fbpx
Wikipedia

Clime

January 29, 2023

Not to be confused with Clima.

The climes (singular clime; also clima, plural climata, from Greek κλίμα klima, plural κλίματα klimata, meaning "inclination" or "slope"[1]) in classical Greco-Roman geography and astronomy were the divisions of the inhabited portion of the spherical Earth by geographic latitude.[2]

Diagram showing climatic zone corresponding with those suggested by Aristotle.

Starting with Aristotle (Meteorology 2.5,362a32), the Earth was divided into five zones, assuming two frigid climes (the arctic and antarctic) around the poles, an uninhabitable torrid clime near the equator, and two temperate climes between the frigid and the torrid ones.[3] Different lists of climata were in use in Hellenistic and Roman time. Claudius Ptolemy was the first ancient scientist known to have devised the so-called system of seven climes (Almagest 2.12) which, due to his authority, became one of the canonical elements of late antique, medieval European and Arab geography. In Medieval Europe, the climes for 15 and 18 hours of longest daylight at summer solstice were used to calculate the changing length of daylight through the year.[4]

The modern concept of climate and the related term clime are derived from the historical concept of climata.

Ptolemy

Ptolemy gives a list of parallels, starting with the equator, and proceeding north at intervals, chosen so that the longest day (summer solstice) increases in steps of a quarter of an hour from 12 hours at the equator to 18 hours at 58° N, and then, in larger steps, to 24 hours at the arctic circle.

But for the purposes of his geographical tables, Ptolemy reduces this list to eleven parallels, dividing the area between the equator and 54°1' N into ten segments, at half-hour intervals reaching from 12 hours to 17 hours. Even later in his work, he reduces this to seven parallels, reaching from 16°27' N (13 hours) to 48°32' N (16 hours).

Ptolemy's system of seven climes was primarily adopted in Arabo-Persian astronomy, by authors such as al-Biruni and al-Idrisi, and eventually by Amīn Rāzī, the author of the 16th-century haft iqlīm ("seven climes"), while in Europe, Aristotle's system of five climes was more successful. This view dominated in medieval Europe, and existence and inhabitability of the Southern temperate zone, the antipodes, was a matter of dispute.

Thirty-nine parallels

To identify the parallels delineating his climes, Ptolemy gives a geographical location through which they pass. The following is a list of the 33 parallels between the equator and the polar circle (39 parallels between the equator and the pole)[5] of the full system of climes; the reduced system of seven climes is indicated by additional numbers in brackets (note that the latitudes are the ones given by Ptolemy, not the modern exact values):

parallel clima latitude longest daylight location
1. 0° 12 hours (equator)
2. 4°4' N 12:15 Taprobana (Sri Lanka)
3. 8°25' N 12:30 Avalites (Saylac, Somalia)
4. 12°00' N 12:45 bay of Adulis (Eritrea)
5. I 16°27' N 13:00 Meroe island
6. 20°14' N 13:15 Napaton (Nubia)
7. II 23°51' N 13:30 Syene (Aswan)
8. 27°12' N 13:45 Thebes
9. III 30°22' N 14:00 Lower Egypt
10. 33°18' N 14:15 Phoenicia
11. IV 36°00' N 14:30 Rhodes
12. 38°35' N 14:45 Smyrna
13. V 40°56' N 15:00 Hellespont
14. 43°04' N 15:15 Massalia (Marseilles)
15. VI 45°01' N 15:30 the middle of the Euxine Sea
16. 46°51' N 15:45 Istros (Danube)
17. VII 48°32' N 16:00 the mouths of Borysthenes (Dnepr)
18. 50°04' N 16:15 Maeotian Lake (Sea of Azov)
19. 51°06' N 16:30 the southern shore of Britannia
20. 52°50' N 16:45 mouths of the Rhine
21. 54°1' 17:00 mouths of the Tanais river (Don)
22. 55° N 17:15 Brigantion in Britannia
23. 56° N 17:30 the middle of Great Britain
24. 57° N 17:45 Katouraktonion in Britannia
25. 58° N 18:00 the southern part of Britannia Minor[6]
26. 59° N 18:30 the middle part of Britannia Minor[6]
27. 61° N 19:00 the northern part of Britannia Minor[6]
28. 62° N 19:30 Ebudes island
29. 63° N 20 hours Thule
30. 64°30' N 21 hours unknown Scythians
31. 65°30' N 22 hours
32. 66° N 23 hours
33. 66°8'40"N 24 hours polar circle
69°30' N 2 months
78°20' N 4 months
39. 90° N 6 months (North Pole)

See also

References

  1. ^ H. G. Liddell and R. Scott, A Greek English Lexicon.
  2. ^ Otto Neugebauer, A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy, (New York: Springer Verlag, 1975), p. 725. ISBN 0-387-06995-X
  3. ^ Abel K. (1974). "Zone". Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Ed. A. F. von Pauly, G. Wissowa et al. Stuttgart. Suppl.-Bd. XIV: 989–1188.
  4. ^ Otto Neugebauer, A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy, (New York: Springer Verlag, 1975), p. 731. ISBN 0-387-06995-X
  5. ^ Otto Neugebauer, A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy, (New York: Springer Verlag, 1975), pp. 43–5. ISBN 0-387-06995-X
  6. ^ a b c Μικρὰ Βρεττανία, later the name of Brittany but by Ptolemy used to refer to Ireland (even though the latitudes given are too far north for the actual location of Ireland).

Bibliography

  • Berggren J.L., Jones A. (2000). Ptolemy's Geography: An Annotated Translation of the Theoretical Chapters. Princeton University Press. 216 p.
  • Dicks D.R. (1955). "The ΚΛΙΜΑΤΑ in the Greek Geography". Classical Quarterly 5 (49): 248–255.
  • Dicks D.R. (1956). "Strabo and the ΚΛΙΜΑΤΑ". Classical Quarterly 6 (50): 243–247.
  • Dicks D.R. (1960) The Geographical Fragments of Hipparchus. London: Athlon Press. XI, 214 p.
  • Diller A. (1934). "Geographical Latitudes in Eratosthenes, Hipparchus and Posidonius". Klio 27 (3): 258–269.
  • Honigmann E. (1929). Die sieben Klimata und die πολεις επισημοι. Eine Untersuchung zur Geschichte der Geographie und Astrologie in Altertum und Mittelalter. Heidelberg: Carl Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung. 247 S.
  • The Itinerary of Alexander through the Seven Climes of Antiquity according to the Aljamiado-Morisco Rrekontamiento del rrey Alisandre. Santa Barbara, CA. Fifth Annual Middle East Studies Regional Conference. March 22, 2003.
  • Kubitschek W. (1921). "Klima 2". Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Ed. A. F. von Pauly, G. Wissowa et al. Stuttgart. Bd. XI.1: 838–844.
  • Marcotte D. (1998). "La climatologie d'Ératosthène à Poséidonios: genèse d'une science humaine". G. Argoud, J.Y. Guillaumin (eds.). Sciences exactes et sciences appliquées à Alexandrie (IIIe siècle av J.C. – Ier ap J.C.). Saint Etienne: Publications de l'Université de Saint Etienne: 263–277.
  • Neugebauer O. (1975). A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer Verlag: 43–45, 333–336, 725–733.
  • Shcheglov D.A. (2004/2006). "Ptolemy's System of Seven Climata and Eratosthenes' Geography". Geographia Antiqua 13: 21–37.
  • Shcheglov D.A. (2006): "Eratosthenes' Parallel of Rhodes and the History of the System of Climata". Klio 88: 351–359.
  • Szabó Á. (1992). Das geozentrische Weltbild. Astronomie, Geographie und Mathematik der Griechen. München: Dt. TaschenbuchVerlag. 377 S.
  • Szabó Á., Maula E. (1986). Les débuts de l'astronomie de la géographie et de la trigonométrie chez les grecs. Traduit par M. Federspiel. Paris: Libr. philos. J. Vrin. 238 p.

Further reading

  • Corbin, Henry (1977). Spiritual Body and Celestial Earth: From Mazdean Iran to Shi'ite Iran. Princeton University Press. pp. 17-50.

January 29, 2023
clime, confused, with, clima, climes, singular, clime, also, clima, plural, climata, from, greek, κλίμα, klima, plural, κλίματα, klimata, meaning, inclination, slope, classical, greco, roman, geography, astronomy, were, divisions, inhabited, portion, spherical. Not to be confused with Clima The climes singular clime also clima plural climata from Greek klima klima plural klimata klimata meaning inclination or slope 1 in classical Greco Roman geography and astronomy were the divisions of the inhabited portion of the spherical Earth by geographic latitude 2 Diagram showing climatic zone corresponding with those suggested by Aristotle Starting with Aristotle Meteorology 2 5 362a32 the Earth was divided into five zones assuming two frigid climes the arctic and antarctic around the poles an uninhabitable torrid clime near the equator and two temperate climes between the frigid and the torrid ones 3 Different lists of climata were in use in Hellenistic and Roman time Claudius Ptolemy was the first ancient scientist known to have devised the so called system of seven climes Almagest 2 12 which due to his authority became one of the canonical elements of late antique medieval European and Arab geography In Medieval Europe the climes for 15 and 18 hours of longest daylight at summer solstice were used to calculate the changing length of daylight through the year 4 The modern concept of climate and the related term clime are derived from the historical concept of climata Contents 1 Ptolemy 1 1 Thirty nine parallels 2 See also 3 References 4 Bibliography 5 Further readingPtolemy EditPtolemy gives a list of parallels starting with the equator and proceeding north at intervals chosen so that the longest day summer solstice increases in steps of a quarter of an hour from 12 hours at the equator to 18 hours at 58 N and then in larger steps to 24 hours at the arctic circle But for the purposes of his geographical tables Ptolemy reduces this list to eleven parallels dividing the area between the equator and 54 1 N into ten segments at half hour intervals reaching from 12 hours to 17 hours Even later in his work he reduces this to seven parallels reaching from 16 27 N 13 hours to 48 32 N 16 hours Ptolemy s system of seven climes was primarily adopted in Arabo Persian astronomy by authors such as al Biruni and al Idrisi and eventually by Amin Razi the author of the 16th century haft iqlim seven climes while in Europe Aristotle s system of five climes was more successful This view dominated in medieval Europe and existence and inhabitability of the Southern temperate zone the antipodes was a matter of dispute Thirty nine parallels Edit To identify the parallels delineating his climes Ptolemy gives a geographical location through which they pass The following is a list of the 33 parallels between the equator and the polar circle 39 parallels between the equator and the pole 5 of the full system of climes the reduced system of seven climes is indicated by additional numbers in brackets note that the latitudes are the ones given by Ptolemy not the modern exact values parallel clima latitude longest daylight location1 0 12 hours equator 2 4 4 N 12 15 Taprobana Sri Lanka 3 8 25 N 12 30 Avalites Saylac Somalia 4 12 00 N 12 45 bay of Adulis Eritrea 5 I 16 27 N 13 00 Meroe island6 20 14 N 13 15 Napaton Nubia 7 II 23 51 N 13 30 Syene Aswan 8 27 12 N 13 45 Thebes9 III 30 22 N 14 00 Lower Egypt10 33 18 N 14 15 Phoenicia11 IV 36 00 N 14 30 Rhodes12 38 35 N 14 45 Smyrna13 V 40 56 N 15 00 Hellespont14 43 04 N 15 15 Massalia Marseilles 15 VI 45 01 N 15 30 the middle of the Euxine Sea16 46 51 N 15 45 Istros Danube 17 VII 48 32 N 16 00 the mouths of Borysthenes Dnepr 18 50 04 N 16 15 Maeotian Lake Sea of Azov 19 51 06 N 16 30 the southern shore of Britannia20 52 50 N 16 45 mouths of the Rhine21 54 1 17 00 mouths of the Tanais river Don 22 55 N 17 15 Brigantion in Britannia23 56 N 17 30 the middle of Great Britain24 57 N 17 45 Katouraktonion in Britannia25 58 N 18 00 the southern part of Britannia Minor 6 26 59 N 18 30 the middle part of Britannia Minor 6 27 61 N 19 00 the northern part of Britannia Minor 6 28 62 N 19 30 Ebudes island29 63 N 20 hours Thule30 64 30 N 21 hours unknown Scythians31 65 30 N 22 hours32 66 N 23 hours33 66 8 40 N 24 hours polar circle69 30 N 2 months78 20 N 4 months39 90 N 6 months North Pole See also EditGeographical zone Climate Four continents Roof of the World Seven Heavens Seven SeasReferences Edit H G Liddell and R Scott A Greek English Lexicon Otto Neugebauer A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy New York Springer Verlag 1975 p 725 ISBN 0 387 06995 X Abel K 1974 Zone Real Encyclopadie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft Ed A F von Pauly G Wissowa et al Stuttgart Suppl Bd XIV 989 1188 Otto Neugebauer A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy New York Springer Verlag 1975 p 731 ISBN 0 387 06995 X Otto Neugebauer A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy New York Springer Verlag 1975 pp 43 5 ISBN 0 387 06995 X a b c Mikrὰ Brettania later the name of Brittany but by Ptolemy used to refer to Ireland even though the latitudes given are too far north for the actual location of Ireland Bibliography EditBerggren J L Jones A 2000 Ptolemy s Geography An Annotated Translation of the Theoretical Chapters Princeton University Press 216 p Dicks D R 1955 The KLIMATA in the Greek Geography Classical Quarterly 5 49 248 255 Dicks D R 1956 Strabo and the KLIMATA Classical Quarterly 6 50 243 247 Dicks D R 1960 The Geographical Fragments of Hipparchus London Athlon Press XI 214 p Diller A 1934 Geographical Latitudes in Eratosthenes Hipparchus and Posidonius Klio 27 3 258 269 Honigmann E 1929 Die sieben Klimata und die poleis epishmoi Eine Untersuchung zur Geschichte der Geographie und Astrologie in Altertum und Mittelalter Heidelberg Carl Winter s Universitatsbuchhandlung 247 S The Itinerary of Alexander through the Seven Climes of Antiquity according to the Aljamiado Morisco Rrekontamiento del rrey Alisandre Santa Barbara CA Fifth Annual Middle East Studies Regional Conference March 22 2003 Kubitschek W 1921 Klima 2 Real Encyclopadie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft Ed A F von Pauly G Wissowa et al Stuttgart Bd XI 1 838 844 Marcotte D 1998 La climatologie d Eratosthene a Poseidonios genese d une science humaine G Argoud J Y Guillaumin eds Sciences exactes et sciences appliquees a Alexandrie IIIe siecle av J C Ier ap J C Saint Etienne Publications de l Universite de Saint Etienne 263 277 Neugebauer O 1975 A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy Berlin Heidelberg New York Springer Verlag 43 45 333 336 725 733 Shcheglov D A 2004 2006 Ptolemy s System of Seven Climata and Eratosthenes Geography Geographia Antiqua 13 21 37 Shcheglov D A 2006 Eratosthenes Parallel of Rhodes and the History of the System of Climata Klio 88 351 359 Szabo A 1992 Das geozentrische Weltbild Astronomie Geographie und Mathematik der Griechen Munchen Dt TaschenbuchVerlag 377 S Szabo A Maula E 1986 Les debuts de l astronomie de la geographie et de la trigonometrie chez les grecs Traduit par M Federspiel Paris Libr philos J Vrin 238 p Further reading EditCorbin Henry 1977 Spiritual Body and Celestial Earth From Mazdean Iran to Shi ite Iran Princeton University Press pp 17 50 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Clime amp oldid 1130484791, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.