Before 2013, G219 ran from Yecheng (Karghilik) in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region to Lhatse in the Tibet Autonomous Region. It was 2,342 km (1,455 mi) long. This section was completed in September 1957. India disagrees with China over its 180 km (112 mi) territorial footprint in Aksai Chin. During the 1962 war, China defended the road, also pushing its western frontier further west. For the first time after the 1960s, between 2010-2012, China spent ¥3 Billion RMB ($476 million) repaving the Xinjiang section spanning just over 650 km (404 mi). China's 13th (2016–2020) and 14th (2021–2025) five-year plans both included development of the road and connectivity with other roads.
Construction of this road as a gravel road was started in 1951.[1] It is also known as the 'Yehchang–Gartok road', the 'Aksai Chin road',[2] and the 'Sky Road'.[3] About 180 km (112 mi) passes through Aksai Chin.[4]
Through 1950s China planned and constructed a road through its western frontier in Xinjiang and Tibet (Hotan/Rutog).[5][clarification needed] China announced completion of the road in September 1957.[6][7] A number of reasons[weasel words] for building the road has been conceptualized, including cementing China's control over the region.[5][clarification needed] India supposedly[weasel words] learnt of the construction a couple of years[weasel words] after the road construction started.[5] Despite the historic remoteness of the region,[clarification needed] both sides lay claim to the area.[5]
The road entered disputed territory "just east of Sarigh Jilgnang" after which it ran through a number of locations[clarification needed] India recognized as its territory such as Haji Langar, and usage was claimed by India to be in contravention to the Sino-Indian Agreement 1954.[8] The following years saw China repave the road which resulted in localized tension.[5][clarification needed] One of the reasons for the 1962 war was the defence of that road.[9][3][according to whom?] In the defence of the road, China pushed its western frontier further west.[10][according to whom?]
Dispute over the territory persists to the present time.[5] There is a Chinese war memorial on the G219 at Kangxiwar.[11] A number of lateral roads have been constructed with scattered military infrastructure.[11][clarification needed]
Road development
Repaving of the road began in late 2010.[12] By July 2012 and with an expenditure of ¥3 Billion RMB ($476 million), the Xinjiang section spanning just over 650 km (404 mi) was completed.[12] This was the first repaving since the 1960s, according to a Chinese road administration official.[12] The 13th five-year plan of China (2016–2020) further upgraded the road.[13] In 2013 the road was upgraded to asphalt.[4] A number of provincial roads have been and are being developed which exit off from the G219, the G564 and the G365,[14] and the S205, S206, S207.[15] China 14th five-year plan for 2021–2025 further improves connectivity with G219.[16]
Route description
G219 in 2011
G219 elevation profile; Xinjiang line
As one of the highest motorable roads in the world, the breathtaking scenery of Rutog County also ranks as some of the most inhospitable terrain on the planet. Domar township—a town of concrete blocks and nomad tents—is one of the bleakest and most remote outposts of the People's Liberation Army at the edge of the Aksai Chin. Near the town of Mazar many trekkers turn off for both the Karakorum range and K2 base camp. Approaching the Xinjiang border, past the final Tibetan settlement of Tserang Daban is a dangerous 5,050-meter-high pass. Tibetan nomads in the area herd both yaks and two-humped camels. Descending through the western Kunlun Shan, the road crosses additional passes of 4,000 and 3,000 meters, and the final pass offers brilliant views of the Taklamakan Desert far below before descending into the Karakax River basin.
The Chinese government is making efforts to promote tourism along G219.[17][18] There are a number of military check posts along the road.[19]
Kudi Daban is very dangerous, just like the gates of hell; Mazar Daban is very pointy, soaring five thousand and three; Heiqia Daban is very loopy, with ninety-nine bends in the road; Jieshan Daban is very curvy, but breathing now is really hard.
(alternate to last line) Jieshan Daban is very curvy, an extended hand will touch the sky.
Few kilometers south of the border between Xinjiang and Tibet on the G219.
Same mountains as previous image but closer
Heiqiazi Daban (Kirgizjangal Pass) in Kargilik County, Xinjiang
Mazar Pass (Chiragsaldi Pass) in Kargilik County, Xinjiang
New route
The route was expanded in the China National Highway Network Planning (2013–2030) both northward and eastward to span the entire Chinese western and southern border. The new route will measure over 10,000 km (6,214 mi), making it by far the longest National Highway.
The section along the China-Vietnam border is also known as the Yanbian Highway (沿边公路, literally: along the border highway).[22][23]
^"MemCons of Final sessions with the Chinese" (PDF). The White House. 12 August 1971. (PDF) from the original on 16 December 2011 – via National Security Archive's legacy site. Memorandum for: Henry A. Kissinger. From: Winston Lord.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^Arpi, Claude (27 October 2021). "Dark clouds over Himalayas: Analysing China's new Land Border Law and why India needs to be more aggressive". Firstpost. from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
^ abBabones, Salvatore (13 July 2020). "China's Incursions into India Are Really All about Tibet". The National Interest. from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2021. When China and India did go to war in 1962, it was over a road. China began construction of National Highway G219, the Sky Road ...
^ abDuhalde, Marcelo; Wong, Dennis; Lee, Kaliz. "Why did an India-China border clash turn into a deadly scuffle?". South China Morning Post. from the original on 3 July 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
^ abcdefTaillard, Michael (2018). Economics and Modern Warfare: The Invisible Fist of the Market. Springer. pp. 267–268. ISBN978-3-319-92693-3.
^Sinha, Rakesh (18 August 2019). "History Headline: Aksai Chin, from Nehru to Shah". The Indian Express. from the original on 17 August 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
^. The Government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. China Tibet Information Center. 1 November 2007. Archived from the original on 28 May 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^Ministry of External Affairs, India (ed.). Notes, Memoranda and letters Exchanged and Agreements signed between The Governments of India and China 1954 –1959. Government of India Press.
^Wu, Jin; Myers, Steven Lee (18 July 2020). . The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
^Raj, Prakash (10 September 2020). "Why Did China Ramp up Massive Infrastructure Along the LAC?". The Geopolitics. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
^ abBhat, Col Vinayak (29 August 2021). "China constructs new road links to Ladakh on stretch that sparked 1962 war". India Today. from the original on 29 August 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
^ abcKrishnan, Ananth (11 July 2012). "China spruces up highway through Aksai Chin". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
^Desai, Suyash (November 2021). "Infrastructure Development in Tibet and its Implications for India". Jamestown Foundation's China Brief (Volume 21 Issue 22). from the original on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021 – via Takshashila Institution.
^Arpi, Claude (26 January 2017). "Smell the coffee along the China border". The Pioneer. from the original on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
^"S207 Provincial Route". www.dangerousroads.org. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
^Krishnan, Ananth (11 March 2021). "China's new Five-Year Plan outlines push for key strategic projects". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
^"Tibet makes strong tourism recovery". China.org.cn. 24 December 2020. from the original on 25 December 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
^"Ultimate Guide to Lhasa Kailash Kashgar Overland Tour via Xinjiang Tibet Highway". Tibet Travel Blog. 6 February 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
^Master, Farah (29 October 2010). "China Motorcycle Diaries: altitude sickness at 5000m". Reuters. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
^杨芳秀 (May 2019). "一次震撼心灵的雪山之行" [A trip to the snow-capped mountains that shocked the soul]. The Press (in Chinese). People's Daily. ISSN 0257-5930. from the original on 1 December 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2020. 常年往来于这条路上的官兵，编了一句顺口溜来形容路上的艰辛："库地达坂险，犹似鬼门关；麻扎达坂尖，陡升五千三；黑卡达坂旋，九十九道弯；界山达坂弯，喘气真是难。
^流年. 鬼藏人 [Ghost Tibetan] (in Chinese). 知識屋. p. 1051.
^通讯员 窦海蓉 李岩旺 (21 April 2020). "国道G219线南撒至岗莫标山建设项目稳步推进" [The construction project of National Highway G219 from Nansa to Gangmobiaoshan is progressing steadily]. m.yunnan.cn.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
"China National Highway 219, one of the highest roads on Earth". www.dangerousroads.org. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
Arpi, Claude (13 January 2021). "The Most Serious Strategic Development on Indian Frontiers". Retrieved 23 December 2021 – via Indian Defence Review.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Huttenback, R. A. (1964). "A Historical Note on the Sino-Indian Dispute over the Aksai Chin". The China Quarterly. 18 (18): 201–207. doi:10.1017/S0305741000041977. ISSN 0305-7410. JSTOR 3082130. S2CID 155074304.
Media related to China National Highway 219 at Wikimedia Commons
Works related to 国家公路网规划（2013年－2030年） at Wikisource
The Highway 219 from Yecheng over Western Tibet to Kathmandu Description and profile of the route.
From Kashgar to Lhassa Photos along highway 219 (text in French).
Some photos along the Highway 219
A detailed description of a bicycle ride along highway 219 with many photos
Photographs of a 2018 trip along G219
April 25, 2023
china, national, highway, this, article, uses, bare, urls, which, uninformative, vulnerable, link, please, consider, converting, them, full, citations, ensure, article, remains, verifiable, maintains, consistent, citation, style, several, templates, tools, ava. This article uses bare URLs which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting such as Reflinks documentation reFill documentation and Citation bot documentation August 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message China National Highway 219 G219 Chinese Guodao219 is a highway which runs along the entire western and southern border of the People s Republic of China from Kom Kanas Mongolian ethnic township in Xinjiang to Dongxing in Guangxi At over 10 000 kilometres 6 214 mi long it is part of the China National Highway Network Planning 2013 2030 and once completed it will be the longest National Highway National Highway 219219国道Route informationLength10 000 km 6 200 mi 2 342 km 1 455 mi until 2013 Proposed length is over 10 000 km 6 214 mi according to a 2013 2030 government planExisted1955 presentMajor junctionsnorth west endKom Kanas Mongolian Ethnic Townshipsouth east endDongxingLocationCountryChinaHighway systemNational Trunk Highway SystemPrimary Auxiliary G218 G220Before 2013 G219 ran from Yecheng Karghilik in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region to Lhatse in the Tibet Autonomous Region It was 2 342 km 1 455 mi long This section was completed in September 1957 India disagrees with China over its 180 km 112 mi territorial footprint in Aksai Chin During the 1962 war China defended the road also pushing its western frontier further west For the first time after the 1960s between 2010 2012 China spent 3 Billion RMB 476 million repaving the Xinjiang section spanning just over 650 km 404 mi China s 13th 2016 2020 and 14th 2021 2025 five year plans both included development of the road and connectivity with other roads Contents 1 Former G219 1 1 Xinjiang Tibet road Aksai Chin 1 2 Road development 1 3 Route description 1 4 Route and distance 1 5 Mountain Passes Rhyme 1 6 Gallery 2 New route 2 1 Route table 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksFormer G219 EditConstruction of this road as a gravel road was started in 1951 1 It is also known as the Yehchang Gartok road the Aksai Chin road 2 and the Sky Road 3 About 180 km 112 mi passes through Aksai Chin 4 Xinjiang Tibet road Aksai Chin Edit This section contains weasel words vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information Such statements should be clarified or removed July 2022 Alignment of the 1957 Xinjiang Tibet road Through 1950s China planned and constructed a road through its western frontier in Xinjiang and Tibet Hotan Rutog 5 clarification needed China announced completion of the road in September 1957 6 7 A number of reasons weasel words for building the road has been conceptualized including cementing China s control over the region 5 clarification needed India supposedly weasel words learnt of the construction a couple of years weasel words after the road construction started 5 Despite the historic remoteness of the region clarification needed both sides lay claim to the area 5 The road entered disputed territory just east of Sarigh Jilgnang after which it ran through a number of locations clarification needed India recognized as its territory such as Haji Langar and usage was claimed by India to be in contravention to the Sino Indian Agreement 1954 8 The following years saw China repave the road which resulted in localized tension 5 clarification needed One of the reasons for the 1962 war was the defence of that road 9 3 according to whom In the defence of the road China pushed its western frontier further west 10 according to whom Dispute over the territory persists to the present time 5 There is a Chinese war memorial on the G219 at Kangxiwar 11 A number of lateral roads have been constructed with scattered military infrastructure 11 clarification needed Road development Edit Repaving of the road began in late 2010 12 By July 2012 and with an expenditure of 3 Billion RMB 476 million the Xinjiang section spanning just over 650 km 404 mi was completed 12 This was the first repaving since the 1960s according to a Chinese road administration official 12 The 13th five year plan of China 2016 2020 further upgraded the road 13 In 2013 the road was upgraded to asphalt 4 A number of provincial roads have been and are being developed which exit off from the G219 the G564 and the G365 14 and the S205 S206 S207 15 China 14th five year plan for 2021 2025 further improves connectivity with G219 16 Route description Edit G219 in 2011 G219 elevation profile Xinjiang line As one of the highest motorable roads in the world the breathtaking scenery of Rutog County also ranks as some of the most inhospitable terrain on the planet Domar township a town of concrete blocks and nomad tents is one of the bleakest and most remote outposts of the People s Liberation Army at the edge of the Aksai Chin Near the town of Mazar many trekkers turn off for both the Karakorum range and K2 base camp Approaching the Xinjiang border past the final Tibetan settlement of Tserang Daban is a dangerous 5 050 meter high pass Tibetan nomads in the area herd both yaks and two humped camels Descending through the western Kunlun Shan the road crosses additional passes of 4 000 and 3 000 meters and the final pass offers brilliant views of the Taklamakan Desert far below before descending into the Karakax River basin The Chinese government is making efforts to promote tourism along G219 17 18 There are a number of military check posts along the road 19 Route and distance Edit Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as KMLProvince Prefecture County Township Village Landmark Coord km mi Xinjiang Kashgar Kargilik Yecheng Boxireke xiang zh 37 52 34 N 77 27 58 E 37 876 N 77 466 E 37 876 77 466 Boxireke xiang 0Kokyar 37 23 38 N 77 10 59 E 37 394 N 77 183 E 37 394 77 183 Kokyar 65 km 40 mi Pusa 37 19 01 N 77 08 42 E 37 317 N 77 145 E 37 317 77 145 Pusa 10 km 6 mi Akemei 37 06 40 N 77 00 36 E 37 111 N 77 010 E 37 111 77 010 Akemei 28 km 17 mi K104 military rest point 37 05 31 N 76 57 58 E 37 092 N 76 966 E 37 092 76 966 K104 military rest point 6 km 4 mi Akazi 37 04 23 N 76 52 44 E 37 073 N 76 879 E 37 073 76 879 Akazi 20 km 12 mi Kudi 36 50 13 N 76 58 52 E 36 837 N 76 981 E 36 837 76 981 Kudi 33 km 21 mi Mazar Pass 36 34 44 N 77 00 11 E 36 579 N 77 003 E 36 579 77 003 Mazar Pass 58 km 36 mi Kirgizjangal Pass 36 24 14 N 77 29 13 E 36 404 N 77 487 E 36 404 77 487 Kirgizjangal Pass 88 km 55 mi Hotan Pishan Xaidulla 36 21 07 N 78 01 37 E 36 352 N 78 027 E 36 352 78 027 Xaidulla 55 km 34 mi Hotan Dahongliutan 35 58 55 N 79 11 17 E 35 982 N 79 188 E 35 982 79 188 Dahongliutan 122 km 76 mi Xinjiang Aksai Chin Entering disputed area 35 55 37 N 79 16 08 E 35 927 N 79 269 E 35 927 79 269 Entering disputed area 10 km 6 mi Tianshuihai 35 17 49 N 79 33 40 E 35 297 N 79 561 E 35 297 79 561 Tianshuihai 102 km 63 mi Leaving disputed area 34 47 06 N 80 06 04 E 34 785 N 80 101 E 34 785 80 101 Leaving disputed area 85 km 53 mi Border between Xinjiang Uyghur AR and Tibet ARTibet Ngari Rutog Risong 33 22 59 N 79 43 44 E 33 383 N 79 729 E 33 383 79 729 Risong Township 265 km 165 mi Gar Sengge Zangbo bridge 32 30 00 N 80 05 31 E 32 500 N 80 092 E 32 500 80 092 Sengge Zangbo bridge 125 km 78 mi Shigatse Zhongba Labrang 29 46 05 N 84 01 55 E 29 768 N 84 032 E 29 768 84 032 Labrang 580 km 360 mi Saga Gya gya 29 19 52 N 85 13 48 E 29 331 N 85 230 E 29 331 85 230 Gya gya 162 km 101 mi Ngamring Gegang 29 16 23 N 87 10 55 E 29 273 N 87 182 E 29 273 87 182 Gegang 241 km 150 mi Lhatse Chawu xiang zh 29 06 32 N 87 34 55 E 29 109 N 87 582 E 29 109 87 582 Chawu xiang 52 km 32 mi Total 2 107 km 1 309 mi Mountain Passes Rhyme Edit The western portion of the highway has numerous notable mountain passes Motorists have invented a rhyme describing those mountain passes 20 21 optional preamble 行车新藏线 不亚蜀道难 库地达坂险 犹似鬼门关 麻扎达坂尖 陡升五千三 黑卡达坂旋 九十九道弯 界山达坂弯 喘气真是难 alternate to last line 界山达坂弯 伸手可摸天 optional preamble Driving the Xinjiang Tibet road no easier than the ancient roads to Sichuan Kudi Daban is very dangerous just like the gates of hell Mazar Daban is very pointy soaring five thousand and three Heiqia Daban is very loopy with ninety nine bends in the road Jieshan Daban is very curvy but breathing now is really hard alternate to last line Jieshan Daban is very curvy an extended hand will touch the sky Gallery Edit G219 in Barga Township Tibet G219 in Burang Tibet Few kilometers south of the border between Xinjiang and Tibet on the G219 Same mountains as previous image but closer Heiqiazi Daban Kirgizjangal Pass in Kargilik County Xinjiang Mazar Pass Chiragsaldi Pass in Kargilik County XinjiangNew route EditThe route was expanded in the China National Highway Network Planning 2013 2030 both northward and eastward to span the entire Chinese western and southern border The new route will measure over 10 000 km 6 214 mi making it by far the longest National Highway The section along the China Vietnam border is also known as the Yanbian Highway 沿边公路 literally along the border highway 22 23 Route table Edit G219 on OpenStreetMap Province Place DistanceXinjiang Kom KanasHabahe KabaJeminay CountyHoboksarYuminBoleWenquan ArixangZhaosuOnsuUqturpanAkqiPeyziwatYopurghaYengisarYarkantPoskamKargilikTibet RutogGarZhongbaSagaGyirongTingriDinggyeGambaLhozhagComaiLhunzeMainlingMedogZayuYunnan GongshanFugongLushuiTengchongLonglingYongdeZhenkangCangyuanXimengMenglianLancangMenghaiJinghongJiangchengLuchunJinpingPingbianMaguanXichouGuangxi PingxiangDongxingSee also EditChina National Highways China National Highway 228 which follows the coastline of China China National Highway 331 which follows the northern border of ChinaReferences Edit MemCons of Final sessions with the Chinese PDF The White House 12 August 1971 Archived PDF from the original on 16 December 2011 via National Security Archive s legacy site Memorandum for Henry A Kissinger From Winston Lord a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint others link Arpi Claude 27 October 2021 Dark clouds over Himalayas Analysing China s new Land Border Law and why India needs to be more aggressive Firstpost Archived from the original on 27 October 2021 Retrieved 23 December 2021 a b Babones Salvatore 13 July 2020 China s Incursions into India Are Really All about Tibet The National Interest Archived from the original on 6 August 2020 Retrieved 23 December 2021 When China and India did go to war in 1962 it was over a road China began construction of National Highway G219 the Sky Road a b Duhalde Marcelo Wong Dennis Lee Kaliz Why did an India China border clash turn into a deadly scuffle South China Morning Post Archived from the original on 3 July 2020 Retrieved 23 December 2021 a b c d e f Taillard Michael 2018 Economics and Modern Warfare The Invisible Fist of the Market Springer pp 267 268 ISBN 978 3 319 92693 3 Sinha Rakesh 18 August 2019 History Headline Aksai Chin from Nehru to Shah The Indian Express Archived from the original on 17 August 2019 Retrieved 23 December 2021 50th anniversary of Xinjiang Tibet Highway marked The Government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region China Tibet Information Center 1 November 2007 Archived from the original on 28 May 2010 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint others link Ministry of External Affairs India ed Notes Memoranda and letters Exchanged and Agreements signed between The Governments of India and China 1954 1959 Government of India Press Wu Jin Myers Steven Lee 18 July 2020 Battle in the Himalayas The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on 1 March 2021 Retrieved 23 December 2021 Raj Prakash 10 September 2020 Why Did China Ramp up Massive Infrastructure Along the LAC The Geopolitics Retrieved 23 December 2021 a b Bhat Col Vinayak 29 August 2021 China constructs new road links to Ladakh on stretch that sparked 1962 war India Today Archived from the original on 29 August 2020 Retrieved 23 December 2021 a b c Krishnan Ananth 11 July 2012 China spruces up highway through Aksai Chin The Hindu ISSN 0971 751X Retrieved 23 December 2021 Desai Suyash November 2021 Infrastructure Development in Tibet and its Implications for India Jamestown Foundation s China Brief Volume 21 Issue 22 Archived from the original on 23 December 2021 Retrieved 23 December 2021 via Takshashila Institution Arpi Claude 26 January 2017 Smell the coffee along the China border The Pioneer Archived from the original on 23 December 2021 Retrieved 23 December 2021 S207 Provincial Route www dangerousroads org Retrieved 23 December 2021 Krishnan Ananth 11 March 2021 China s new Five Year Plan outlines push for key strategic projects The Hindu ISSN 0971 751X Retrieved 23 December 2021 Tibet makes strong tourism recovery China org cn 24 December 2020 Archived from the original on 25 December 2020 Retrieved 23 December 2021 Ultimate Guide to Lhasa Kailash Kashgar Overland Tour via Xinjiang Tibet Highway Tibet Travel Blog 6 February 2018 Retrieved 23 December 2021 Master Farah 29 October 2010 China Motorcycle Diaries altitude sickness at 5000m Reuters Retrieved 23 December 2021 杨芳秀 May 2019 一次震撼心灵的雪山之行 A trip to the snow capped mountains that shocked the soul The Press in Chinese People s Daily ISSN 0257 5930 Archived from the original on 1 December 2019 Retrieved 24 January 2020 常年往来于这条路上的官兵 编了一句顺口溜来形容路上的艰辛 库地达坂险 犹似鬼门关 麻扎达坂尖 陡升五千三 黑卡达坂旋 九十九道弯 界山达坂弯 喘气真是难 流年 鬼藏人 Ghost Tibetan in Chinese 知識屋 p 1051 https www ixigua com i6805841109357429248 通讯员 窦海蓉 李岩旺 21 April 2020 国道G219线南撒至岗莫标山建设项目稳步推进 The construction project of National Highway G219 from Nansa to Gangmobiaoshan is progressing steadily m yunnan cn a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Further reading EditDorje Gyurme 2009 Footprint Tibet Handbook 4th Ed Footprint Handbooks Bath England ISBN 978 1 906098 32 2 China National Highway 219 one of the highest roads on Earth www dangerousroads org Retrieved 23 December 2021 Arpi Claude 13 January 2021 The Most Serious Strategic Development on Indian Frontiers Retrieved 23 December 2021 via Indian Defence Review a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Huttenback R A 1964 A Historical Note on the Sino Indian Dispute over the Aksai Chin The China Quarterly 18 18 201 207 doi 10 1017 S0305741000041977 ISSN 0305 7410 JSTOR 3082130 S2CID 155074304 Dreams of Snow Land Beijing Foreign Languages Press 2005 pp 279 294 ISBN 7 119 03883 4 via Internet Archive External links Edit Media related to China National Highway 219 at Wikimedia Commons Works related to 国家公路网规划 2013年 2030年 at Wikisource Xinjiang Tibet Highway Yecheng Burang The Highway 219 from Yecheng over Western Tibet to Kathmandu Description and profile of the route From Kashgar to Lhassa Photos along highway 219 text in French Some photos along the Highway 219 A detailed description of a bicycle ride along highway 219 with many photos Photographs of a 2018 trip along G219 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title China National Highway 219 amp oldid 1133474606, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
