Chillán
Chillán (Spanish pronunciation: [tʃiˈʝan]) is the capital city of the Ñuble Region in the Diguillín Province of Chile located about 400 km (249 mi) south of the country's capital, Santiago,[5] near the geographical center of the country. It is the capital of the new Ñuble Region since 6 September 2015. Within the city are a railway station, an inter-city bus terminal, an agricultural extension of the University of Concepción, and a regimental military base. The city includes a modern-style enclosed shopping mall in addition to the multi-block open-air street market where fruits, vegetables, crafts and clothing are sold. The nearby mountains are a popular destination for skiing and hot spring bathing.
Chillán | |
|---|---|
Clockwise, from top: Chillán Cathedral, Nelson Oyarzún Arenas Stadium, puente ferroviario de Ñuble, Statue of Bernardo O'Higgins, panoramic view of the city at sunset. | |
Coat of arms Location of the Chillán commune in the Ñuble Region Chillán Location in Chile | |
| Coordinates: 36°36′S 72°07′W / 36.600°S 72.117°WCoordinates: 36°36′S 72°07′W / 36.600°S 72.117°W | |
| Country | Chile |
| Region | Ñuble |
| Province | Diguillín |
| Founded | 1580 |
| Founded by | Martín Ruiz de Gamboa |
| Government | |
| • Type | Municipality |
| • Alcalde | Camilo Benavente (PPD) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 511.2 km2 (197.4 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 124 m (407 ft) |
| Population (2012 Census)[3] | |
| • Total | 174,777 |
| • Density | 340/km2 (890/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 148,015 |
| • Rural | 13,938 |
| Demonym | Chillanejo or Chillanense |
| Sex | |
| • Men | 77,007 |
| • Women | 84,946 |
| Time zone | UTC−4 (CLT) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC−3 (CLST) |
| Postal code | 3780000 |
| Area code | country + city = 56 + 42[4] |
| Climate | Csb |
| Website | Official website (in Spanish) |
Founded by the Spanish in 1580 the city persisted despite numerous attacks by Mapuche, Pehuenches and other tribes in war with Spain. Over time Chillán became an important marketplace where Mapuches, Pehuenches, Mestizos and Criollos met. Many goods from Patagonia and the Argentine Pampas were brought into the market of Chillán across the mountain passes of the area. In the early 19th century the countryside of Chillán was ravaged by the Chilean War of Independence and a subsequent banditry epidemic.[6] In 1939 the city was devastated by a large earthquake prompting the government to initiate an extensive reconstruction program.
History
The zone where Chillán was built was previously inhabited by indigenous people called Chiquillanes.[7]
Chillán was founded in 1580 at the site of Chillán Viejo as San Bartolomé de Chillán by Martín Ruiz de Gamboa,[8] who was campaigning against the local indigenous peoples at the time, but this moniker did not fare well, and was replaced by the current name, which in the local Indian language means "where the Sun is sitting".
During the Mapuche uprising of 1655, the city was besieged by Mapuche warriors.[9] The Spanish defended the city from trenches and a palisade fort.[9][10] Hoping for a miracle, the Spaniards put an image of Mary near the trenches, against which Mapuches are said to have shot arrows.[9] In early March, about one month after the onset of uprising, distress was such that the Spaniards abandoned the city and headed north, escaping the conflict zone.[10] The Real Audiencia of Santiago declared the evacuation an act of cowardice, and prohibited refugees from Chillán to go beyond the Maule River north.[11] As an outbreak of smallpox occurred among the refugees, this was. in effect. a quarantine, as trespassing north was punished with death sentences.[11]
From its foundation, Chillán has been at the heart of Chile's rich agricultural region. It is also in a region of seismic activity, suffering from devastating earthquakes throughout its history; the 1939 Chillán earthquake left over 30,000 dead and mobilized international help.
Chile's founding father, Bernardo O'Higgins, was born in Chillán in 1778. He was the force behind Chile's Independence from Spain, being elected supreme director and declaring independence after the Battle of Chacabuco against the Spaniards in 1817. His later victory at the Maipo battlefield cemented the country's freedom. He died in exile in Peru in 1842.
Climate
Chillán has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csb).[12] Winters are cool but mild, with a July average of 7.9 °C (46.2 °F). Most of the precipitation falls during this time of the year, with May to July being the wettest months, averaging over 200 mm (8 in).[13] Summers, though, are dry and warm, with a January average of 20.1 °C (68.2 °F), and during this time, precipitation is rare, averaging only 2–3 days per month from December to February. Temperatures can occasionally exceed 30 °C (86.0 °F) from October to April. The average annual precipitation is 1,058 mm (42 in), but it is highly variable from year to year, with 1982 being the wettest year at 1,813 mm (71 in) and 1998 being the driest year at only 473 mm (19 in).[13]
| Climate data for Chillan (General Bernardo O'Higgins Airport) 1981–2010, extremes 1952–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 41.5 (106.7) | 39.5 (103.1) | 37.8 (100.0) | 31.8 (89.2) | 27.0 (80.6) | 23.2 (73.8) | 20.4 (68.7) | 25.2 (77.4) | 27.4 (81.3) | 31.4 (88.5) | 33.4 (92.1) | 36.4 (97.5) | 41.5 (106.7) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 29.1 (84.4) | 28.9 (84.0) | 25.8 (78.4) | 20.3 (68.5) | 15.0 (59.0) | 12.3 (54.1) | 12.0 (53.6) | 14.1 (57.4) | 16.8 (62.2) | 19.6 (67.3) | 23.1 (73.6) | 26.7 (80.1) | 20.3 (68.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 20.1 (68.2) | 19.7 (67.5) | 17.4 (63.3) | 13.5 (56.3) | 10.3 (50.5) | 8.6 (47.5) | 7.9 (46.2) | 9.2 (48.6) | 11.0 (51.8) | 13.2 (55.8) | 15.7 (60.3) | 18.4 (65.1) | 13.8 (56.8) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 11.1 (52.0) | 10.5 (50.9) | 9.0 (48.2) | 6.7 (44.1) | 5.6 (42.1) | 4.8 (40.6) | 3.8 (38.8) | 4.4 (39.9) | 5.1 (41.2) | 6.8 (44.2) | 8.3 (46.9) | 10.2 (50.4) | 7.2 (45.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 1.8 (35.2) | 2.0 (35.6) | −1.2 (29.8) | −2.8 (27.0) | −5.2 (22.6) | −6.0 (21.2) | −7.0 (19.4) | −4.6 (23.7) | −3.2 (26.2) | −2.0 (28.4) | 0.8 (33.4) | 0.0 (32.0) | −7.0 (19.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 15.2 (0.60) | 22.8 (0.90) | 24.7 (0.97) | 70.8 (2.79) | 202.9 (7.99) | 227.6 (8.96) | 176.1 (6.93) | 123.4 (4.86) | 82.0 (3.23) | 64.8 (2.55) | 31.9 (1.26) | 16.6 (0.65) | 1,058.8 (41.69) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 1.8 | 1.8 | 3.4 | 6.7 | 12.1 | 14.4 | 13.1 | 11.6 | 8.6 | 7.3 | 3.6 | 2.5 | 86.7 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 50 | 53 | 58 | 68 | 80 | 85 | 83 | 78 | 72 | 67 | 60 | 54 | 67 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 359.6 | 296.6 | 260.4 | 177.0 | 120.9 | 87.0 | 105.4 | 142.6 | 183.0 | 229.4 | 282.0 | 334.8 | 2,578.7 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 11.6 | 10.5 | 8.4 | 5.9 | 3.9 | 2.9 | 3.4 | 4.6 | 6.1 | 7.4 | 9.4 | 10.8 | 7.1 |
| Source 1: Dirección Meteorológica de Chile (humidity 1970–2000)[14][15][13] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: World Meteorological Organization (precipitation days 1981–2010),[16] Universidad de Chile (sunshine hours only)[17] | |||||||||||||
The air in Chillán is the fourth-most polluted in Chile, after Santiago, Temuco, and Concepción. "As in Temuco, the main cause of air pollution in Chillán is the use of wood-burning stoves; about 62% of all households in Chillán use firewood as their main source of heating."[18]
Demographics
According to the 2002 census by the National Statistics Institute, the commune of Chillán spans an area of 511.2 km2 (197 sq mi) and has 161,953 inhabitants (77,007 men and 84,946 women). Of these, 148,015 (91.4%) lived in urban areas and 13,938 (8.6%) in rural areas. The population grew by 8.3% (12,442 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.[3]
The demonym for a person from Chillán, used for more than 400 years by local residents, is Chillanejo, yet this is not found in the Royal Spanish Academy Dictionary, which only recognizes Chillanense.[19]
Notable people
In addition, Chillán has offered a number of artists. A notable example is Claudio Arrau, a pianist. Additionally, Ramón Vinay is the tenor who played Otello in the 1950s, his recording of the role with Toscanini. He was a regular at the New York City Metropolitan Opera, where he sang both tenor and baritone roles. One of his last performances at this house was as the Barber of Seville's Basilio, a bass role. He retired from the stage in 1969.
Other "Chillanejos" include writer Marta Brunet, sculptor Marta Colvin, painter Pacheco Altamirano, and Juan de Dios Aldea, who, however, did not reach the international acclaim achieved by Arrau and Vinay. Super Smash Bros. player Gonzalo "ZeRo" Barrios who had a record-breaking 56-tournament winning streak is also from Chillán.
Administration
As a commune, Chillán is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde, who is directly elected every four years. The 2008-2020 alcalde is Sergio Zarzar Andonie (ILE).[1][2]
Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Chillán is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Carlos Abel Jarpa (PRSD) and Rosauro Martínez (RN) as part of the 41st electoral district, together with Coihueco, Pinto, San Ignacio, El Carmen, Pemuco, Yungay and Chillán Viejo. The commune is represented in the Senate by Victor Pérez Varela (UDI) and Felipe Harboe (PPD) as part of the 13th senatorial constituency (Biobío-Coast).
Transport
The city of Chillán is connected to Chile's capital Santiago by both a modern highway and a rebuilt railway system TerraSur that makes the trip in less than five hours. TerraSur, which terminates in Chillán station, and the Alameda-Temuco train both operate on the railway connecting Chillan with Rancagua and Santiago.
Gallery
Shopping in Chillán
Consistorial Building
Municipal theater
See also
References
- ^ a b c (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 October 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2011.
- ^ a b (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 October 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2011.
- ^ a b c d "National Statistics Institute" (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 September 2010.
- ^ Call prefix for Chillán
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 161.
- ^ Villalobos, Sergio; Silva, Osvaldo; Silva, Fernando; Estelle, Patricio (1974). Historia De Chile (14th ed.). Editorial Universitaria. ISBN 956-11-1163-2, pp. 406–413
- ^ - Chiquillanes, pehuenches y tehuelches, pueblos aborígenes chilenos
- ^ - El destino infausto de una ciudad
- ^ a b c Barros Arana 2000, p. 352.
- ^ a b Barros Arana 2000, p. 357.
- ^ a b Barros Arana 2000, p. 360.
- ^ Kottek, M.; J. Grieser; C. Beck; B. Rudolf; F. Rubel (2006). "World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated" (PDF). Meteorol. Z. 15 (3): 259–263. doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130. Retrieved December 22, 2012.
- ^ a b c (PDF) (in Spanish). Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil. March 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
- ^ "Datos Normales y Promedios Históricos" (in Spanish). Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil. September 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ (in Spanish). Dirección Meteorológica de Chile. Archived from the original on 6 December 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ . World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
- ^ "Tabla 4.6: Medias mensuales de horas de sol diarias extraídas del WRDC ruso (en (hrs./dia))" (PDF). Elementos Para La Creación de Un Manual de Buenas Prácticas Para Instalaciones Solares Térmicas Domiciliarias (in Spanish). Universidad de Chile. September 2007. p. 81. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
- ^ Severe air pollution plagues Chilean cities Friday, June 29th 2007 - 21:00 UTC
- ^ Chillanense - DRAE (Royal Spanish Academy Dictionary)
- Bibliography
- Barros Arana, Diego (2000) [1884]. Historia General de Chile (in Spanish). Vol. IV (2 ed.). Santiago, Chile: Editorial Universitaria. pp. 360–361. ISBN 956-11-1535-2.
External links
- (in Spanish)
- Chillán & Ñuble Fotográfico en Flickr