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Chief Justice of Hungary

January 07, 2023

Not to be confused with the Judge royal.

The chief justice[1][2][3] (Hungarian: királyi személynök,[4] Latin: personalis praesentiae regiae in judiciis locumtenens,[5] German: Königliche Personalis)[1] was the personal legal representative of the King of Hungary, who issued decrees of judicial character on behalf of the monarch authenticated with the royal seal, performed national notarial activities and played an important role in the organisation of lawyers training. Later the chief justice was the head of the Royal Court of Justice (Hungarian: Királyi Ítélőtábla, Latin: Tabula Regia Iudiciaria) and the Tribunal of the Chief Justice (Hungarian: személynöki szék, Latin: sedes personalitia), the highest legal forum of civil cases.

Chief Justice of the
Kingdom of Hungary
ResidenceBuda (1514–1536; 1784–1867)
Pressburg (1536–1784)
AppointerKing of Hungary
PrecursorSecret Chancellor
Formation15th century (1464)
First holderJanus Pannonius
Final holderIstván Melczer
Abolished1867
SuccessionPresident of the Curia Regia

Origins

 
Matthias Corvinus

The office of personalis evolved since the early 15th century within the royal chancellery. In the beginning, the king was represented by the secret chancellor in the judiciary (judge of personal presence).[6] The first known chief justice was Janus Pannonius, a Croato-Hungarian humanist poet who returned to Hungary after finishing studies at the University of Padua in 1458, the coronation year of Matthias Corvinus. Pannonius served as chief justice until 1459, when he was elected as the Bishop of Pécs. Until the 1464 reform, the complete list of chief justices is unknown. It is certain that Albert Vetési, Bishop of Veszprém held the office for a short time around 1460.

From the 1370s, during the reign of Louis I, the lord chancellor also had a judicial function. He became judge of special presence (Latin: specialis presentia regia). This position was held by Roman Catholic prelates, therefore the judicial function was performed by their deputies. Consequently, a dual judicial system existed in the Kingdom of Hungary until the administrative reform of 1464.[7]

Formation

Matthias Corvinus (formally Matthias I), after restoring the Holy Crown of Hungary for 60,000 ducats, was allowed to retain certain Hungarian counties with the title of king and was crowned legitimately on 29 March 1464. After the second and valid coronation, Matthias began to reorganize the administrative and judicial structure.[8] He merged the two courts ("special" and "personal judicatures") and established the institution of chief justice as a full-fledged judge to the head of the Royal Court. The chancellery was also unified and the new office of "lord- and vice-chancellor" lost all of its judicial functions.[7]

The Tribunal of the Chief Justice also established where the so-called "towns of chief justice" (Hungarian: személynöki város) forwarded those appeals concerning litigations. The tribunal chaired by the chief justice functioned as appellate court for the "towns of treasurer" (Hungarian: tárnoki város) too. According to the Tripartitum (1514) five settlements were towns of chief justice: Székesfehérvár, Esztergom, Lőcse (Levoča), Kisszeben (Sabinov) and Szakolca (Skalica). The status meant some independence, so was sought after by the towns. The Quadripartitum (1551), which never came to force, also mentions the seven mining towns of Upper Hungary as towns of chief justice.

Functions and development

The Act LXVIII of 1486 listed the chief justice among the "ordinary judges" beside the palatine and the judge royal. The chief justice also served as keeper of the monarch's judicial seal. In contrast, the secret chancellor assumed his role in the arbitration only on special occasions. The ordinary judges were able to make judgements on any matter and also could appoint deputies and masters of judgement. In practice, this meant that the judicial power decoupled itself from the executive branch (the king). The Act XLII of 1492 (during the reign of Vladislaus II) also confirmed these authorities.[6]

 
István Melczer, the last chief justice of Hungary (1861–1867)

During the first decades the position was held by ecclesiastical dignitaries. Thomas Drági was the first secular office-holder between 1486 and 1490. There had been a growing demand to fill the position by secular jurists and professionals on a permanent basis. That finally occurred at the beginning of the 16th century when the Act IV of 1507 decreed that the office must be occupied by a secular person with legal practice.[6] Despite the new law the influential and powerful cardinal Tamás Bakócz chose his prelate relatives for the office. The importance of the office of chief justice was made clear when Buda became the permanent residence of the Tribunal of the Chief Justice. The Act LV of 1514 also emphasized the appointment of secular office-holders. After that the secular and ecclesiastical elite agreed with each other and István Werbőczy, creator of the Tripartitum was appointed later in 1516.[9]

After the battle of Mohács (1526) the reigning chief justice Miklós Thuróczy swore allegiance to Ferdinand I. As a result, the other elected king, John Zápolya also appointed a chief justice for his own royal court in the person of Benedek Bekényi.[6]

 
Diet of Hungary (1830)

Charles III divided the Curia Regia into two courts in 1723: the Tabula Septemviralis (Court of the seven) and the Tabula Regia Iudiciaria (Royal Court of Justice). The latter functioned under the direction of the chief justice, in the case of prevention, of the elder Baron Court. The Tabula Regia Iudiciaria was constituted of two prelates, two Barons of the Court, two deputy judge advocates of the Kingdom: the vice Palatine, the deputy judge advocate of the Curia Regia, four protonotars, four assessors of the Kingdom, four assessors of the archdiocese, four adjunctive assessors.[5]

The chief justice also had a political function: he became speaker of the occasionally convened lower house of the Diet of Hungary. During the Habsburg-dominated kingdom a customary law emerged whereby jurists to the office of chief justice were chosen from the lesser nobility, however later sometimes aristocrats were also appointed to that position. The Tribunal of the Chief Justice was one of the positions used for the development, patronage and rise of a new aristocracy which was loyal to the House of Habsburg. For the new "official nobility" the position of chief justice was the springboard to obtain higher positions (mostly judge royal, president of the Hungarian Court Chamber, vice-chancellor).[5]

János Zarka opened and presided over the last feudal Diet of 1848. During the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 the position became vacant. After the defeat of the War of Independence Francis Joseph I applied neo-absolutist governance ("Bach system") and integrated the Kingdom of Hungary to the Habsburg Empire. Due to the fall of the Bach system in 1861, the position of chief justice, among others, was revived again and István Melczer took the office. According to the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 the judicial system had been converted and modernized; the chief justice lost all of its features and the position was officially discontinued.

List of known chief justices

Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1538)

Term Portrait Incumbent Monarch Notes Source
1458   Janus Pannonius
(John Csezmicei) 		Matthias Corvinus humanist poet; later bishop of Pécs (1459–1472) [10][11]
1458–1459   Albert Vetési Matthias Corvinus from the gens Kaplon; also vice-chancellor (1458), secret chancellor (1458–1459), bishop of Veszprém (1458–1486) [11][12][13]
1459–1464   Nicholas Bodó Matthias Corvinus personalis presentia [11]
1464–1465   Albert Hangácsi Matthias Corvinus 1464 judicial and administrative reform; also bishop of Csanád (1457–1466) [14]
1465–1466   Stephen Matthias Corvinus first term; provost of Kalocsa [14][15]
1468–1470   Gabriel Matucsinai Matthias Corvinus also vice-chancellor (1468–1471), later archbishop of Kalocsa and lord chancellor (1471–1478) [14][16][17][18]
1470–1472   Stephen Matthias Corvinus second term [14][19]
1472–1483   Ladislaus Karai Matthias Corvinus provost of Buda; also vice-chancellor (1471–1476); patron of András Hess (Chronica Hungarorum); resigned due to illness [15][20]
1483–1484   Peter Váradi Matthias Corvinus also lord and secret chancellor (1480–1484), archbishop of Kalocsa (1480–1501); imprisoned [21][22]
1485–1486   Lucas Apáti Matthias Corvinus provost of Eger [6][23]
1486   John Filipec Matthias Corvinus Czech: Jan Filipec z Prostějova; also bishop of Olomouc (1484–1490) [24][25]
1486–1490   Thomas Drági Matthias Corvinus first secular chief justice;[26] Drági Compendium [17][23][27]
1490–1494   Stephanus Crispus
(Stephen Fodor) 		Vladislaus II nephew of Urban Nagylucsei; also bishop of Syrmia (1490–1494) [27][28][29]
1495–1501   Domokos Kálmáncsehi Vladislaus II also bishop of Várad (1495–1501); Breviarium (1481) [15][30]
1502–1503   Lucas Szegedi Vladislaus II bishop of Bosnia (1490–1493), treasurer (1490–1492), bishop of Zagreb (1500–1510) [31][32]
1503–1512   István Erdődy Vladislaus II brother of Tamás Bakócz; remained in office despite Act IV of 1507; also bishop of Syrmia (1503–1505) and bishop of Nyitra (1505–1512) [9][27]
1513–1514   János Erdődy Vladislaus II nephew of Tamás Bakócz; appointed despite Act IV of 1507; also bishop of Zagreb (1512–1518); resigned [9][27][33]
1516–1525   István Werbőczy Louis II creator of the Tripartitum (1514); later palatine (1525–1526), chancellor for John I (1526–1540) [9][34]
1525–1527   Miklós Thuróczy Louis II
Ferdinand I
John I 		also master of judgement for judge royal (1525–1527); he supported Ferdinand I after the battle of Mohács (1526) [4][35]

Hungarian Civil War (1526–1538)

For Ferdinand I
Term Portrait Incumbent Notes Source
1527   Pál Várdai also archbishop of Esztergom and lord chancellor (1526–1549), later royal governor (1542–1549) [36]
1527–1542   Ferenc Révay also ispán of Turóc County (1532–1553), later palatinal governor (1542–1553) [4][37]
For John I
Term Portrait Incumbent Notes Source
1526–1537   Benedek Bekényi or Bekény; appointed after the battle of Mohács [4][6]
1539   Szaniszló Várallyai later bishop of Pécs and ispán of Baranya County (1541–1548); the Ottomans occupied Pécs and Baranya during his reign (1543) [4][35]

Kingdom of Hungary (1538–1867)

16–17th century

Term Portrait Incumbent Monarch Notes Source
1542–1544 Vacancy [4]
1544–1562   Mihály Mérey Ferdinand I later palatinal governor (1562–1572); creator of the Quadripartitum (1551) [4][38]
1562–1570   János Zomor Ferdinand I
Maximilian 		[4][39]
1570–1571   Damján Aranyáni Maximilian [4][6]
1572–1585   András Vitál Maximilian
Rudolf 		master of judgement for palatine (1569–1572) [4][35]
1585–1587 Vacancy [4]
1587–1603   János Joó Rudolf dismissed due to his involvement in the show trial against István Illésházy (1603) [4][15]
1604–1616   János Lippay Rudolf
Matthias II 		one of the signatories of the treaty of Vienna (1606) [4][40]
1617–1625   Benedek Pákay Matthias II
Ferdinand II 		also a royal councillor (1625) [4][41]
1625–1627   Mózes Cziráky Ferdinand II [4][6]
1627–1628   István Patachich Ferdinand II also acting ban of Croatia (1626–1627) [4][41]
1629–1630   Gáspár Tersztyánszky Ferdinand II [4][35]
1631–1649   Tamás Mikulich Ferdinand II
Ferdinand III 		[4][41]
1650–1665   György Orossy Ferdinand III
Leopold I 		also a royal councillor (1650–1665) [4][41]
1665–1666   Gáspár Heölgyi Leopold I converted to Roman Catholicism; his widow later married chief justice Esterházy [4][42]
1666–1667   János Szakmárdy Leopold I also master of judgement for Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, vice-ispán of Varaždin County, royal councillor (1666–1667) [4][31]
1667–1670   Farkas Esterházy Leopold I from the House of Esterházy; member of the committee which investigated the Wesselényi conspiracy (1670) [4][27]
1670–1677   János Majthényi Leopold I [4][43]
1677–1679 Vacancy [4]
1679–1693   István Orbán Leopold I also member of the Gubernium (1681–1693) [4][41]
1693–1699   János Maholányi Leopold I also master of judgement for chief justice (1695–1699) [40][44]

18–19th century

Term Portrait Incumbent Monarch Notes Source
1699–1705   Ferenc Klobusiczky Leopold I also ispán of Arad (1699–1702) and Sáros Counties (1701–1708); he joined Kuruc during the Rákóczi's War of Independence (1705) [40][44]
1705–1707   Leopold Karl von Kollonitsch Joseph I also archbishop of Esztergom and lord chancellor (1695–1707); leading figure of the Hungarian counter-reformation [45]
1708–1723   János Horváth-Simonchich Joseph I
Charles III 		[42][44]
1723   László Hunyady Charles III also titular counselor for chancellery (1722–1723); died before taking office [15][44]
1724–1731   György Száraz Charles III [31][44]
1731–1748   Antal Grassalkovich Charles III
Maria Theresa 		confidant of Maria Theresa; also ispán of Arad County (1744–1751); created baron (1736) and count (1743); appointed president of the Hungarian Court Chamber (1748) [42][44]
1748–1762   György Fekete Maria Theresa also ispán of Arad and Zaránd Counties (1751–1788); created count (1758); appointed vice-chancellor (1762), later judge royal (1773) [44][46]
1762–1765   Ferenc Koller Maria Theresa also ispán of Bars County (1759–1787); dismissed [40][44]
1765–1779   Jakab Szvetics Maria Theresa [35][44]
1779–1789   Péter Végh Maria Theresa
Joseph II 		also ispán of Baranya County (1782–1792); appointed master of the treasury (1789), later judge royal (1795) [44][47]
1789–1795   József Ürményi Joseph II
Leopold II
Francis 		also ispán of Bács County (1790–1802); later appointed governor of Galicia (1801), judge royal (1806); Ratio Educationis (1777) [44][48]
1795–1801   József Felsőbüki Nagy Francis speaker of the Diet of 1796 [41][44]
1802–1808   András Semsey Francis also ispán of Ugocsa (1803–1807) and Abaúj Counties (1807–1814); appointed president of the Hungarian Court Chamber (1808) [41][44]
1808   István Aczél Francis dismissed due to heavy resistance against his operation; appointed vice-chancellor (1808) [6][44]
1808–1821   György Majláth, Sr. Francis Jesuit cleric (1767–1773); also ispán of Tolna County (1811–1821) [43][44]
1821–1825   Zsigmond Szőgyény Francis father of László Szőgyény-Marich, Sr.; appointed vice-chancellor (1825) [31][44]
1825–1831   György Majláth, Jr. Francis son of György Majláth, Sr.; also ispán of Hont County (1828–1843), later judge royal (1839–1848), speaker of the House of Magnates and royal governor (1848) [44][49]
1831–1833   Sándor Mérey Francis also ispán of Somogy County (1831–1845) [41][44]
1833–1839   Pongrác Somssich Francis
Ferdinand V 		also ispán of Baranya County (1835–1846) [31][44]
1839–1847   István Szerencsy Ferdinand V also ispán of Arad County (1836–1842); appointed master of the cupbearers (1847) [31][44]
1847–1848   János Zarka Ferdinand V speaker of the Diet of 1848 [35]
1848–1861 Vacancy during the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and after its suppression
1861–1867   István Melczer Francis Joseph I last chief justice of the Kingdom of Hungary [43]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b Fallenbüchl 1988, p. 147.
  2. ^ Szende 1999, p. 448.
  3. ^ Gergely 2000, pp. 133–134.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Fallenbüchl 1988, p. 107.
  5. ^ a b c Fallenbüchl 1988, p. 29.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Markó 2006, p. 336.
  7. ^ a b Bertényi 1996.
  8. ^ Kubinyi 2004, p. 40.
  9. ^ a b c d Fraknói 1899.
  10. ^ Markó 2006, p. 444.
  11. ^ a b c Bónis 1971, table VI.
  12. ^ Markó 2006, p. 333.
  13. ^ Kubinyi 2000, p. 12.
  14. ^ a b c d Kubinyi 2004, p. 32.
  15. ^ a b c d e Markó 2006, p. 339.
  16. ^ Markó 2006, p. 319.
  17. ^ a b Kubinyi 2000, p. 19.
  18. ^ Bónis 1971, p. 254.
  19. ^ Bónis 1971, pp. 225–226.
  20. ^ Véber 2009, p. 26.
  21. ^ Véber 2009, p. 34.
  22. ^ Markó 2006, p. 332.
  23. ^ a b Véber 2009, p. 68.
  24. ^ Markó 2006, p. 309.
  25. ^ Bónis 1971, p. 19.
  26. ^ Matucsinai was also secular when he held the office of chief justice, however later became a Roman Catholic prelate. Kubinyi 2000, p. 19.
  27. ^ a b c d e Markó 2006, p. 337.
  28. ^ Véber 2009, p. 102.
  29. ^ Bónis 1971, p. 334.
  30. ^ Kubinyi 1957, p. 30.
  31. ^ a b c d e f Markó 2006, p. 343.
  32. ^ Kubinyi 1957, p. 32.
  33. ^ Bónis 1971, pp. 319–320.
  34. ^ Markó 2006, p. 259.
  35. ^ a b c d e f Markó 2006, p. 344.
  36. ^ Markó 2006, p. 257.
  37. ^ Markó 2006, p. 250.
  38. ^ Markó 2006, p. 240.
  39. ^ Markó 2006, p. 345.
  40. ^ a b c d Markó 2006, p. 340.
  41. ^ a b c d e f g h Markó 2006, p. 342.
  42. ^ a b c Markó 2006, p. 338.
  43. ^ a b c Markó 2006, p. 341.
  44. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Fallenbüchl 1988, p. 108.
  45. ^ Markó 2006, p. 316.
  46. ^ Markó 2006, p. 280.
  47. ^ Markó 2006, p. 297.
  48. ^ Markó 2006, p. 296.
  49. ^ Markó 2006, p. 285–286.

References

  • (in Hungarian) Bertényi, Iván (1996). A magyar királyi udvar tisztségviselői a középkorban ("Officials of the Hungarian royal court in the Middle Ages"). Rubicon, 1996/1–2.
  • (in Hungarian) Bónis, György (1971). A jogtudó értelmiség a Mohács előtti Magyarországon ("Hungarian intelligentsia having legal expertise in the period before the battle of Mohács"). Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest.
  • (in Hungarian) Fraknói, Vilmos (1899). Werbőczi István (1458–1541). Magyar Történeti Életrajzok, Magyar Történelmi Társulat, Budapest.
  • Gergely, András (2000). The Hungarian State.Thousand years in Europe. Korona Publishing House, Budapest.
  • (in Hungarian and German) Fallenbüchl, Zoltán (1988). Magyarország főméltóságai ("High Dignitaries in Hungary"). Maecenas Könyvkiadó. ISBN 963-02-5536-7.
  • (in Hungarian) Horváth, Gyula Csaba (2011): A 18. századi magyar főméltóságok családi kapcsolati hálózata.
  • (in Hungarian) Kubinyi, András (1957). "A kincstári személyzet a XV. század második felében." Tanulmányok Budapest Múltjából. Vol. 12. (1957). 25–49.
  • (in Hungarian) Kubinyi, András (2000). "Vitéz János és Janus Pannonius politikája Mátyás uralkodása idején" ("The Politics of János Vitéz and Janus Pannonius During the Reign of King Matthias"). In: Bartók, István – Jankovits, László – Kecskeméti, Gábor (ed.). Humanista műveltség Pannóniában. Művészetek Háza, University of Pécs.
  • (in Hungarian) Kubinyi, András (2004). "Adatok a Mátyás-kori királyi kancellária és az 1464. évi kancelláriai reform történetéhez." Publicationes Universitatis Miskolciensis Sectio Philosophica. Vol. 9. No. 1. (2004). 25–58.
  • (in Hungarian) Markó, László (2006). A magyar állam főméltóságai Szent Istvántól napjainkig: Életrajzi Lexikon ("Great Officers of State in Hungary from King Saint Stephen to Our Days: A Biographical Encyclopedia"). 2nd edition, Helikon Kiadó. ISBN 963-547-085-1
  • Szende, Katalin (1999). "Was there a bourgeoisie in medieval Hungary?" In: Nagy, Balázs – Sebők, Marcell (ed.). ... The Man of Many Devices, Who Wandered Full Many Ways... Central European University Press. ISBN 963-9116-67-X Cloth.
  • (in Hungarian) Véber, János (2009). Két korszak határán, Váradi Péter pályaképe és írói életműve. Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Ph.D. thesis.

Laws and rules

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chief Justices of Hungary.
  • (in Hungarian) 1486. évi LXVIII. törvénycikk
  • (in Hungarian) 1492. évi XLII. törvénycikk
  • (in Hungarian) 1507. évi IV. törvénycikk
  • (in Hungarian) 1514. évi LV. törvénycikk
  • (in Hungarian) 1608. évi (k. e.) III. törvénycikk
  • (in Hungarian) 1609. évi LXX. törvénycikk
  • (in Hungarian) 1751. évi VI. törvénycikk
  • (in Hungarian) 1764/65. évi V. törvénycikk

External links

  • National Archives of Hungary (MOL) – Judicial Archives (13th century – 1869)

January 07, 2023
chief, justice, hungary, confused, with, judge, royal, chief, justice, hungarian, királyi, személynök, latin, personalis, praesentiae, regiae, judiciis, locumtenens, german, königliche, personalis, personal, legal, representative, king, hungary, issued, decree. Not to be confused with the Judge royal The chief justice 1 2 3 Hungarian kiralyi szemelynok 4 Latin personalis praesentiae regiae in judiciis locumtenens 5 German Konigliche Personalis 1 was the personal legal representative of the King of Hungary who issued decrees of judicial character on behalf of the monarch authenticated with the royal seal performed national notarial activities and played an important role in the organisation of lawyers training Later the chief justice was the head of the Royal Court of Justice Hungarian Kiralyi Itelotabla Latin Tabula Regia Iudiciaria and the Tribunal of the Chief Justice Hungarian szemelynoki szek Latin sedes personalitia the highest legal forum of civil cases Chief Justice of theKingdom of HungaryResidenceBuda 1514 1536 1784 1867 Pressburg 1536 1784 AppointerKing of HungaryPrecursorSecret ChancellorFormation15th century 1464 First holderJanus PannoniusFinal holderIstvan MelczerAbolished1867SuccessionPresident of the Curia Regia Contents 1 Origins 1 1 Formation 2 Functions and development 3 List of known chief justices 3 1 Kingdom of Hungary 1000 1538 3 1 1 Hungarian Civil War 1526 1538 3 1 1 1 For Ferdinand I 3 1 1 2 For John I 3 2 Kingdom of Hungary 1538 1867 3 2 1 16 17th century 3 2 2 18 19th century 4 See also 5 Footnotes 6 References 6 1 Laws and rules 7 External linksOrigins Edit Matthias Corvinus The office of personalis evolved since the early 15th century within the royal chancellery In the beginning the king was represented by the secret chancellor in the judiciary judge of personal presence 6 The first known chief justice was Janus Pannonius a Croato Hungarian humanist poet who returned to Hungary after finishing studies at the University of Padua in 1458 the coronation year of Matthias Corvinus Pannonius served as chief justice until 1459 when he was elected as the Bishop of Pecs Until the 1464 reform the complete list of chief justices is unknown It is certain that Albert Vetesi Bishop of Veszprem held the office for a short time around 1460 From the 1370s during the reign of Louis I the lord chancellor also had a judicial function He became judge of special presence Latin specialis presentia regia This position was held by Roman Catholic prelates therefore the judicial function was performed by their deputies Consequently a dual judicial system existed in the Kingdom of Hungary until the administrative reform of 1464 7 Formation Edit Matthias Corvinus formally Matthias I after restoring the Holy Crown of Hungary for 60 000 ducats was allowed to retain certain Hungarian counties with the title of king and was crowned legitimately on 29 March 1464 After the second and valid coronation Matthias began to reorganize the administrative and judicial structure 8 He merged the two courts special and personal judicatures and established the institution of chief justice as a full fledged judge to the head of the Royal Court The chancellery was also unified and the new office of lord and vice chancellor lost all of its judicial functions 7 The Tribunal of the Chief Justice also established where the so called towns of chief justice Hungarian szemelynoki varos forwarded those appeals concerning litigations The tribunal chaired by the chief justice functioned as appellate court for the towns of treasurer Hungarian tarnoki varos too According to the Tripartitum 1514 five settlements were towns of chief justice Szekesfehervar Esztergom Locse Levoca Kisszeben Sabinov and Szakolca Skalica The status meant some independence so was sought after by the towns The Quadripartitum 1551 which never came to force also mentions the seven mining towns of Upper Hungary as towns of chief justice Functions and development EditThe Act LXVIII of 1486 listed the chief justice among the ordinary judges beside the palatine and the judge royal The chief justice also served as keeper of the monarch s judicial seal In contrast the secret chancellor assumed his role in the arbitration only on special occasions The ordinary judges were able to make judgements on any matter and also could appoint deputies and masters of judgement In practice this meant that the judicial power decoupled itself from the executive branch the king The Act XLII of 1492 during the reign of Vladislaus II also confirmed these authorities 6 Istvan Melczer the last chief justice of Hungary 1861 1867 During the first decades the position was held by ecclesiastical dignitaries Thomas Dragi was the first secular office holder between 1486 and 1490 There had been a growing demand to fill the position by secular jurists and professionals on a permanent basis That finally occurred at the beginning of the 16th century when the Act IV of 1507 decreed that the office must be occupied by a secular person with legal practice 6 Despite the new law the influential and powerful cardinal Tamas Bakocz chose his prelate relatives for the office The importance of the office of chief justice was made clear when Buda became the permanent residence of the Tribunal of the Chief Justice The Act LV of 1514 also emphasized the appointment of secular office holders After that the secular and ecclesiastical elite agreed with each other and Istvan Werboczy creator of the Tripartitum was appointed later in 1516 9 After the battle of Mohacs 1526 the reigning chief justice Miklos Thuroczy swore allegiance to Ferdinand I As a result the other elected king John Zapolya also appointed a chief justice for his own royal court in the person of Benedek Bekenyi 6 Diet of Hungary 1830 Charles III divided the Curia Regia into two courts in 1723 the Tabula Septemviralis Court of the seven and the Tabula Regia Iudiciaria Royal Court of Justice The latter functioned under the direction of the chief justice in the case of prevention of the elder Baron Court The Tabula Regia Iudiciaria was constituted of two prelates two Barons of the Court two deputy judge advocates of the Kingdom the vice Palatine the deputy judge advocate of the Curia Regia four protonotars four assessors of the Kingdom four assessors of the archdiocese four adjunctive assessors 5 The chief justice also had a political function he became speaker of the occasionally convened lower house of the Diet of Hungary During the Habsburg dominated kingdom a customary law emerged whereby jurists to the office of chief justice were chosen from the lesser nobility however later sometimes aristocrats were also appointed to that position The Tribunal of the Chief Justice was one of the positions used for the development patronage and rise of a new aristocracy which was loyal to the House of Habsburg For the new official nobility the position of chief justice was the springboard to obtain higher positions mostly judge royal president of the Hungarian Court Chamber vice chancellor 5 Janos Zarka opened and presided over the last feudal Diet of 1848 During the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 the position became vacant After the defeat of the War of Independence Francis Joseph I applied neo absolutist governance Bach system and integrated the Kingdom of Hungary to the Habsburg Empire Due to the fall of the Bach system in 1861 the position of chief justice among others was revived again and Istvan Melczer took the office According to the Austro Hungarian Compromise of 1867 the judicial system had been converted and modernized the chief justice lost all of its features and the position was officially discontinued List of known chief justices EditKingdom of Hungary 1000 1538 Edit Term Portrait Incumbent Monarch Notes Source1458 Janus Pannonius John Csezmicei Matthias Corvinus humanist poet later bishop of Pecs 1459 1472 10 11 1458 1459 Albert Vetesi Matthias Corvinus from the gens Kaplon also vice chancellor 1458 secret chancellor 1458 1459 bishop of Veszprem 1458 1486 11 12 13 1459 1464 Nicholas Bodo Matthias Corvinus personalis presentia 11 1464 1465 Albert Hangacsi Matthias Corvinus 1464 judicial and administrative reform also bishop of Csanad 1457 1466 14 1465 1466 Stephen Matthias Corvinus first term provost of Kalocsa 14 15 1468 1470 Gabriel Matucsinai Matthias Corvinus also vice chancellor 1468 1471 later archbishop of Kalocsa and lord chancellor 1471 1478 14 16 17 18 1470 1472 Stephen Matthias Corvinus second term 14 19 1472 1483 Ladislaus Karai Matthias Corvinus provost of Buda also vice chancellor 1471 1476 patron of Andras Hess Chronica Hungarorum resigned due to illness 15 20 1483 1484 Peter Varadi Matthias Corvinus also lord and secret chancellor 1480 1484 archbishop of Kalocsa 1480 1501 imprisoned 21 22 1485 1486 Lucas Apati Matthias Corvinus provost of Eger 6 23 1486 John Filipec Matthias Corvinus Czech Jan Filipec z Prostejova also bishop of Olomouc 1484 1490 24 25 1486 1490 Thomas Dragi Matthias Corvinus first secular chief justice 26 Dragi Compendium 17 23 27 1490 1494 Stephanus Crispus Stephen Fodor Vladislaus II nephew of Urban Nagylucsei also bishop of Syrmia 1490 1494 27 28 29 1495 1501 Domokos Kalmancsehi Vladislaus II also bishop of Varad 1495 1501 Breviarium 1481 15 30 1502 1503 Lucas Szegedi Vladislaus II bishop of Bosnia 1490 1493 treasurer 1490 1492 bishop of Zagreb 1500 1510 31 32 1503 1512 Istvan Erdody Vladislaus II brother of Tamas Bakocz remained in office despite Act IV of 1507 also bishop of Syrmia 1503 1505 and bishop of Nyitra 1505 1512 9 27 1513 1514 Janos Erdody Vladislaus II nephew of Tamas Bakocz appointed despite Act IV of 1507 also bishop of Zagreb 1512 1518 resigned 9 27 33 1516 1525 Istvan Werboczy Louis II creator of the Tripartitum 1514 later palatine 1525 1526 chancellor for John I 1526 1540 9 34 1525 1527 Miklos Thuroczy Louis IIFerdinand IJohn I also master of judgement for judge royal 1525 1527 he supported Ferdinand I after the battle of Mohacs 1526 4 35 Hungarian Civil War 1526 1538 Edit For Ferdinand I Edit Term Portrait Incumbent Notes Source1527 Pal Vardai also archbishop of Esztergom and lord chancellor 1526 1549 later royal governor 1542 1549 36 1527 1542 Ferenc Revay also ispan of Turoc County 1532 1553 later palatinal governor 1542 1553 4 37 For John I Edit Term Portrait Incumbent Notes Source1526 1537 Benedek Bekenyi or Bekeny appointed after the battle of Mohacs 4 6 1539 Szaniszlo Varallyai later bishop of Pecs and ispan of Baranya County 1541 1548 the Ottomans occupied Pecs and Baranya during his reign 1543 4 35 Kingdom of Hungary 1538 1867 Edit 16 17th century Edit Term Portrait Incumbent Monarch Notes Source1542 1544 Vacancy 4 1544 1562 Mihaly Merey Ferdinand I later palatinal governor 1562 1572 creator of the Quadripartitum 1551 4 38 1562 1570 Janos Zomor Ferdinand IMaximilian 4 39 1570 1571 Damjan Aranyani Maximilian 4 6 1572 1585 Andras Vital MaximilianRudolf master of judgement for palatine 1569 1572 4 35 1585 1587 Vacancy 4 1587 1603 Janos Joo Rudolf dismissed due to his involvement in the show trial against Istvan Illeshazy 1603 4 15 1604 1616 Janos Lippay RudolfMatthias II one of the signatories of the treaty of Vienna 1606 4 40 1617 1625 Benedek Pakay Matthias IIFerdinand II also a royal councillor 1625 4 41 1625 1627 Mozes Cziraky Ferdinand II 4 6 1627 1628 Istvan Patachich Ferdinand II also acting ban of Croatia 1626 1627 4 41 1629 1630 Gaspar Tersztyanszky Ferdinand II 4 35 1631 1649 Tamas Mikulich Ferdinand IIFerdinand III 4 41 1650 1665 Gyorgy Orossy Ferdinand IIILeopold I also a royal councillor 1650 1665 4 41 1665 1666 Gaspar Heolgyi Leopold I converted to Roman Catholicism his widow later married chief justice Esterhazy 4 42 1666 1667 Janos Szakmardy Leopold I also master of judgement for Croatia Slavonia and Dalmatia vice ispan of Varazdin County royal councillor 1666 1667 4 31 1667 1670 Farkas Esterhazy Leopold I from the House of Esterhazy member of the committee which investigated the Wesselenyi conspiracy 1670 4 27 1670 1677 Janos Majthenyi Leopold I 4 43 1677 1679 Vacancy 4 1679 1693 Istvan Orban Leopold I also member of the Gubernium 1681 1693 4 41 1693 1699 Janos Maholanyi Leopold I also master of judgement for chief justice 1695 1699 40 44 18 19th century Edit Term Portrait Incumbent Monarch Notes Source1699 1705 Ferenc Klobusiczky Leopold I also ispan of Arad 1699 1702 and Saros Counties 1701 1708 he joined Kuruc during the Rakoczi s War of Independence 1705 40 44 1705 1707 Leopold Karl von Kollonitsch Joseph I also archbishop of Esztergom and lord chancellor 1695 1707 leading figure of the Hungarian counter reformation 45 1708 1723 Janos Horvath Simonchich Joseph ICharles III 42 44 1723 Laszlo Hunyady Charles III also titular counselor for chancellery 1722 1723 died before taking office 15 44 1724 1731 Gyorgy Szaraz Charles III 31 44 1731 1748 Antal Grassalkovich Charles IIIMaria Theresa confidant of Maria Theresa also ispan of Arad County 1744 1751 created baron 1736 and count 1743 appointed president of the Hungarian Court Chamber 1748 42 44 1748 1762 Gyorgy Fekete Maria Theresa also ispan of Arad and Zarand Counties 1751 1788 created count 1758 appointed vice chancellor 1762 later judge royal 1773 44 46 1762 1765 Ferenc Koller Maria Theresa also ispan of Bars County 1759 1787 dismissed 40 44 1765 1779 Jakab Szvetics Maria Theresa 35 44 1779 1789 Peter Vegh Maria TheresaJoseph II also ispan of Baranya County 1782 1792 appointed master of the treasury 1789 later judge royal 1795 44 47 1789 1795 Jozsef Urmenyi Joseph IILeopold IIFrancis also ispan of Bacs County 1790 1802 later appointed governor of Galicia 1801 judge royal 1806 Ratio Educationis 1777 44 48 1795 1801 Jozsef Felsobuki Nagy Francis speaker of the Diet of 1796 41 44 1802 1808 Andras Semsey Francis also ispan of Ugocsa 1803 1807 and Abauj Counties 1807 1814 appointed president of the Hungarian Court Chamber 1808 41 44 1808 Istvan Aczel Francis dismissed due to heavy resistance against his operation appointed vice chancellor 1808 6 44 1808 1821 Gyorgy Majlath Sr Francis Jesuit cleric 1767 1773 also ispan of Tolna County 1811 1821 43 44 1821 1825 Zsigmond Szogyeny Francis father of Laszlo Szogyeny Marich Sr appointed vice chancellor 1825 31 44 1825 1831 Gyorgy Majlath Jr Francis son of Gyorgy Majlath Sr also ispan of Hont County 1828 1843 later judge royal 1839 1848 speaker of the House of Magnates and royal governor 1848 44 49 1831 1833 Sandor Merey Francis also ispan of Somogy County 1831 1845 41 44 1833 1839 Pongrac Somssich FrancisFerdinand V also ispan of Baranya County 1835 1846 31 44 1839 1847 Istvan Szerencsy Ferdinand V also ispan of Arad County 1836 1842 appointed master of the cupbearers 1847 31 44 1847 1848 Janos Zarka Ferdinand V speaker of the Diet of 1848 35 1848 1861 Vacancy during the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and after its suppression1861 1867 Istvan Melczer Francis Joseph I last chief justice of the Kingdom of Hungary 43 See also EditJudge royal Curia RegiaFootnotes Edit a b Fallenbuchl 1988 p 147 Szende 1999 p 448 Gergely 2000 pp 133 134 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Fallenbuchl 1988 p 107 a b c Fallenbuchl 1988 p 29 a b c d e f g h i Marko 2006 p 336 a b Bertenyi 1996 Kubinyi 2004 p 40 a b c d Fraknoi 1899 Marko 2006 p 444 a b c Bonis 1971 table VI Marko 2006 p 333 Kubinyi 2000 p 12 a b c d Kubinyi 2004 p 32 a b c d e Marko 2006 p 339 Marko 2006 p 319 a b Kubinyi 2000 p 19 Bonis 1971 p 254 Bonis 1971 pp 225 226 Veber 2009 p 26 Veber 2009 p 34 Marko 2006 p 332 a b Veber 2009 p 68 Marko 2006 p 309 Bonis 1971 p 19 Matucsinai was also secular when he held the office of chief justice however later became a Roman Catholic prelate Kubinyi 2000 p 19 a b c d e Marko 2006 p 337 Veber 2009 p 102 Bonis 1971 p 334 Kubinyi 1957 p 30 a b c d e f Marko 2006 p 343 Kubinyi 1957 p 32 Bonis 1971 pp 319 320 Marko 2006 p 259 a b c d e f Marko 2006 p 344 Marko 2006 p 257 Marko 2006 p 250 Marko 2006 p 240 Marko 2006 p 345 a b c d Marko 2006 p 340 a b c d e f g h Marko 2006 p 342 a b c Marko 2006 p 338 a b c Marko 2006 p 341 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Fallenbuchl 1988 p 108 Marko 2006 p 316 Marko 2006 p 280 Marko 2006 p 297 Marko 2006 p 296 Marko 2006 p 285 286 References Edit in Hungarian Bertenyi Ivan 1996 A magyar kiralyi udvar tisztsegviseloi a kozepkorban Officials of the Hungarian royal court in the Middle Ages Rubicon 1996 1 2 in Hungarian Bonis Gyorgy 1971 A jogtudo ertelmiseg a Mohacs elotti Magyarorszagon Hungarian intelligentsia having legal expertise in the period before the battle of Mohacs Akademiai Kiado Budapest in Hungarian Fraknoi Vilmos 1899 Werboczi Istvan 1458 1541 Magyar Torteneti Eletrajzok Magyar Tortenelmi Tarsulat Budapest Gergely Andras 2000 The Hungarian State Thousand years in Europe Korona Publishing House Budapest in Hungarian and German Fallenbuchl Zoltan 1988 Magyarorszag fomeltosagai High Dignitaries in Hungary Maecenas Konyvkiado ISBN 963 02 5536 7 in Hungarian Horvath Gyula Csaba 2011 A 18 szazadi magyar fomeltosagok csaladi kapcsolati halozata in Hungarian Kubinyi Andras 1957 A kincstari szemelyzet a XV szazad masodik feleben Tanulmanyok Budapest Multjabol Vol 12 1957 25 49 in Hungarian Kubinyi Andras 2000 Vitez Janos es Janus Pannonius politikaja Matyas uralkodasa idejen The Politics of Janos Vitez and Janus Pannonius During the Reign of King Matthias In Bartok Istvan Jankovits Laszlo Kecskemeti Gabor ed Humanista muveltseg Pannoniaban Muveszetek Haza University of Pecs in Hungarian Kubinyi Andras 2004 Adatok a Matyas kori kiralyi kancellaria es az 1464 evi kancellariai reform tortenetehez Publicationes Universitatis Miskolciensis Sectio Philosophica Vol 9 No 1 2004 25 58 in Hungarian Marko Laszlo 2006 A magyar allam fomeltosagai Szent Istvantol napjainkig Eletrajzi Lexikon Great Officers of State in Hungary from King Saint Stephen to Our Days A Biographical Encyclopedia 2nd edition Helikon Kiado ISBN 963 547 085 1 Szende Katalin 1999 Was there a bourgeoisie in medieval Hungary In Nagy Balazs Sebok Marcell ed The Man of Many Devices Who Wandered Full Many Ways Central European University Press ISBN 963 9116 67 X Cloth in Hungarian Veber Janos 2009 Ket korszak hataran Varadi Peter palyakepe es iroi eletmuve Pazmany Peter Catholic University Ph D thesis Laws and rules Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chief Justices of Hungary in Hungarian 1486 evi LXVIII torvenycikk in Hungarian 1492 evi XLII torvenycikk in Hungarian 1507 evi IV torvenycikk in Hungarian 1514 evi LV torvenycikk in Hungarian 1608 evi k e III torvenycikk in Hungarian 1609 evi LXX torvenycikk in Hungarian 1751 evi VI torvenycikk in Hungarian 1764 65 evi V torvenycikkExternal links EditNational Archives of Hungary MOL Judicial Archives 13th century 1869 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chief Justice of Hungary amp oldid 1106755569, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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