Chi Tu (other alternative spellings include Chihtu, Chitu or Ch-ih-t'u; Sanskrit: Raktamaritika or Raktamrittika; Chinese: 赤土國; pinyin: Chì-tǔ-guó; lit. 'Red Earth Country'; Malay language: Tanah Merah) was an ancient kingdom mentioned in the history of China. The Sui dynasty annals describe an advanced kingdom called Chi Tu in 607, when Chang Chun was sent as an ambassador there. The location of Chi Tu was disputed; proposals for its location include areas in the states of Kelantan or Pahang in Malaysia, or in Songkhla and Pattani Province of southern Thailand. The best evidence to support the Kelantan theory was when the envoys left Chi Tu, the sail took 10 days to reach Champa, this indicates the kingdom was located somewhere 'red earth' around the main river of Kelantan. The inscribed Buddhagupta Stone found in Kedah mentioned a Raktamrttika, meaning "red earth land".
Chi Tu
Raktamaritika
2nd century–7th century
Location of Chi Tu as indicated in the map of Transpeninsula route-ways.
The Chi Tu kingdom is believed to have existed as early as 100 BC to the 6th century AD.[1] The royal family's name was Chu-dan (which means Gautama Buddha) and the king was Li-fo-duo-se.[2] According to Chinese records, Chi Tu was built by kit mow (Mon-Khmer) peoples who sailed from the coast of Funan (southern Indochina) that eventually intermarried with the local population. "... Chi Tu is a derivation nation of Funan, located in within the southern sea, sailing hundred days to reach, the majority terrain was red, thus named Red Earth Kingdom (Chi means red, Tu means earth). East bordering Po-Lo-La, West bordering Po-Lo-So, South bordering Ho Lo Tan, thousands of square miles in land area.[3] The king has three wives and the kingdom embraced Buddhism ...".
Chi Tu kingdom along with Langkasuka, Kedah and others were early important trade centers (approximately 100 BC to 700 AD).[4] During this period, ships coming from China and Funan (from Indian Ocean as well) stop at the coast of Malay Peninsula. They get the local porters to transport the goods, using rafts, elephants and manpower along the Early transpeninsular routeway and part of the ancient Spice Route (Sea Route). By the 800 AD, the Chi Tu kingdom went into decline.[5]
Location
Scholars do not agree on the location of Raktamaritika. While some consider it in the area of Phatthalung / Songkhla area, or Kelantan.[6]: 51, 54, 79 The ruins around the Songkhla lake such as Bang Kaeo in Phatthalung or Sathing Phra in Songkhla then might be one of the cities of Raktamaritika.
Sources from Indian scholars
J.L. Meons (1937) believed that early Srivijaya was located in Kelantan[7] and K.A. Nilakanta Sastri (1949) supported the idea.[8] The Kelantan theory may not be far-fetched, since the Chinese Sui dynasty annals of the 7th century describe an advanced kingdom called Chi Tu or Raktamrittika (as in Kelantanese history) as being in Kelantan, which the name was later changed to "Sri Wijaya Mala". The founding of Sri Wijaya Mala was 667 BC with its capital called "Valai", and it was situated along the upper Kelantan river of Pergau, known for its rich gold mines. It was until 570 BC that the kingdom changed its name to Sri Wijaya.[9]
Songkhla vicinity theory
The inscription of the Buddhagupta Stone found in Kedah mentioned a Raktamaritika, the meaning is red earth land, to be the home town of a seafarer named Buddhagupta.
The old name of Songkhla is Singgora (City of Lions), which coincides with the fact that according to the Chinese chronicles the capital of Chitu was Sing-Ha (means lion) and also the nearby Singhanakhon district.
This name may also be related to Tambralinga because there is "Tam" (means red) in this name as same as Raktamaritika and Tampapanni. And this state has appeared in 642, the same area of the central Malay peninsula after Chitu has already faded away from the history. The best evidence supporting this theory is the mention that when the envoys left Chitu, the sailing took 10 days to reach Champa, which indicates the kingdom was located at the 'red earth' areas such as Rattaphum because Rattaphum means red earth as well.
^Abu Talib Ahmad (2014). Museums, History and Culture in Malaysia. NUS Press. pp. 61–62. ISBN99-716-9819-6.
^Dougald J. W. O'Reilly (2007). Early Civilizations of Southeast Asia. Rowman Altamira. ISBN0-7591-0279-1.
^Geoff Wade (2007). Southeast Asia-China interactions: reprint of articles from the Journal of the Malaysian Branch, Royal Asiatic Society. Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. ISBN967-9948-38-2.
^Abu Talib Ahmad (2014). Museums, History and Culture in Malaysia. NUS Press. p. 61. ISBN99-716-9819-6.
^Abu Talib Ahmad (2014). Museums, History and Culture in Malaysia. NUS Press. p. 62. ISBN99-716-9819-6.
^Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN978-0-8248-0368-1.
^J.L. Moens (1937). Srivijaya Java en Kataha. TBG.
^Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri (1949). History of Sri Vijaya. University of Madras.
^Abdullah b. Mohamed (1981). Keturunan raja-raja Kelantan dan peristiwa-peristiwa bersejarah. Perbadanan Muzium Negeri Kelantan. OCLC 19245376.
Further reading
Nik Hassan Shuhaimi Nik Abdul Rahman (1998), The ENCYCLOPEDIA of Malaysia: early history, Volume 4, Archipelago Press, ISBN981-3018-42-9
Stuart Munro-Hay (1998), Nakhon Sri Thammarat. The Archaeology, History and Legends of a Souther Thai Town, White Lotus, pp. 19–22, ISBN974-7534-73-8
External links
Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article:
other, alternative, spellings, include, chihtu, chitu, sanskrit, raktamaritika, raktamrittika, chinese, 赤土國, pinyin, chì, guó, earth, country, malay, language, tanah, merah, ancient, kingdom, mentioned, history, china, dynasty, annals, describe, advanced, king. Chi Tu other alternative spellings include Chihtu Chitu or Ch ih t u Sanskrit Raktamaritika or Raktamrittika Chinese 赤土國 pinyin Chi tǔ guo lit Red Earth Country Malay language Tanah Merah was an ancient kingdom mentioned in the history of China The Sui dynasty annals describe an advanced kingdom called Chi Tu in 607 when Chang Chun was sent as an ambassador there The location of Chi Tu was disputed proposals for its location include areas in the states of Kelantan or Pahang in Malaysia or in Songkhla and Pattani Province of southern Thailand The best evidence to support the Kelantan theory was when the envoys left Chi Tu the sail took 10 days to reach Champa this indicates the kingdom was located somewhere red earth around the main river of Kelantan The inscribed Buddhagupta Stone found in Kedah mentioned a Raktamrttika meaning red earth land Chi TuRaktamaritika2nd century 7th centuryLocation of Chi Tu as indicated in the map of Transpeninsula route ways CapitalSing ha Singgora SongkhlaCommon languagesOld Malay Kelantan MalayReligionBuddhismGovernmentMonarchyLi fo duo se History Coronation2nd century Conquered by Srivijaya7th centurySucceeded bySrivijayaTambralingaPan Pan kingdom Today part ofMalaysiaThailand Contents 1 History 2 Location 2 1 Sources from Indian scholars 2 2 Songkhla vicinity theory 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksHistory Edit Replica of Buddhagupta stone on display at the National History Museum Kuala Lumpur The Chi Tu kingdom is believed to have existed as early as 100 BC to the 6th century AD 1 The royal family s name was Chu dan which means Gautama Buddha and the king was Li fo duo se 2 According to Chinese records Chi Tu was built by kit mow Mon Khmer peoples who sailed from the coast of Funan southern Indochina that eventually intermarried with the local population Chi Tu is a derivation nation of Funan located in within the southern sea sailing hundred days to reach the majority terrain was red thus named Red Earth Kingdom Chi means red Tu means earth East bordering Po Lo La West bordering Po Lo So South bordering Ho Lo Tan thousands of square miles in land area 3 The king has three wives and the kingdom embraced Buddhism Chi Tu kingdom along with Langkasuka Kedah and others were early important trade centers approximately 100 BC to 700 AD 4 During this period ships coming from China and Funan from Indian Ocean as well stop at the coast of Malay Peninsula They get the local porters to transport the goods using rafts elephants and manpower along the Early transpeninsular routeway and part of the ancient Spice Route Sea Route By the 800 AD the Chi Tu kingdom went into decline 5 Location EditScholars do not agree on the location of Raktamaritika While some consider it in the area of Phatthalung Songkhla area or Kelantan 6 51 54 79 The ruins around the Songkhla lake such as Bang Kaeo in Phatthalung or Sathing Phra in Songkhla then might be one of the cities of Raktamaritika Sources from Indian scholars Edit J L Meons 1937 believed that early Srivijaya was located in Kelantan 7 and K A Nilakanta Sastri 1949 supported the idea 8 The Kelantan theory may not be far fetched since the Chinese Sui dynasty annals of the 7th century describe an advanced kingdom called Chi Tu or Raktamrittika as in Kelantanese history as being in Kelantan which the name was later changed to Sri Wijaya Mala The founding of Sri Wijaya Mala was 667 BC with its capital called Valai and it was situated along the upper Kelantan river of Pergau known for its rich gold mines It was until 570 BC that the kingdom changed its name to Sri Wijaya 9 Songkhla vicinity theory Edit The inscription of the Buddhagupta Stone found in Kedah mentioned a Raktamaritika the meaning is red earth land to be the home town of a seafarer named Buddhagupta The old name of Songkhla is Singgora City of Lions which coincides with the fact that according to the Chinese chronicles the capital of Chitu was Sing Ha means lion and also the nearby Singhanakhon district This name may also be related to Tambralinga because there is Tam means red in this name as same as Raktamaritika and Tampapanni And this state has appeared in 642 the same area of the central Malay peninsula after Chitu has already faded away from the history The best evidence supporting this theory is the mention that when the envoys left Chitu the sailing took 10 days to reach Champa which indicates the kingdom was located at the red earth areas such as Rattaphum because Rattaphum means red earth as well See also EditEarly History of Kedah Mahanavika Buddhagupta Pan Pan Nakhon Si Thammarat kingdom Ligor Kelantan Sultanate of KedahReferences Edit Abu Talib Ahmad 2014 Museums History and Culture in Malaysia NUS Press pp 61 62 ISBN 99 716 9819 6 Dougald J W O Reilly 2007 Early Civilizations of Southeast Asia Rowman Altamira ISBN 0 7591 0279 1 Geoff Wade 2007 Southeast Asia China interactions reprint of articles from the Journal of the Malaysian Branch Royal Asiatic Society Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society ISBN 967 9948 38 2 Abu Talib Ahmad 2014 Museums History and Culture in Malaysia NUS Press p 61 ISBN 99 716 9819 6 Abu Talib Ahmad 2014 Museums History and Culture in Malaysia NUS Press p 62 ISBN 99 716 9819 6 Coedes George 1968 Walter F Vella ed The Indianized States of Southeast Asia trans Susan Brown Cowing University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 0368 1 J L Moens 1937 Srivijaya Java en Kataha TBG Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri 1949 History of Sri Vijaya University of Madras Abdullah b Mohamed 1981 Keturunan raja raja Kelantan dan peristiwa peristiwa bersejarah Perbadanan Muzium Negeri Kelantan OCLC 19245376 Further reading EditNik Hassan Shuhaimi Nik Abdul Rahman 1998 The ENCYCLOPEDIA of Malaysia early history Volume 4 Archipelago Press ISBN 981 3018 42 9 Stuart Munro Hay 1998 Nakhon Sri Thammarat The Archaeology History and Legends of a Souther Thai Town White Lotus pp 19 22 ISBN 974 7534 73 8External links Edit Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article Chi Tu from Book of Sui in Chinese https web archive org web 20040810090708 http mis pattani pn psu ac th registra grade temp speech panel16fullpaper EvanescentKingdom1panel 2016 html ChineseSui dynasty annals India s Cultural Relations with South East Asia 赤土国 1 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chi Tu amp oldid 1141591253, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
