Korean immigration to Hawaii
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Hawaii has been a notable destination for Korean immigration to the United States since the early 20th century.
Origins edit
The very first large group of Korean immigrants arrived in the United States was in the year 1903 on January 13. The Korean Empire had issued its first English-language passports to these immigrants the previous year.[2] They travelled on the RMS Gaelic and landed in Hawaii. The passengers were a diverse group with various ages and backgrounds. Among the group were fifty-six men recruited as labourers for sugarcane plantations located on various islands in the Territory of Hawaii, as well as twenty-one women and twenty-five children. Within two years of the first arrival of Korean immigrants, the number of Koreans who had migrated to Hawaii had grown to more than 7,000.[3]
Between 1901 and 1905, 7,226 immigrants, including 6,048 men, 637 women, and 541 children, came on 65 trips to Hawaii. Most of the early immigrants of that period had some contracts with American missionaries in Korea. For some Western-oriented Korean intellectuals, immigrating to the United States was considered useful, in part, to help them in the modernization of their homeland. Consequently, the recruiter for laborers for the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association (HSPA), David Deshler, had no trouble finding Koreans from a wide range of social classes willing to sail to Hawaii.[4]
According to Dr. Wayne Patterson during his speech to the Royal Asiatic Society, the transfer of Koreans to Hawaii was against the US Emigration Laws regarding foreign Contract Laborers. Deshler recruited Koreans as strikebreakers because Japanese laborers working in the Hawaiian plantations were on strike against the owners of the plantations. Some of the same American business people who overthrew the Hawaiian Monarchy were in collusion with Dr. Horace Allen and Deshler to conjure up a plan to get away with breaking the US Emigration Laws to deal with Japanese worker's strike problems. Most of the Koreans came to Hawaii from 1903 to 1905 through a money-laundering scam that paid for the boat passengers' fares from Korea to Hawaii, violating the law. In some cases, the Koreans were forced to pay back their fare money to the HSPA.[citation needed]
Subsequent history edit
Within a century the Korean population in America grew rapidly, from roughly seven thousand to about two million.[5]
King Gojong (1852–1919) reigned in Korea at the time of the first migration to America and played a crucial part in the lives of Koreans abroad. Christian missionaries had found their way to Korea during King Gojong's reign. By the 1890s, American missionaries were the most influential in spreading Christianity in Korea. Dr. Horace Allen, missionary-turned-diplomat, was embroiled in Korean politics and in effect was the representative for American trade. The missionaries brought not only Christianity, but also capitalism, Western learning, and Western culture. Many of the immigrants had converted to Christianity.[5]
Protestant evangelism in Korea was predominantly Methodist and Presbyterian. The two Protestant groups decided not to overlap their evangelizing activities. They agreed that the Methodist mission in Hawai'i would minister to the Korean immigrants.[5]
Korea's first formal treaty with America was in May 1882. The treaty was preceded by America's forgotten "little war" of bloody exchanges between the two countries. The little-known episode in American history involved a heavily armed American ship, the Colorado, entering Korean waters and landing its soldiers on Ganghwa Island. A battle ensued in which more than three hundred Koreans and three American soldiers were killed.[5]
The Americans later returned pursuing a treaty, resulting in the Treaty of Amity and Commerce in 1882. Among other things, the treaty contained a provision allowing Korean immigration to America. The first group of immigrants came from Rev. George Heber Jones' Methodist parish in Jemulpo (Inchon).[5]
- Immigrants prior to 1903: Historical statistics of Hawai'i indicate there were sixteen Koreans in the Territory of Hawai'i in 1902. Some are said to have been ginseng merchants in disguise who came using Chinese passports. One of these ginseng merchants was Choo Eun Yang, who came to Hawai'i and transmigrated to San Francisco around 1898. He became active in the Korean community there, became prosperous, and lived to the age of 102. Among other immigrants, Sung Pong Chang worked for the Circuit Court of Hawai'i and for the Honolulu Police Department as an interpreter until he died in 1949.[5]
- Four famous Korean immigrants: Dr. Philip Jaisohn (1866–1951), Dr. Syngman Rhee (1875–1965), Dosan Ahn Chang Ho (1878–1938), and Young Man Pak (1877–1928). See also List of notable Korean Americans in Hawaii.[5]
Legacy edit
On January 13, 2003, George W. Bush made a special proclamation honoring the Centennial of Korean Immigration to the United States, recognizing the contributions of Korean Americans to the nation.
Koreatown edit
Korean businesses congregate on Keeaumoku Street, which earned the nickname "Koreamoku." Although it has not been officially designated as a Koreatown, the Koreatown designation has been considered by the State of Hawaii within the past few years.[6]
Notable Korean Americans in Hawaii edit
- Philip Jaisohn (1866–1951)
- Syngman Rhee (Korean: 이승만; 李承晩) (1875–1965), the first President of South Korea
- Young Man Pak (1877–1928)
- Herbert Young Cho Choy (Korean: 최영조) (1916–2004) was the first Asian American federal judge in the history of the United States, as well as the first person of Korean ancestry to be admitted to practice law in the United States.
- Harry Kim (born 1939) was the mayor of Hawaii County from 2000-2008 and 2016-2020.
- Ronald Moon (Korean: 문대양) (1940–2022) was the Chief Justice of the Hawaii State Supreme Court.
- Sylvia Luke (Korean: 장은정) (born 1967) is the 16th Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii and the first Korean American politician ever elected to a statewide office in the United States.
- Daniel Dae Kim (born 1968) is a Korean American actor, best known for playing Jin-Soo Kwon on the television series Lost and played the role of Chin Ho Kelly on Hawaii Five-0.
- JoAnne S. Bass (born 1974) served as the nineteenth Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force, the first female to hold the highest senior enlisted rank in any United States military branch and the first person of Asian-American descent to hold the highest senior enlisted position in the Air Force.
- Jay Dee "B.J." Penn (born 1978) is a Korean-American professional mixed martial arts (MMA) fighter and Jiu-Jitsu practitioner, former Ultimate Fighting Championship lightweight champion.
- Michelle Sung Wie (/ˈwiː/; Korean: Wie Seong-mi; 위성미; 魏聖美) (born 1989) is a Korean-American professional golfer. In 2006, she was named in a Time magazine article, "one of 100 people who shape our world."
- Bekah (Korean: 베카) (born 1989), member of Korean girl-group After School
- Julie Han (born 2000), member of Korean girl-group Kiss of Life
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ U.S. Census Bureau: QT-P8: Race Reporting for the Asian Population by Selected Categories: 2010
- ^ Choi, Zihn (Winter 2002). (PDF). East Asian Review. 14 (4): 43–71. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 24, 2012. Retrieved August 11, 2012.
- ^ Chang and Patterson 2003, pp. vii-ix
- ^ Chang and Patterson 2003
- ^ a b c d e f g Chang and Patterson 2003, pp. 1-10
- ^ "Options of the Establishment of a Koreatown in the City and County of Honolulu" (PDF). Office of Planning, Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism, State of Hawaii. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
References edit
- Chang, Roberta; Wayne Patterson (2003). The Koreans in Hawaiʻi: A Pictorial History 1903-2003. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-2664-7.