The two digits of cloven-hooved animals are homologous to the third and fourth fingers of the hand. They are called claws and are named for their relative location on the foot: the outer, or lateral, claw and the inner, or medial claw. The space between the two claws is called the interdigital cleft; the area of skin is called the interdigital skin. The hard outer covering of the hoof is called the hoof wall or horn. It is a hard surface, similar to the human fingernail.[2]
The almost finger-like dexterity available to cloven-hooved mammals such as mountain goats and wild sheep combined with a hard outer shell and soft and flexible inner pads provides excellent traction in their precarious habitats.[3][4][5]
It is speculated by paleontologists that during the Eocene period hooved marsh dwellers carried their body weight mainly on two of the middle toes, which grew to equal size, becoming the Artiodactyla or even-toed hooved animals. Before the end of the Eocene period the side toes of some had dwindled and practically disappeared (mainly in the form of a dewclaw) while the basal pieces or metapodium of the pair of supporting toes became fused together, thus producing the appearance of a cloven hoof.[6]
The mammal with a cloven hoof is an even-toed ungulate of order Artiodactyla as opposed to the odd-toed ungulates of Perissidactyla, such as the horse, which have one toe, or the rhinoceros, which has three toes. The five-toed ancestors of the earliest Eocene had already developed feet that suggest odd-toed and even-toed descendants to the modern viewer. Even Phenacodus, the most generalized of the early mammals, has a foot in which the central toe is somewhat larger than the others and could be placed in the division of odd-toed ungulates, Perissidactyla. [7]
Jewish dietary lawsedit
The distinction between cloven and uncloven hooves is highly relevant for dietary laws of Judaism (kashrut), as set forth in the Torah[8] and the Talmud.[9][10] Animals that both chew their cud (ruminate, i.e. regurgitate partly digested food from a specialised multi-chambered stomach back to the mouth to be chewed for a second time as part of their ordinary digestive process) and have split true cloven hooves (a hoof being hard or rubbery sole and a hard wall formed by a thick nail) are allowed (kosher, lit. "fit") for Jewish consumption. Those animals that have neither of these two characteristics, or only one of the characteristics, are considered unclean animals (treif, not fit for Jewish consumption) and Jews are forbidden to eat them.
This rule thus excludes the camel from the list of kosher animals because although the camel does ruminate it does not possess true "hooves" – it walks on soft toes which have little more than a nail merely giving an appearance of a "hoof". Similarly the pig, although it has cloven true hooves, does not ruminate.[11][12] Other animals such as dogs and cats exhibit neither characteristic and are thus also forbidden for Jewish consumption.
^American Museum of Natural History (1892). Visitors' Guide to the Geological and Palaeontological Collections. Original from the University of Michigan. p. 59. Cloven hoof -wikipedia Artiodactyla.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Kate Hepworth, Animal Sciences Student; Michael Neary, Extension Animal Scientist; Simon Kenyon, Extension Veterinarian (October 2004). (PDF). Purdue University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-04-10. Retrieved 2007-12-02.
^Jackson, Brenda (1998). North American Wildlife (Revised and Updated). Reader's Digest. p. 68. ISBN0-7621-0020-6.
^Streubel, Donald (2000). "Oreamnos americanus (Mountain Goat)" (Web). Idaho Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 2007-12-02.
^Plekon, Hannah J. (April 2007). . Davidson College. Archived from the original (Web) on 2007-12-30. Retrieved 2007-12-03.
^British Museum (Natural History) (1906). British Museum Guides: Vertebrates. Original from the University of Michigan. p. 28.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Cleland, Herdman Fitzgerald (1916). Geology, Physical and Historical. Original from the University of Michigan: American Book Company. p. 599. Cloven hoof -wikipedia Artiodactyla.
^Slifkin, Natan (March 1, 2004). "6". (PDF). Southfield, MI; Nanuet, NY: Zoo Torah in association with Targum/Feldheim, Distributed by Feldheim. pp. 99–125. ISBN1-56871-312-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 11, 2012. Retrieved May 10, 2016. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)ISBN978-1-56871-312-0.
^Glover, Alfred Kingsley (1900). Jewish Laws and Customs: Some of the Laws and Usages of the Children of the Ghetto. Original from Harvard University: W.A. Hammond. p. 157. kosher cloven.
^Eisenberg, Ronald L. (2005). The 613 Mitzvot: A Contemporary Guide to the Commandments of Judaism. Schreiber Publishing, Incorporated. p. 251. ISBN0-88400-303-5.
External linksedit
Food laws of Judaism concerning cloven hooves in the Torah and in Maimonides' Code of Jewish Law (Mishneh Torah)
February 16, 2024
cloven, hoof, other, uses, disambiguation, cloven, hoof, cleft, hoof, divided, hoof, split, hoof, hoof, split, into, toes, members, mammalian, order, artiodactyla, that, possess, this, type, hoof, include, cattle, deer, pigs, antelopes, gazelles, goats, sheep,. For other uses see Cloven hoof disambiguation A cloven hoof cleft hoof divided hoof or split hoof is a hoof split into two toes Members of the mammalian order Artiodactyla that possess this type of hoof include cattle deer pigs antelopes gazelles goats and sheep 1 Cloven hooves of roe deer Capreolus capreolus The two digits of cloven hooved animals are homologous to the third and fourth fingers of the hand They are called claws and are named for their relative location on the foot the outer or lateral claw and the inner or medial claw The space between the two claws is called the interdigital cleft the area of skin is called the interdigital skin The hard outer covering of the hoof is called the hoof wall or horn It is a hard surface similar to the human fingernail 2 The almost finger like dexterity available to cloven hooved mammals such as mountain goats and wild sheep combined with a hard outer shell and soft and flexible inner pads provides excellent traction in their precarious habitats 3 4 5 Contents 1 Evolution 2 Jewish dietary laws 3 In popular culture 4 References 5 External linksEvolution editIt is speculated by paleontologists that during the Eocene period hooved marsh dwellers carried their body weight mainly on two of the middle toes which grew to equal size becoming the Artiodactyla or even toed hooved animals Before the end of the Eocene period the side toes of some had dwindled and practically disappeared mainly in the form of a dewclaw while the basal pieces or metapodium of the pair of supporting toes became fused together thus producing the appearance of a cloven hoof 6 The mammal with a cloven hoof is an even toed ungulate of order Artiodactyla as opposed to the odd toed ungulates of Perissidactyla such as the horse which have one toe or the rhinoceros which has three toes The five toed ancestors of the earliest Eocene had already developed feet that suggest odd toed and even toed descendants to the modern viewer Even Phenacodus the most generalized of the early mammals has a foot in which the central toe is somewhat larger than the others and could be placed in the division of odd toed ungulates Perissidactyla 7 Jewish dietary laws editThe distinction between cloven and uncloven hooves is highly relevant for dietary laws of Judaism kashrut as set forth in the Torah 8 and the Talmud 9 10 Animals that both chew their cud ruminate i e regurgitate partly digested food from a specialised multi chambered stomach back to the mouth to be chewed for a second time as part of their ordinary digestive process and have split true cloven hooves a hoof being hard or rubbery sole and a hard wall formed by a thick nail are allowed kosher lit fit for Jewish consumption Those animals that have neither of these two characteristics or only one of the characteristics are considered unclean animals treif not fit for Jewish consumption and Jews are forbidden to eat them This rule thus excludes the camel from the list of kosher animals because although the camel does ruminate it does not possess true hooves it walks on soft toes which have little more than a nail merely giving an appearance of a hoof Similarly the pig although it has cloven true hooves does not ruminate 11 12 Other animals such as dogs and cats exhibit neither characteristic and are thus also forbidden for Jewish consumption In popular culture editIn folklore and popular culture a cloven hoof has long been associated with the Devil citation needed References edit American Museum of Natural History 1892 Visitors Guide to the Geological and Palaeontological Collections Original from the University of Michigan p 59 Cloven hoof wikipedia Artiodactyla a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Kate Hepworth Animal Sciences Student Michael Neary Extension Animal Scientist Simon Kenyon Extension Veterinarian October 2004 Hoof Anatomy Care and Management in Livestock PDF Purdue University Archived from the original PDF on 2008 04 10 Retrieved 2007 12 02 Jackson Brenda 1998 North American Wildlife Revised and Updated Reader s Digest p 68 ISBN 0 7621 0020 6 Streubel Donald 2000 Oreamnos americanus Mountain Goat Web Idaho Museum of Natural History Retrieved 2007 12 02 Plekon Hannah J April 2007 Oreamnos americanus General description Davidson College Archived from the original Web on 2007 12 30 Retrieved 2007 12 03 British Museum Natural History 1906 British Museum Guides Vertebrates Original from the University of Michigan p 28 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Cleland Herdman Fitzgerald 1916 Geology Physical and Historical Original from the University of Michigan American Book Company p 599 Cloven hoof wikipedia Artiodactyla Leviticus 11 3 8 Shulchan Aruch Yoreh De ah 79 Slifkin Natan March 1 2004 6 Shafan The Hyrax PDF Southfield MI Nanuet NY Zoo Torah in association with Targum Feldheim Distributed by Feldheim pp 99 125 ISBN 1 56871 312 6 Archived from the original PDF on February 11 2012 Retrieved May 10 2016 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help ISBN 978 1 56871 312 0 Glover Alfred Kingsley 1900 Jewish Laws and Customs Some of the Laws and Usages of the Children of the Ghetto Original from Harvard University W A Hammond p 157 kosher cloven Eisenberg Ronald L 2005 The 613 Mitzvot A Contemporary Guide to the Commandments of Judaism Schreiber Publishing Incorporated p 251 ISBN 0 88400 303 5 External links editFood laws of Judaism concerning cloven hooves in the Torahand in Maimonides Code of Jewish Law Mishneh Torah Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cloven hoof amp oldid 1182229259, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
