In February 2011 Cluster II celebrated 10 years of successful scientific operations in space As of October 2020 update its mission has been extended until the end of 2022 3 China National Space Administration ESA Double Star mission operated alongside Cluster II from 2004 to 2007 Cluster IIArtist s impression of the Cluster constellation Mission typeMagnetospheric researchOperatorESA with NASA collaborationCOSPAR IDFM6 SALSA 2000 041AFM7 SAMBA 2000 041BFM5 RUMBA 2000 045AFM8 TANGO 2000 045BSATCAT no FM6 SALSA 26410FM7 SAMBA 26411FM5 RUMBA 26463FM8 TANGO 26464Websitehttp sci esa int clusterMission durationplanned 5 years elapsed 22 years 7 months and 21 daysSpacecraft propertiesManufacturerAirbus ex Dornier 1 Launch mass1 200 kg 2 600 lb 1 Dry mass550 kg 1 210 lb 1 Payload mass71 kg 157 lb 1 Dimensions2 9 m 1 3 m 9 5 ft 4 3 ft 1 Power224 watts 1 Start of missionLaunch dateFM6 16 July 2000 12 39 UTC 2000 07 16UTC12 39Z FM7 16 July 2000 12 39 UTC 2000 07 16UTC12 39Z FM5 09 August 2000 11 13 UTC 2000 08 09UTC11 13Z FM8 09 August 2000 11 13 UTC 2000 08 09UTC11 13Z RocketSoyuz U FregatLaunch siteBaikonur 31 6ContractorStarsemOrbital parametersReference systemGeocentricRegimeElliptical OrbitPerigee altitudeFM6 16 118 km 10 015 mi FM7 16 157 km 10 039 mi FM5 16 022 km 9 956 mi FM8 12 902 km 8 017 mi Apogee altitudeFM6 116 740 km 72 540 mi FM7 116 654 km 72 485 mi FM5 116 786 km 72 567 mi FM8 119 952 km 74 535 mi InclinationFM6 135 degreesFM7 135 degreesFM5 138 degreesFM8 134 degreesPeriodFM6 3259 minutesFM7 3257 minutesFM5 3257 minutesFM8 3258 minutesEpoch13 March 2014 11 15 07 UTCESA solar system insignia for Cluster II Horizon 2000 XMM NewtonINTEGRAL Contents 1 Mission overview 2 History 3 Scientific objectives 4 Instrumentation on each Cluster satellite 5 Double Star mission with China 6 Awards 7 Discoveries and mission milestones 7 1 2022 7 2 2021 7 3 2020 7 4 2019 7 5 2018 7 6 2017 7 7 2016 7 8 2015 7 9 2014 7 10 2013 7 11 2012 7 12 2011 7 13 2010 7 14 2009 7 15 2008 7 16 2007 7 17 2006 7 18 2005 7 19 2004 7 20 2001 2003 8 References 9 Selected publications 10 External linksMission overview EditThe four identical Cluster II satellites study the impact of the Sun s activity on the Earth s space environment by flying in formation around Earth For the first time in space history this mission is able to collect three dimensional information on how the solar wind interacts with the magnetosphere and affects near Earth space and its atmosphere including aurorae The spacecraft are cylindrical 2 9 x 1 3 m see online 3D model and are spinning at 15 rotations per minute After launch their solar cells provided 224 watts power for instruments and communications Solar array power has gradually declined as the mission progressed due to damage by energetic charged particles but this was planned for and the power level remains sufficient for science operations The four spacecraft maneuver into various tetrahedral formations to study the magnetospheric structure and boundaries The inter spacecraft distances can be altered and has varied from around 4 to 10 000 km The propellant for the transfer to the operational orbit and the maneuvers to vary inter spacecraft separation distances made up approximately half of the spacecraft s launch weight The highly elliptical orbits of the spacecraft initially reached a perigee of around 4 RE Earth radii where 1 RE 6371 km and an apogee of 19 6 RE Each orbit took approximately 57 hours to complete The orbit has evolved over time the line of apsides has rotated southwards so that the distance at which the orbit crossed the magnetotail current sheet progressively reduced and a wide range of dayside magnetopause crossing latitudes were sampled Gravitational effects impose a long term cycle of change in the perigee and apogee distance which saw the perigees reduce to a few 100 km in 2011 before beginning to rise again The orbit plane has rotated away from 90 degrees inclination Orbit modifications by ESOC have altered the orbital period to 54 hours All these changes have allowed Cluster to visit a much wider set of important magnetospheric regions than was possible for the initial 2 year mission improving the scientific breadth of the mission The European Space Operations Centre ESOC acquires telemetry and distributes to the online data centers the science data from the spacecraft The Joint Science Operations Centre JSOC at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the UK coordinates scientific planning and in collaboration with the instrument teams provides merged instrument commanding requests to ESOC The Cluster Science Archive is the ESA long term archive of the Cluster and Double Star science missions Since 1 November 2014 it is the sole public access point to the Cluster mission scientific data and supporting datasets The Double Star data are publicly available via this archive The Cluster Science Archive is located alongside all the other ESA science archives at the European Space Astronomy Center located near Madrid Spain From February 2006 to October 2014 the Cluster data could be accessed via the Cluster Active Archive History EditThe Cluster mission was proposed to ESA in 1982 and approved in 1986 along with the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory SOHO and together these two missions constituted the Solar Terrestrial Physics cornerstone of ESA s Horizon 2000 missions programme Though the original Cluster spacecraft were completed in 1995 the explosion of the Ariane 5 rocket carrying the satellites in 1996 delayed the mission by four years while new instruments and spacecraft were built On July 16 2000 a Soyuz Fregat rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome launched two of the replacement Cluster II spacecraft Salsa and Samba into a parking orbit from where they maneuvered under their own power into a 19 000 by 119 000 kilometer orbit with a period of 57 hours Three weeks later on August 9 2000 another Soyuz Fregat rocket lifted the remaining two spacecraft Rumba and Tango into similar orbits Spacecraft 1 Rumba is also known as the Phoenix spacecraft since it is largely built from spare parts left over after the failure of the original mission After commissioning of the payload the first scientific measurements were made on February 1 2001 The European Space Agency ran a competition to name the satellites across all of the ESA member states 4 Ray Cotton from the United Kingdom won the competition with the names Rumba Tango Salsa and Samba 5 Ray s town of residence Bristol was awarded with scale models of the satellites in recognition of the winning entry 6 7 as well as the city s connection with the satellites However after many years of being stored away they were finally given a home at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Originally planned to last until the end of 2003 the mission has been extended several times The first extension took the mission from 2004 until 2005 and the second from 2005 to June 2009 The mission has now been extended until the end of 2020 8 Scientific objectives EditPrevious single and two spacecraft missions were not capable of providing the data required to accurately study the boundaries of the magnetosphere Because the plasma comprising the magnetosphere cannot be viewed using remote sensing techniques satellites must be used to measure it in situ Four spacecraft allow scientists make the 3D time resolved measurements needed to create a realistic picture of the complex plasma interactions occurring between regions of the magnetosphere and between the magnetosphere and the solar wind Each satellite carries a scientific payload of 11 instruments designed to study the small scale plasma structures in space and time in the key plasma regions solar wind bow shock magnetopause polar cusps magnetotail plasmapause boundary layer and over the polar caps and the auroral zones The bow shock is the region in space between the Earth and the sun where the solar wind decelerates from super to sub sonic before being deflected around the Earth In traversing this region the spacecraft make measurements which help characterize processes occurring at the bow shock such as the origin of hot flow anomalies and the transmission of electromagnetic waves through the bow shock and the magnetosheath from the solar wind Behind the bow shock is the thin plasma layer separating the Earth and solar wind magnetic fields known as the magnetopause This boundary moves continuously due to the constant variation in solar wind pressure Since the plasma and magnetic pressures within the solar wind and the magnetosphere respectively should be in equilibrium the magnetosphere should be an impenetrable boundary However plasma has been observed crossing the magnetopause into the magnetosphere from the solar wind Cluster s four point measurements make it possible to track the motion of the magnetopause as well as elucidate the mechanism for plasma penetration from the solar wind In two regions one in the northern hemisphere and the other in the south the magnetic field of the Earth is perpendicular rather than tangential to the magnetopause These polar cusps allow solar wind particles consisting of ions and electrons to flow into the magnetosphere Cluster records the particle distributions which allow the turbulent regions at the exterior cusps to be characterized The regions of the Earth s magnetic field that are stretched by the solar wind away from the Sun are known collectively as the magnetotail Two lobes that reach past the Moon in length form the outer magnetotail while the central plasma sheet forms the inner magnetotail which is highly active Cluster monitors particles from the ionosphere and the solar wind as they pass through the magnetotail lobes In the central plasma sheet Cluster determines the origins of ion beams and disruptions to the magnetic field aligned currents caused by substorms The precipitation of charged particles in the atmosphere creates a ring of light emission around the magnetic pole known as the auroral zone Cluster measures the time variations of transient particle flows and electric and magnetic fields in the region Instrumentation on each Cluster satellite EditNumber Acronym Instrument Measurement Purpose1 ASPOC Active Spacecraft Potential Control experiment Regulation of spacecraft s electrostatic potential Enables the measure by PEACE of cold electrons a few eV temperature otherwise hidden by spacecraft photoelectrons2 CIS Cluster Ion Spectroscopy experiment Ion times of flight TOFs and energies from 0 to 40 keV Composition and 3D distribution of ions in plasma3 DWP Digital Wave Processing instrument Coordinates the operations of the EFW STAFF WBD and WHISPER instruments At the lowest level DWP provides electrical signals to synchronise instrument sampling At the highest level DWP enables more complex operational modes by means of macros 4 EDI Electron Drift Instrument Electric field E magnitude and direction E vector gradients in local magnetic field B5 EFW Electric Field and Wave experiment Electric field E magnitude and direction E vector spacecraft potential electron density and temperature6 FGM Fluxgate Magnetometer Magnetic field B magnitude and direction B vector and event trigger to all instruments except ASPOC7 PEACE Plasma Electron and Current Experiment Electron energies from 0 0007 to 30 keV 3D distribution of electrons in plasma8 RAPID Research with Adaptive Particle Imaging Detectors Electron energies from 39 to 406 keV ion energies from 20 to 450 keV 3D distributions of high energy electrons and ions in plasma9 STAFF Spatio Temporal Analysis of Field Fluctuation experiment Magnetic field B magnitude and direction of EM fluctuations cross correlation of E and B Properties of small scale current structures source of plasma waves and turbulence10 WBD Wide Band Data receiver High time resolution measurements of both electric and magnetic fields in selected frequency bands from 25 Hz to 577 kHz It provides a unique new capability to perform Very long baseline interferometry VLBI measurements Properties of natural plasma waves e g auroral kilometric radiation in the Earth magnetosphere and its vicinity including source location and size and propagation 11 WHISPER Waves of High Frequency and Sounder for Probing of Density by Relaxation Electric field E spectrograms of terrestrial plasma waves and radio emissions in the 2 80 kHz range triggering of plasma resonances by an active sounder Source location of waves by triangulation electron density within the range 0 2 80 cm 3Double Star mission with China EditIn 2003 and 2004 the China National Space Administration launched the Double Star satellites TC 1 and TC 2 that worked together with Cluster to make coordinated measurements mostly within the magnetosphere TC 1 stopped operating on 14 October 2007 The last data from TC 2 was received in 2008 TC 2 made a contribution to magnetar science 9 10 as well as to magnetospheric physics The TC 1 examined density holes near the Earth s bow shock that can play a role in bow shock formation 11 12 and looked at neutral sheet oscillations 13 Awards EditCluster team awards 2019 Royal Astronomical Society Group Achievement Award 2015 ESA 15th anniversary award 2013 ESA team award 2010 International Academy of Astronautics Laurels for team achievements for Cluster and Double Star teams 2005 ESA Cluster 5th anniversary award 2004 NASA group achievement award 2000 Popular science best of what s new award 2000 ESA Cluster launch awardIndividual awards 2023 Hermann Opgenoorth Univ of Umea Sweden former Cluster Ground Based Working Group lead was awarded the 2023 EGU Julius Bartels Medal 2020 Daniel Graham Swedish Institute of Space Physics Uppsala Sweden was awarded the COSPAR Zeldovich medal 2019 Margaret Kivelson UCLA USA Cluster FGM CoI received RAS gold medal 2018 Hermann Opgenoorth Univ of Umea Sweden former Cluster Ground Based Working Group lead was awarded the 2018 Baron Marcel Nicolet Space Weather and Space Climate medal Archived 2018 11 26 at the Wayback Machine 2016 Stephen Fuselier SWRI USA Cluster CIS CoI received EGU Hannes Alfven Meda 2016 Mike Hapgood Cluster mission scientific operations expert was awarded the Baron Marcel Nicolet Medal for Space Weather and Space Climate 2014 Rumi Nakamura IWF Austria Cluster CIS EDI FGM CoI received EGU Julius Bartels Medal 2013 Mike Hapgood RAL UK Cluster JSOC project scientist received RAS service award 2013 Goran Marklund EFW Co I received the EGU Hannes Alfven Medal 2013 2013 Steve Milan Cluster Ground based representative of the Cluster mission received UK Royal Astronomical Society RAS Chapman medal 2012 Andrew Fazakerley Cluster and Double Star PI PEACE received the Royal Astronomical Society Chapman Medal 2012 Zuyin Pu Pekin U China RAPID CIS FGM CoI received AGU International Award 2012 Jolene Pickett Iowa U USA a Cluster WBD PI received the State of Iowa Board of Regents Staff Excellence 2012 Jonathan Eastwood Imperial College UK FGM Co I received COSPAR Yakov B Zeldovich medal 2008 Andre Balogh Imperial College UK Cluster FGM PI received RAS Chapman medal 2006 Steve Schwartz QMW UK Cluster UK data system scientist and PEACE co I received RAS Chapman medalDiscoveries and mission milestones Edit2022 Edit October 14 New insights on the formation of transpolar auroral arc 14 September 20 A highway for atmospheric ion escape from Earth during the impact of an interplanetary coronal mass ejection 15 August 03 Joint Cluster ground based studies in the first 20 years of the Cluster mission 16 July 18 In situ observation of a magnetopause indentation that is correspondent to throat aurora and is caused by magnetopause reconnection 17 June 16 Kelvin Helmholtz vortices as an interplay of Magnetosphere Ionosphere coupling 18 June 02 ESA highlight Magnetic vortices explain mysterious auroral beads 19 May 16 The influence of localized dynamics on dusk dawn convection in the Earth s magnetotail 20 April 1 Dawn dusk ion flow asymmetry in the plasma sheet 21 February 1 South Pole Station ground based and Cluster satellite measurements of leaked and escaping Auroral Kilometric Radiation 22 January 1 Massive multi mission statistical study and analytical modeling of the Earth s magnetopause 23 2021 Edit December 15 ESA highlight Swarm and Cluster get to the bottom of geomagnetic storms 24 November 7 Unique MMS and Cluster observations about magnetic reconnection extent at the magnetopause 25 November 2 Spatial distribution of energetic protons in the magnetosphere based on 17 years of data 26 October 11 Unique MMS and Cluster observation of disturbances in the near Earth magnetotail before a magnetic substorm 27 September 7 AGU EOS spotlight Understanding Aurora Formation with ESA s Cluster Mission 28 May 2 Cluster and MMS uncover anisotropic spatial correlation functions at kinetic range in the magnetosheath turbulence 29 April 9 The Solar cycle Variations of the Anisotropy of Taylor Scale and Correlation Scale in the Solar Wind Turbulence 30 February 18 Heavy Metal and Rock in Space Cluster RAPID Observations of Fe and Si 31 2020 Edit December 1 Cluster Helios and Ulysses reveal characteristics of solar wind supra thermal halo electrons 32 November 1 Cluster Swam and CHAMP join forces to explain hemispheric asymmetries in the Earth magnetotail 33 October 21 Space plasma regimes classified with Cluster data 34 October 1 Effects of Solar Activity on Taylor Scale and Correlation Scale in Solar Wind Magnetic Fluctuations 35 September 1 Van Allen Probes and Cluster join forces to study Outer Radiation Belt Electrons 36 August 9 Cluster s 20 years of studying Earth s magnetosphere celebrating 20 years after the launch of the second pair of Cluster spacecraft July 31 ESA science highlight Auroral substorms triggered by short circuiting of plasma flows 37 July 16 BBC skyatnight podcast with Dr Mike Hapgood on 20 years of ESA s Cluster mission celebrating 20 years after the launch of the first pair of Cluster satellites April 20 What drives some of the largest and most dynamic auroral forms 38 March 19 ESA science highlight Iron is everywhere in Earth s vicinity suggest two decades of Cluster data 39 February 27 What makes Kelvin Helmholtz vortices grow at the Earth s magnetopause 40 2019 Edit December 23 Magnetized dust clouds penetrate the terrestrial bow shock 41 November 18 ESA science highlight Earth s magnetic song recorded for the first time during a solar storm 42 October 10 What is the source of the energetic oxygen ions found in the high altitude cusp region 43 August 27 ESA science highlight Cluster and XMM pave the way for SMILE 44 August 20 Asymmetric transport of the Earth s polar outflows by the interplanetary magnetic field 45 August 5 Energetic electron acceleration found by Cluster in unconfined reconnection jets for the first time 46 May 1 Kelvin Helmholtz waves magnetic curvature and vorticity Four spacecraft Cluster observations 47 March 4 ESA science highlight Cluster helps solve mysteries of geomagnetic storms 48 February 27 ESA science highlight Cluster reveals inner workings of Earth s cosmic particle accelerator 49 February 13 Statistical survey of the terrestrial bow shock observed by the Cluster spacecraft 50 January 14 Super efficient electron acceleration by an isolated magnetic reconnection 51 2018 Edit November 28 Complete picture of the O circulation and escape in the outer magnetosphere and its dependence on geomagnetic activity 52 November 8 ESA science highlight Windy with a chance of magnetic storms space weather science with Cluster September 30 O escape during the extreme space weather event of 4 10 September 2017 53 August 8 Statistical survey of day side magnetospheric current flow using Cluster observations bow shock 54 June 20 Detection of magnetic nulls around reconnection fronts open access 55 May 21 Tailward propagation of magnetic energy density variations with respect to substorm onset times open access 56 April 24 Kelvin Helmholtz Instability lessons learned and ways forward 57 March 29 Three dimensional density and compressible magnetic structure in solar wind turbulence 58 February 8 ESA spotlight on Understanding Earth what the Cluster mission has taught us so far January 29 ESA research highlight Cluster measures turbulence in Earth s magnetic environment 59 January 22 Science nugget of the 2013 2014 Cluster Inner Magnetosphere campaign 60 2017 Edit December 11 2017 Empirical modeling of the quiet and storm time geosynchronous magnetic field 61 December 6 2017 Direct measurement of anisotropic and asymmetric wave vector spectrum in ion scale solar wind turbulence 62 October 30 2017 Coherent structures at ion scales in the fast solar wind Cluster observations 63 September 18 2017 An intense magnetic substorm scrutinized by a fleet of satellites including Cluster and MMS open access 64 August 28 2017 Relationship between electron field aligned anisotropy and dawn dusk magnetic field nine years of Cluster observations in the Earth magnetotail 65 August 1 2017 Collisionless shock velocity estimation at Venus and Earth open access 66 June 16 2017 Cover of GRL Global ULF waves generated by a hot flow anomaly 67 April 10 2017 ESA research highlight O marks the spot for magnetic reconnection 68 April 7 2017 EOS research spotlight Explaining unexpected twists in the Sun s Magnetic Field 69 March 23 2017 Occurrence frequency and location of magnetic islands at the dayside magnetopause 70 February 18 2017 Magnetic reconnection and their associated auroral enhancements open access 71 2016 Edit October 3 2016 What happens to the Earth s magnetosphere when its bow shock disappears 72 September 6 2016 Embry Riddle University FL USA science highlight Space plasma hurricanes could lead to new sources of energy 73 July 20 2016 Cluster and MMS join forces to understand the origin of northern lights 74 July 8 Transport of solar wind H and He ions across Earth s bow shock 75 July 7 ESA science highlight the curious case of Earth s leaking atmosphere 76 77 June 11 Substructures within a dipolarization front revealed by high temporal resolution Cluster observations 78 May 11 Cone angle control of the interaction of magnetic clouds with the Earth s bow shock 79 March 21 The particle carriers of field aligned currents in the Earth s magnetotail during a substorm 80 February 29 The role of ionospheric O outflow in the generation of earthward propagating plasmoids 77 January 11 A statistical study of plasmaspheric plumes and ionospheric outflows observed at the dayside magnetopause 76 2015 Edit December 7 Coalescence of magnetic flux ropes in the ion diffusion region of magnetic reconnection 81 October 22 Wide banded Non Thermal Continuum NTC radiation local to remote observations by the four Cluster satellites 82 September 3 Statistics and accuracy of magnetic null identification in multispacecraft data open access 83 August 22 Cusp dynamics under northward IMF using three dimensional global particle in cell simulations open access 84 July 14 Cluster solves the mystery of equatorial noise 85 July 1 Seven ESA satellites team up to explore the Earth s magnetic field 86 April 9 Heart of the black auroras revealed by Cluster 87 March 25 Cluster satellite catches up February 19 Magnetospheric signatures of ionospheric density cavities observed by Cluster open access 88 February 16 Solar illumination control of ionospheric outflow above polar cap arcs open access 89 January 16 Rejigging the Cluster quartet at the bow shock and in the solar wind2014 Edit December 18 Origin of high latitude auroras revealed 90 November 20 The Cluster mission is extended by ESA up to 2018 September 4 Full particle electromagnetic simulations of entropy generation across a collisionless shock 91 August 28 A mixed up magnetic storm 92 July 1 Dawn dusk asymmetries in the coupled solar wind magnetosphere ionosphere system a review 93 June 15 Solar wind breaks through the Earth s magnetic field 94 May 28 Evidence of strong energetic ion acceleration in the near Earth magnetotail free access 95 May 7 Cluster helps to model Earth s mysterious magnetosphere 96 March 15 Direct calculation of the ring current distribution and magnetic structure seen by Cluster during geomagnetic storms open access 97 January 13 Low altitude electron acceleration due to multiple flow bursts in the magnetotail open access 98 2013 Edit November 26 Cluster takes a tilt at radio wave sources 99 November 15 On the relation between asymmetries in the ring current and magnetopause current free access 100 September 20 ESA s Cluster satellites in closest ever dance in space September 10 Cluster shows plasmasphere interacting with Van Allen belts 101 July 18 Wobbly magnetic reconnection speeds up electrons 102 July 2 Cluster discovers steady leak in the Earth s plasmasphere 103 May 2 Cluster hears the heartbeat of magnetic reconnection 104 April 15 From solar activity to stunning aurora ESA Space Science s image of the week April 10 Cluster finds source of aurora energy boost 105 2012 Edit December 18 The solar wind is swirly 106 October 24 Cluster observes a porous magnetopause 107 August 1 Cluster looks into waves in the magnetosphere s thin boundaries 108 July 2 Hidden Portals in Earth s Magnetic Field NASA science cast video June 6 Origin of particle acceleration in cusps of Earth s magnetosphere uncovered 109 March 7 Earth s magnetic field provides vital protection 110 February 27 Northern lights mystery may be solved Space com 111 February 23 Surprise Ions Science News for kids Archived 2012 07 10 at the Wayback Machine January 26 Giant veil of cold plasma discovered high above Earth National Geographic January 24 Elusive matter found to be abundant far above Earth AGU press release Archived 2012 10 24 at the Wayback Machine 112 2011 Edit November 16 Cluster reveals Earth s bow shock is remarkably thin 113 September 6 Ultra fast substorm auroras explained 114 August 31 40 year old Mariner 5 solar wind problem finds answer 115 July 5 10 Aurora explorer the Cluster mission exhibit at the Royal Society summer science exhibition 2011 July 4 Cluster observes jet braking and plasma heating 116 June 30 Dirty hack restores Cluster mission from near loss March 21 How vital is a planet s magnetic field New debate rises February 5 Cluster encounters a natural particle accelerator 117 January 7 ESA spacecraft model magnetic boundaries 118 2010 Edit November 22 ESA extends the Cluster mission until December 2014 October 4 Cluster helps disentangle turbulence in the solar wind 119 September 1 10 years of success for Cluster quartet 120 July 26 Cluster makes crucial step in understanding space weather 121 122 July 16 Cluster s decade of discovery July 8 Announcement of opportunity for Cluster guest investigators June 3 The Cluster archive more than 1000 users 123 April 24 High speed plasma jets origin uncovered 124 March 11 Shocking recipe for killer electrons 125 January 20 Multiple rifts in Earth s magnetic shield 126 2009 Edit October 7 ESA extends the Cluster mission until December 2012 July 16 Cluster shows how solar wind is heated at electron scales 127 June 18 Cluster and Double Star 1000 publications April 29 Monitoring the impact of extreme solar events 128 March 25 Cluster s insight into space turbulence 129 February 9 ESA extends the Cluster mission until the end of 2009 January 14 Cluster detects invisible escaping ions 130 2008 Edit December 15 The science of space weather 131 December 5 Looking at Jupiter to understand Earth 132 October 17 Highlights from Cluster THEMIS workshop August 27 Cluster examines Earth escaping ions 133 August 11 Electron trapping within reconnection 134 135 June 27 Beamed radio emission from Earth 136 June 9 Reconnection Triggered by Whistlers 137 March 7 Solitons found in the magnetopause 138 January 23 Cluster result impacts future space missions 139 2007 Edit December 6 Cluster explains nightside ion beams 140 November 21 Cluster captures the impact of a Coronal Mass Ejection 141 142 November 9 Cluster probes generalized Ohm s law in space 143 October 22 Cluster monitors convection cells over the polar caps 144 145 September 11 Cluster and Double Star pinpoint the source of bright aurorae 146 July 26 Cluster helps reveal how the Sun shakes the Earth s magnetic field 147 148 June 29 Cluster unveils a new 3D vision of magnetic reconnection 149 June 21 Formation flying at closest ever separation May 11 Cluster reveals the reformation of the Earth s bow shock 150 April 12 Cluster finds new clues on what triggers space tsunamis 151 March 26 First direct evidence in space of magnetic reconnection in turbulent plasma 152 March 12 A leap forward in probing magnetic reconnection in space 153 February 9 New insights in the auroral electrical circuit revealed by Cluster 154 2006 Edit December 29 1000th Orbit for the Cluster Mission December 6 Cluster finds magnetic reconnection within giant swirls of plasma 155 November 13 Cluster takes a new look at the plasmasphere 156 157 October 5 Double Star and Cluster witness pulsated reconnection for several hours 158 August 24 Cluster links magnetic substorms and Earthward directed high speed flows 159 July 18 Magnetic heart of a 3D reconnection event revealed by Cluster 160 June 20 Space is fizzy 161 May 19 New Microscopic Properties of Magnetic Reconnection Derived by Cluster 162 March 30 Cluster and Double Star reveal the extent of neutral sheet oscillations 163 February 24 Cluster reveals fundamental 3 D properties of magnetic turbulence 164 February 1 The Cluster Active Archive goes live January 11 Cover of Nature Magazine Feel the Force 165 2005 Edit December 22 Cluster helps to protect astronauts and satellites against killer electrons 166 September 21 Double Star and Cluster observe first evidence of crustal cracking August 10 From macro to micro turbulence seen by Cluster 167 July 28 First direct measurements of the ring current 168 July 14 Five years of formation flying with Cluster April 28 Calming effect of a solar storm 169 170 February 18 Cluster will become the first multi scale mission February 4 Direct observation of 3D magnetic reconnection 171 2004 Edit December 12 Cluster determines the spatial scale of high speed flows in the magnetotail 172 November 24 Four point observations of solar wind discontinuities 173 September 17 Cluster locates the source of non thermal terrestrial continuum radiation by triangulation 174 August 12 Cluster finds giant gas vortices at the edge of Earth s magnetic bubble 175 June 23 Cluster discovers internal origin of the plasma sheet oscillations 176 May 13 Cluster captures a triple cusp 177 April 5 First attempt to estimate Earth s bow shock thickness 178 2001 2003 Edit 3 December 2003 Cracks in Earth s magnetic shield NASA website 179 29 June 2003 Multi point observations of magnetic reconnection 180 20 May 2003 ESA s Cluster solves auroral puzzle 181 29 January 2003 Bifurcation of the tail current 182 28 January 2003 Electric current measured in space for the first time 183 29 December 2002 Thickness of the tail current sheet estimated in space for the first time 184 1 October 2002 Telescopic Microscopic view of a substorm 185 11 December 2001 Cluster quartet probes the secrets of the black aurora 186 31 October 2001 First measurements of density gradients in space 187 9 October 2001 Double cusp observed by Cluster 188 1 February 2001 Official start of scientific operationsReferences EditEscoubet C P A Masson H Laakso M L Goldstein 2021 Cluster after 20 years of operations Science highlights and technical challenges Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics 126 8 Bibcode 2021JGRA 12629474E doi 10 1029 2021JA029474 Escoubet C P A Masson H Laakso M L Goldstein 2015 Recent highlights from Cluster the first 3 D magnetospheric mission Annales Geophysicae 33 10 1221 1235 Bibcode 2015AnGeo 33 1221E doi 10 5194 angeo 33 1221 2015 Escoubet C P M Taylor A Masson H Laakso J Volpp M Hapgood M L Goldstein 2013 Dynamical processes in space Cluster results Annales Geophysicae 31 6 1045 1059 Bibcode 2013AnGeo 31 1045E doi 10 5194 angeo 31 1045 2013 Taylor M C P Escoubet H Laakso A Masson M Goldstein 2010 The Cluster Mission Space Plasma in Three Dimensions In H Laakso et al eds The Cluster Active Archive Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings Astrophys amp Space Sci Proc Springer pp 309 330 doi 10 1007 978 90 481 3499 1 21 ISBN 978 90 481 3498 4 Escoubet C P M Fehringer M Goldstein 2001 The Cluster mission Annales Geophysicae 19 10 12 1197 1200 Bibcode 2001AnGeo 19 1197E doi 10 5194 angeo 19 1197 2001 Escoubet C P R Schmidt M L Goldstein 1997 Cluster Science and Mission Overview Space Science Reviews 79 11 32 Bibcode 1997SSRv 79 11E doi 10 1023 A 1004923124586 S2CID 116954846 Selected publications EditAll 3618 publications related to the Cluster and the Double Star missions count as of 31 December 2022 can be found on the publication section of the ESA Cluster mission website Among these publications 3125 are refereed publications 342 proceedings 121 PhDs and 30 other types of theses a b c d e f Cluster Four Spacecraft Constellation in Concert with SOHO ESA Retrieved 2014 03 13 Cluster II operations European Space Agency Retrieved 29 November 2011 Extended Operations Confirmed for Science Missions ESA Retrieved 6 July 2021 European Space Agency Announces Contest to Name the Cluster Quartet PDF XMM Newton Press Release European Space Agency 4 2000 Bibcode 2000xmm pres 4 Bristol and Cluster the link European Space Agency Retrieved 2 September 2013 Cluster II Scientific Update and Presentation of Model to the City of Bristol Spaceref SpaceRef Interactive Inc 9 July 2001 Cluster Presentation of model to the city of Bristol and science results overview European Space Agency Extended life for ESA s science missions ESA Retrieved 14 November 2018 Schwartz S et al 2005 A g ray giant flare from SGR1806 20 evidence for crustal cracking via initial timescales The Astrophysical Journal 627 2 L129 L132 arXiv astro ph 0504056 Bibcode 2005ApJ 627L 129S doi 10 1086 432374 S2CID 119371524 ESA Science amp Technology Double Star and Cluster observe first evidence of crustal cracking sci esa int September 21 2005 Archived from the original on 2020 02 01 Retrieved 2021 07 14 ESA Science amp Technology Cluster and Double Star discover density holes in the solar wind sci esa int June 20 2006 Archived from the original on 2021 08 29 Retrieved 2021 07 14 Britt Robert Roy June 20 2006 CNN com Earth surrounded by giant fizzy bubbles Jun 20 2006 www cnn com Archived from the original on 2006 06 22 Retrieved 2021 07 14 ESA Science amp Technology Cluster and Double Star reveal the extent of neutral sheet oscillations sci esa int March 30 2006 Archived from the original on 2021 04 18 Retrieved 2021 07 14 Li W 2022 The Dawn Dusk Tail Lobe Magnetotail Configuration and the Formation of Aurora Transpolar Arc Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics 127 10 Bibcode 2022JGRA 12730676L doi 10 1029 2022JA030676 S2CID 252929937 Zhang H 2022 A highway for atmospheric ion escape from Earth during the impact of an interplanetary coronal mass ejection Astrophysical Journal 937 4 4 Bibcode 2022ApJ 937 4Z doi 10 3847 1538 4357 ac8a93 S2CID 252306675 Fear R C 2022 Joint Cluster ground based studies in the first 20 years of the Cluster mission PDF Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics 127 8 Bibcode 2022JGRA 12729928F doi 10 1029 2021JA029928 S2CID 251333661 Qiu H Han D S et al 2022 In situ observation of a magnetopause indentation that is correspondent to throat aurora and is caused by magnetopause reconnection Geophys Res Lett 49 15 Bibcode 2022GeoRL 4999408Q doi 10 1029 2022GL099408 S2CID 250718001 Hwang K J Weygand J M Sibeck D G et al 2022 Kelvin Helmholtz vortices as an interplay of Magnetosphere Ionosphere coupling Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences 9 895514 Bibcode 2022FrASS 9 5514H doi 10 3389 fspas 2022 895514 Petrinec S M Wing S Johnson R Zhang Y et al 2022 Multi 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A Lavraud B Fontaine D 2022 Massive multi mission statistical study and analytical modeling of the Earth s magnetopause PDF Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics 127 1 doi 10 1029 2021JA029773 S2CID 245248549 Wei D Dunlop M et al 2021 Intense dB dt variations driven by near Earth bursty bulk flows BBFs A case study Geophysical Research Letters 48 4 Bibcode 2021GeoRL 4891781W doi 10 1029 2020GL091781 S2CID 234111026 Toledo Rodeondo S et al 2021 Solar Wind Magnetosphere Coupling During Radial Interplanetary Magnetic Field Conditions Simultaneous Multi Point Observations Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics 126 11 Bibcode 2021JGRA 12629506T doi 10 1029 2021JA029506 hdl 10481 72025 S2CID 243961209 Kronberg E et al 2021 Prediction of Soft Proton Intensities in the Near Earth Space Using Machine Learning Astrophysical Journal 921 1 76 arXiv 2105 15108 Bibcode 2021ApJ 921 76K doi 10 3847 1538 4357 ac1b30 S2CID 235254767 Nakamura R et al 2021 Thin Current Sheet Behind the Dipolarization Front Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics 126 10 arXiv 2208 12671 Bibcode 2021JGRA 12629518N doi 10 1029 2021JA029518 S2CID 241861877 Marklund G Lindqvist P A 2021 Cluster Multi Probing of the Aurora During Two Decades Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics 126 6 Bibcode 2021JGRA 12629497M doi 10 1029 2021JA029497 S2CID 236271440 Huang S Y et al 2021 Multi spacecraft measurement of anisotropic spatial correlation functions at kinetic range in the magnetosheath turbulence Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics 126 5 Bibcode 2021JGRA 12628780H doi 10 1029 2020JA028780 S2CID 235556211 Zhou H He H Q 2021 The Solar cycle Variations of the Anisotropy of Taylor Scale and Correlation Scale in the Solar Wind Turbulence Astrophysical Journal Letters 911 1 L2 arXiv 2104 04920 Bibcode 2021ApJ 911L 2Z doi 10 3847 2041 8213 abef00 S2CID 233210154 Haaland S et al 2021 Heavy Metal and Rock in Space Cluster RAPID Observations of Fe and Si Journal of Geophysical 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mission University College London s Mullard Space Science Laboratory s role in the Cluster mission Archived 2016 03 07 at the Wayback Machine Cluster aurora explorer an exhibit at the Royal Society Summer Exhibition 2011 The Cluster Active Archive former public data archive up to 2014 Cluster mission article on eoPortal by ESA Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cluster II spacecraft amp oldid 1143683516, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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