Chung Ju-yung

In this Korean name, the family name is Chung.

Chung Ju-yung or Jung Joo-young (Korean: 정주영; 25 November 1915 – 21 March 2001), was a South Korean entrepreneur and the founder of Hyundai Groups, one of the largest chaebols in South Korea. Raised as the eldest son of a poor Korean farmer, he became the richest man in South Korea. Chung was an integral part of the rapid development of Korea's economy, growing Hyundai Heavy Industries to be the largest shipbuilder in the world, as well as growing Hyundai Motor Group into the largest automobile manufacturer in Korea, and the third largest in the world. Chung was also a vital contributor to the development of South Korea's infrastructure after the Korean War's destruction of infrastructure, such as constructing the Gyeongbu Expressway in 1970, connecting the capital, Seoul, to the port city of Busan, in alliance with President Park Chung Hee.

Chung Ju-yung
정주영
Chung in 1998
Born	(1915-11-25)25 November 1915 Tsusen, Kōgen-dō, Korea, Empire of Japan (now T'ongch'on, Kangwon Province, North Korea)
Died	21 March 2001(2001-03-21) (aged 85) Songpa District, Seoul, South Korea
Nationality	South Korean
Occupation	Entrepreneur
Known for	Founder and honorary chairman of Hyundai
Spouse	Byun Joong-seok
Children	11 (8 sons and 3 daughters)
Korean name
Hangul	정주영
Hanja	鄭周永
Revised Romanization	Jeong Ju-yeong
McCune–Reischauer	Chŏng Chuyŏng
Art name
Hangul	아산
Hanja	峨山
Revised Romanization	Asan
McCune–Reischauer	Asan

Chung's business ventures steered through the tumultuous times of Japanese colonial rule in Korea as well as the post-Korean War stresses on the economy. Chung explained his success in his statement: "Our people succeeded because they devoted their enterprising spirits. They used the forces of other minds. Conviction ... creates indomitable efforts. This is the key to (true) miracles ... Man's potential is limitless."^[1]

Biography

Early life

Chung Ju-yung was born in Tongchon, Kōgen-dō, Korea, Empire of Japan (now Kangwon Province, North Korea). Born to a large impoverished family of peasants, he was the eldest of seven children. As a young boy, Chung dreamed of becoming a school teacher, but his hopes were cut short because the restrictive environment at the time kept the family stuck in poverty, effectively keeping Chung away from higher educational opportunities.^[2] Despite the setbacks, Chung was able to attend a local Confucian school run by his grandfather whenever his time was not taken up by tasks on the family farm.^[3]

Chung's talent for business became apparent during his trips into town where he would sell wood.^[4] The fast-paced atmosphere of the town along with the articles in newspapers Chung read sparked his imagination; he soon grew tired of the poverty that he and his family had to endure.

First escape attempt

At the age of sixteen, Chung and a friend decided to travel to the city of Seishin (Chongjin, currently in North Korea) for work in hopes of escaping the harsh realities of farm life.^[3][5] After a 15-mile trek through the most dangerous parts of the Paechun valley, the pair reached the town of Kōgen (Kowon, currently in North Korea) where they took up jobs as construction workers.^[3] They worked long hours for low pay but Chung enjoyed that he could earn money independently. Chung and his friend continued the work for two months until Chung's father learned of their whereabouts.

Second escape attempt

The journey that Chung and his friend had embarked on made him realize his passion for civil engineering and gave him a sense of accomplishment. Once he returned to his home village of Gasan-ri in Tsūsen-gun, he devised another escape plan: this time towards Keijō (formerly Hanseong, currently Seoul). With two companions, Chung left for Keijō in April 1933.^[3] The journey seemed destined for failure, especially since one of the boys was caught by a sibling early on. More misfortune came upon them when Chung and his friend were conned by a stranger who promised them jobs but instead took all of their money. The journey came to an end when Chung's father found the two staying at Chung's grandfather's house nearby.

Third escape attempt

Chung once again found himself in Asan, where he remained for a year helping his father work on the family farm. Once his duties to the family were complete, Chung decided it was time to make another attempt at getting out of poverty. He managed to get a train ticket for 70 won by selling one of his father's cows.^[3][5] Once he arrived in Keijō, Chung enrolled himself in a local bookkeeping school hoping to start a career as an accountant. Things went smoothly for two months when his father managed to find him and after a mild argument, took him back to Gasan.

Rice merchant

In 1933,^[5] at age 18, Chung decided to make a fourth escape. He left during the night with a friend who was trying to escape a forced marriage.^[3] Once Chung reached the capital, he jumped at any job he could find. He worked first as a laborer at Jinsen Harbor (Incheon, currently in South Korea),^[3][5] a construction worker at Boseong Professional School and as a handyman for a starch syrup factory.^[3][5]

After working at the factory for nearly a year, Chung landed a job as a deliveryman at the Bokheung Rice Store in Keijō.^[3][5] Chung's new job offered him room for advancement and as he became more successful at it, he decided to stay on full time. He eventually won the praise of the rice store's core customers, which impressed the owner so much that he allowed Chung to manage the store's accounting after only six months on the job.^{[citation needed]} His experiences as the store accountant helped him thoroughly develop his business sense.

In 1937, the store owner became ill and decided to give the store to Chung. At 22, Chung became the owner and renamed the store to Kyungil Rice Store.^[3][5] The store grew and made good profits until early 1939 when Japan, in its war efforts to secure rice supplies for the country and its military, imposed an oppressive rice-rationing system which forced Korean businesses out of trading rice.^[5]

Creation of Hyundai

A-do Service Garage

Chung returned to his village once his business failed and remained there until 1940, when he decided to try again in Keijō. After considering the reality of restrictions imposed on Koreans in certain industries by the Japanese colonial government, Chung decided to enter the automobile repair business. Using a service garage he purchased from a friend, Chung started the A-do Service Garage on a 3,000 won loan. Within three years, the number of employees grew from 20 to 70 and Chung was able to earn a good income. In 1943, the Japanese colonial government forced the garage to merge with a steel plant as part of the war effort.^[3][5] Although his businesses were shut down due to suppression by the Japanese, Chung returned to Gasan with 50,000 yen in savings to try to make the best of the situation.^[3]

Hyundai

In 1946, after the liberation of Korea from Japanese control, Chung started Hyundai and Hyundai Civil Industries in anticipation of the post-war reconstruction and industrialization. Chung won major government contracts and became responsible for building much of South Korea's transportation infrastructure, including the Soyang Dam in 1967, the Gyeongbu Expressway in 1970, the world's largest shipyard in Ulsan, the Kori Nuclear Power Plant among others. Chung also won contracts from the United States Forces Korea to build facilities for their personnel as his younger brother could speak English and was on good terms with the U.S. Army engineers.

During the North Korean invasion of 1950, Chung abandoned his construction projects and fled with his younger brother to Busan for safety. His son, Chung Mong-joon was born there. Chung continued to build onto the company by gathering any kind of work he could get from the United Nations Command and the Korean Ministry of Transportation.^[3] Once Seoul was retaken by U.N. forces, Chung reestablished the company and continued to gather more work from the Americans.

From then on, Chung continued to grow and diversify the company into one of South Korea's major chaebol (conglomerate). With no experience in shipbuilding, he created the Ulsan shipyard, the largest shipyard in the world. The first vessel was completed in three years (rather than the expected five) as Chung had the shipyard and vessel built simultaneously. He introduced the Hyundai Pony in 1975 and the Hyundai Excel in 1986 using European expertise.^[6][7]

Later years

From the 1980s until recently, the Hyundai Group was split into many satellite groups. Chung had a very successful career. In Seosan, he carried out a successful reclamation project, using a decommissioned oil tanker as a cofferdam.^[8] In 1998, he herded 1,001 cows through the Korean Demilitarized Zone to North Korea, which he claimed was a repayment 1,000 times over for a cow he took to afford his ticket when he escaped his father's farm.^[9] Chung was the first civilian to cross the Korean DMZ since the division of Korea.^[10] He was the first to propose the Geumgangsan sightseeing excursions.^[8] He founded the Hyundai Heavy Steel Company which developed a non-dock ship-making method.

Chung's philanthropy distinguished him from the other businessmen of his generation. In 1977, he founded the Asan Foundation with a scope of activities comparable to those of the Ford or Rockefeller foundations. The foundation was organized into four major areas of service: medical support, social welfare, research and development, and a scholarship fund. Through its efforts, the foundation established nine hospitals throughout South Korea, built Ulsan Medical College, and funded the Asan Life Sciences Research Institute. The foundation also initiated cooperative arrangements between industry and academic institutions by supporting such academic research as the Sinyoung Research Fund.

In 1982, Chung received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.^[11]

Political activities

Chung is credited with successfully lobbying for South Korea to host the 1988 Summer Olympics. This success highlighted the accomplishments of his generation in the eyes of the world and became a source of great pride to the people of Seoul. In 1992 the International Olympic Committee awarded Chung an IOC Medallion for his contributions to sports as a vehicle of international understanding.

Chung ran unsuccessfully as a Unification National Party presidential candidate for the 1992 South Korean presidential election.

Chung also worked to normalize relations between the two Koreas. In 1998, at the age of 82, he worked with the South Korean government to provide economic assistance to the North. President Kim Dae-jung wanted to provide a $100 million donation as a way to jump-start economic development in North Korea under his Sunshine Policy. However, Kim could not find a legal way to transfer the funds. He turned to Chung, who was already negotiating a large program with the North. Kim persuaded Chung to increase his investment by $100 million with money from secret loans provided by the government-controlled Korea Development Bank. The historic 2000 inter-Korean summit took place, with Chung traveling across the border in a motorcade of cars containing some 1001 "unification cows" as a gift to the North Korean people.

Death

Chung died in 2001 at the age of 85 of natural causes at his home in Seoul, and he was buried in accordance to Buddhist and Confucian customary rites.^[12] His wife, Byun Joong-seok, died on 17 August 2008, at the age of 88, due in part to long-term heart complications,^[13] and was buried in a family graveyard in Hanam, along with her husband and their son.^[14]

Legacy

As one of the most recognized and admired business men in Korean history, Chung's identity still pervades modern Korean society and industry. Business-related events emphasizing creativity and innovation have been named after him.^[15] Much of the current success of Hyundai is widely attributed to Chung's insight and resolution, ideals that the contemporary Hyundai leadership vow to keep.^[16]

Books

• Trials May Not Fail (시련은 있어도 실패는 없다)
• Born in This Land (이 땅에 태어나서)
• Your Lips Need to Burn if You Plan to Succeed (입이 뜨거워야 성공할 수 있다)^[17]

Family

Family of Chung Ju-yung

Han Seong-sil 한성실 ? Chung Bong-sik 정봉식 ?   Yung Byun Joong-seok [ko] 변중석 1921–2007 Chung Ju-yung 정주영 1915–2001 Kim Kyung-hee 김경희 1953– Park Byeong-im 박병임 1928–2015 Chung Soon-yung [ko] 정순영 1922–2005 Park Young-ja 박영자 1936– Chung Se-yung [ko] 정세영 1928–2005 Jo Eun-ju 조은주 1936– Chung Sang-yung [ko] 정상영 1936–2021 (영) ^[a] Kim Wol-gye 김월계 1923–2003 Chung In-yung [ko] 정인영 1920–2006 Chung Hee-yung 정희영 1925–2015 Kim Young-joo 김영주 1920–2010 Jang Jeong-ja 장정자 1935– Chung Shin-yung 정신영 1931–62       Chung Mong-pil [ko]^[b] 정몽필 1934–82 Chung Chung-in (Grace) 정정인 1979– Chung Chung-im (Elizabeth) 정정임 1981– Chung Hyeong-suk 정형숙 1951–74 Chung Moon-sook 정문숙 1947– Kim Yun-su 김윤수 1946– Chung Sook-young^[c] 정숙영 1960– Chung Il-kyung 정일경 1960– Chung Mong-hyuk 정몽혁 1961–   Mong Chung Mong-koo^[d] 정몽구 1938– Chung Mong-woo [ko]^[e] 정몽우 1945–90 Chung Mong-yoon [ko]^[f] 정몽윤 1955– Chung Mong-guk^[g] 정몽국 1953– Chung Mong-sun 정몽선 1954– Kim Geun-su 김근수 1948– Chung Mong-jin 정몽진 1960– Chung Mong-yeol 정몽열 1964– (몽) ^[h] Chung Mong-kun [ko]^[i] 정몽근 1942– Chung Mong-hun^[j] 정몽헌 1948–2003 Chung Mong-il [ko]^[k] 정몽일 1959– Chung Mong-won^[l] 정몽원 1955– Chung Mong-hoon 정몽훈 1959– Chung Chung-suk 정정숙 1962– Chung Mong-ik 정몽익 1962–     Chung Kyung-hee^[m] 정경희 1944– Chung Mong-joon^[n] 정몽준 1951– Chung Mong-seok 정몽석 1958– Chung Mong-yong 정몽용 1961– Chung Mong-gyu^[o] 정몽규 1962– Chung Yoo-kyung 정유경 1970–           Chung Ji-yi 정지이 1977– Chung Young-yi 정영이 1984– Chung Young-seon 정영선 1985– Chung Hyeon-seon 정현선 1989– Chung Mun-yi 정문이 1991–     Chung Il-seon [ko] 정일선 1970– Chung Moon-seon 정문선 1974– Chung Dae-seon [ko]^[p] 정대선 1977– Chung Chung-yi 정정이 1984– Chung Kyung-seon 정경선 1986– Seon (선) Chung Ji-seon [ko] 정지선 1972– Chung Gyo-seon 정교선 1974– Chung Ki-seon [ko] 정기선 1982– Chung Nam-yi 정남이 1983– Chung Seon-yi 정선이 1986– Chung Ye-seon 정예선 1996– ^[q]     Chung Eun-hee 정은희 1971– Chung Yu-hee 정유희 1973– Chung Seong-yi^[r] 정성이 1962– Chung Myeong-yi^[s] 정명이 1964– Chung Yoon-yi^[t] 정윤이 1968– Chung Eui-seon^[u] 정의선 1970–       Seon A-yeong^[v] 선아영 1987– Seon Tong-uk^[w] 선동욱 1989– Sin U-jin 신우진 1993– Sin U-hyeon 신우현 2004– N/A   Chung Yu-mi 정유미 1988– Chung Yu-jin 정유진 1990– Chung Jun^[x] 정준 1997– Sin U-taek 신우택 1996– Chung Jin-hui 정진희 1996– Chung Chang-cheol 정장철 1998–   view talk edit Notes In general: marriages indicated by dashed lines, female on the left. Given name terminates in -yung (영) for males and females in this generation Married to Lee Yang-ja (이양자; 1943–90) Married to Prof. Noh Kyung-soo [ko] (노경수; 1954–) Married to Lee Jung-hwa (이정화; 1939–2009) Married to Lee Haeng-ja (이행자; 1945–) Married to Kim Hye-young (김혜영; 1961–) Married to Lee Yoon-hee (이윤희; 1954–) Given name starts with Mong- (몽) for males in this generation. Female given names often start with Chung- (정), but not always. Married to Woo Kyung-sook (우경숙; 1951–) Married to Hyun Jeong-eun [ko] (현정은; 1955–) Married to Kwon Jun-hee (권준희; 1961–) Married to Hong In-hwa (홍인화; 1957–) Married to Jung Hee-young (정희영; 1940–) Married to Kim Young-myeong (김영명; 1956–) Married to Kim Na-young (김나영) Married to news anchor Noh Hyeon-jeong [ko] (노현정, 1979–) Given name terminates in -seon (선) for males in this generation. Female given names usually terminate in -yi (이), but not always. Married to Daejeon Sun Hospital chief director Seon Du-hun (선두훈, 1957–) Married to Hyundai Card vice chairman Chung Tae-yeong (정태영, 1960–) Formerly married to Samwoo vice-chairman Sin Seong-jae (신성재, 1968–) Married to Chung Do-won's daughter Chung Ji-seon (정지선, 1970–) Married to Gil Yong-wu's son Gil Seong-Jin (길성진, 1984–) Married to Chae Hyeong-seok's daughter Chae Su-yeon (채수연, 1990–) Married to professional golfer Lydia Ko (리디아 고, 1997–) Sources 김봄내 (15 May 2015). "[재벌가족사]정주영 현대그룹 창업주" [Chaebol Family History: Chung Ju-yung, founder of Hyundai Group]. KJtimes (in Korean). 김태현 (23 March 2015). "[단독보도] 정주영 막내딸 미국서 엄마 없이 결혼" [Exclusive: Chung Ju-yung's youngest daughter gets married without her mother in the United States]. 일요신문 (in Korean). "Family Drama". Forbes. 26 April 2011.

Chung Ju-yung had five brothers and one sister; he had eight sons and one daughter with his wife.^[18] In addition, he had two illegitimate daughters with a younger woman, with whom he started a relationship in 1973; these daughters were not acknowledged until after his death.^[19][20]

Brothers

• Chung In-yung [ko] (1920–2006). After leaving the Hyundai Group, he founded the Halla Group, whose interests included Mando Machinery, Halla Cement, Halla Construction, Halla Heavy Industries, and Halla Climate Control Corp.^[21][22]
• Chung Soon-Yung [ko] (1925–2015). After working for Hyundai Engineering & Construction he ventured by taking Hyundai Cement with him to form the Sungwoo Business Group, which includes Hyundai Cement, Hyundai Welding, Sungwoo Automotive.
• Chung Se-yung [ko] (1928–2005). Founder of Hyundai Motor. Left the Hyundai Group with Hyundai Development Co., Ltd., the leading housing builder in Korea.^[23][24]
• Chung Shin-yung (1931–1962). Died in a car accident in Germany while working as a journalist for a Korean newspaper company. His only son, Chung Mong-hyuk, ran Hyundai Oilbank, the third largest oil refiner in Korea.
• Chung Sang-yung [ko] (1936–2021). Founder of the KCC Chemical (Keumkang) group, Korea's leading paint and glass maker.

Children

• Chung Mong-pil [ko] (1934–1982). Died in a car accident in Gimcheon, in a Hyundai-built Ford Granada,^[25] on the Gyeongbu Expressway leaving two daughters.
• Chung Mong-koo (1938–). Currently the head of the Hyundai Kia Automotive Group, the second largest business group in Korea. Assumed control of Hyundai Engineering & Construction in 2011.^[26]
• Chung Mong-kun [ko] (1942–). Currently the chairman of the Hyundai Department Store Group, one of the largest retailers in South Korea.
• Chung Kyung-hee (1944–). The only daughter of Chung ju-yung and Byeon Joong-seok.
• Chung Mong-woo [ko] (1945–1990). Committed suicide leaving three sons. His oldest son Chung Il-sun is currently the president of BNG Steel, a member of the Hyundai Kia Automotive Group.
• Chung Mong-hun (1948–2003). Former chairman of the Hyundai Group and heir apparent to his father before he committed suicide in August 2003; this left his wife Hyun Jeong-eun [ko] (1956–) in control of the Hyundai Group.
• Chung Mong-joon (1951–). Politician and de facto owner of Hyundai Heavy Industries,^[26] the world's largest shipbuilding firm, as well as vice-chairman of FIFA.
• Chung Mong-yoon [ko] (1955–). Chairman of Hyundai Marine & Fire Insurance, Korea's third largest non-life insurer.
• Chung Mong-il [ko] (1959–). Former chairman of Hyundai Merchant Bank and Kangwon Bank.
• Chung Chung-in (Grace Jeong; 1979–), actress.^[19][20]
• Chung Chung-im (Elizabeth Jeong; 1981–), advertiser.^[19][20]

Nephews

via Chung In-yung (1920–2006)

• Chung Mong-guk.
• Chung Mong-won. Chairman of Halla Group. Recently reacquired Mando Machinery.

via Chung-Soon-yung (1925–2015)

• Chung Mong-sun. Chairman of Sungwoo Group (Hyundai Cement).
• Chung Mong-suk. Chairman of Hyundai Welding Co., Ltd.
• Chung Mong-hoon. Chairman of Sungwoo Hyokwang International Co.
• Chung Mong-yong. Chairman of Sungwoo Automotive.

via Chung Se-yung (1928–2005)

• Chung Mong-gyu. Former Chairman of Hyundai Motor. Current Chairman of Hyundai Development Co., Ltd.

via Chung Shin-yong (1931–1962)

• Chung Mong-hyuk. Former President of Hyundai Oil & Hyundai Petrochemical; current chairman of Hyundai Corporation.

via Chung Sang-yung (1936–)

• Chung Mong-jin. Chairman of KCC.
• Chung Mong-ik. Vice-Chairman of KCC.
• Chung Mong-yeol. President of KCC Construction Co., Ltd.

See also

• Lee Byung-chul (Founder of Samsung)

Notes and references

1. Made in Korea: Chung Ju Yung and the Rise of Hyundai. By Richard M. Steers. Pg. 1. 1998.
2. "(5) Chung Ju-yung: embodiment of Korea's economic miracle". The Korea Times. 7 September 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
3. Richard M. Steers (1999). Made In Korea: Chung Ju Yung and the rise of Hyundai. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92050-7.
4. Kirk, Donald, 1938- (2015). Korean dynasty : Hyundai and Chung Ju Yung. London: Routledge. ISBN 9781315483191. OCLC 959150941.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
5. Chung ju yung 8 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
6. Autopolis (2011). "1975-1982 Hyundai Pony: An Almost Cinderella Story".
7. Autopolis (2011). "https://autopolis.wordpress.com/2011/05/15/1985-1994-hyundai-excel-the-car-that-launched-a-million-ships/".
8. Amazon (2010). "Korean Founders of Automobile Manufacturers".
9. Brooke, James (7 August 2003). "A Suicide and Uncertainty in Korea". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
10. Cha, Victor D. (2013). The Impossible State: North Korea, Past and Future. Internet Archive. New York: Ecco. pp. 386–387. ISBN 978-0-06-199850-8. LCCN 2012009517. OCLC 1244862785.
11. "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
12. 故 정주영 명예회장 묘소 참배하는 이명박 8 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine; 이제는 새 청사진을 그려야 할 때 5 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine
13. Hyundai's Cornerstone Passes Away; '현대家의 대모' 변중석 여사 영원히 잠들다 8 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine
14. 2,000 Attend Funeral Services for Chung 24 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine
15. "제7회 정주영 창업경진대회". 제7회 정주영 창업경진대회. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
16. 현대차 연구소 간 이낙연 '故 정주영 회장 혜안과 결단, 자동차 한국신화 만들어'. 서울경제 (in Korean). 30 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
17. 저, 정주영. 입이 뜨거워야 성공할 수 있다 (in Korean).
18. Steers, Richard M. (1999). "11: Passing the Torch". Made in Korea: Chung Ju Yung and the Rise of Hyundai. New York, New York: Routledge. pp. 170–182. ISBN 0-415-92050-7.
19. 김태현 (9 June 2014). "[최초공개] 정주영 '숨겨진 여인' 김경희 40년간 감춘 사랑과 증오 1편" [Chung Ju-yung's 'hidden woman': Kim Kyung-hee; 40 years of hidden love and hate, part 1]. 일요신문 (in Korean). Retrieved 5 January 2022.
20. 김태현 (9 June 2014). "[최초공개] 정주영 '숨겨진 여인' 김경희 40년간 감춘 사랑과 증오 2편" [Chung Ju-yung's 'hidden woman': Kim Kyung-hee; 40 years of hidden love and hate, part 2]. 일요신문 (in Korean). Retrieved 5 January 2022.
21. Pollack, Andrew (25 January 1998). "A Korean Giant Spins Out of Control". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
22. "Pioneer in Hyundai Group Chung In-yung dies at 86". Korea JoongAng Daily. 20 July 2006. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
23. Foster-Carter, Aidan (23 May 2005). "Obituary: Chung Se-yung". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
24. Thorpe, Norman (23 May 2005). "Hyundai co-founder Chung Se Yung dies". Automotive News Europe. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
25. Lee, Ho-jeong (30 November 2009). "Blast From the Past #10: Long before the gallop of Equus, Granada was Korea's luxury car". Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
26. "Family Drama". Forbes. 26 April 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2022.

Further reading

• Kirk, Donald (1994). Korean Dynasty: Hyundai and Chung Ju Yung. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 9789627160304.
• Steers, Richard M. (1999). Made in Korea: Chung Ju Yung and the Rise of Hyundai. New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 9780415920506.

External links

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chung Ju-yung.

• (in Korean) Chung Ju-yung
• (in Korean)
• Schuman, Michael . Time.