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Chhetri

January 16, 2023

"Kshetriya" redirects here. For military and ruling class in Hinduism, see Kshatriya.

Chhetri (Kshetri, Kshettri, Kshetry or Chhettri), (Nepali: क्षेत्री pronounced [tsʰet̪ri]; IAST: Kṣetrī) historically called Kshettriya or Kshetriya or Khas are Nepali speakers of Khas community, some of whom trace their origin to migration from medieval India.[3][4] Chhetri was a caste of administrators, governor and military elites in the medieval Khas Kingdom and Gorkha Kingdom (later unified Kingdom of Nepal).[5] The nobility of the Gorkha Kingdom mainly originated from Chhetri families. They also had a strong presence in civil administration affairs.[6] The bulk of prime ministers of Nepal before the democratization of Nepal belonged to this caste as a result of the old Gorkhali aristocracy. Gorkha-based aristocratic Chhetri families included the Pande dynasty, the Basnyat dynasty, the Kunwar family, and the Thapa dynasty, (Rana dynasty and other Kunwars).

Chhetri/Kshetri
क्षेत्री/खस
Nepali Khas Chhetri women in Nepal 1900
Regions with significant populations
   Nepal4,398,053 (16.6% of Nepal; 2011)[1]
Languages
Nepali (Khas-Kura), Dotyali [2]
Religion
Hinduism 99.25% (2011)
Related ethnic groups
Bahun, Thakuri, Kumaoni, Magar, Other Indo-Aryan peoples

Khas Chhetris were traditionally considered a division of the Khas people with Khas Brahmin (commonly called Khas Bahun).[7] They make up 16.6% of Nepal's population according to the 2011 Nepal census, making them the most populous caste or ethnic community in Nepal.[1] Chhetris speak an Indo-Aryan Nepali language (Khas-Kura) as mother tongue.[2][3]

Etymology and background

Chhetri is considered a direct derivative of the Sanskrit word Kshatriya.[8][9] According to the 1854 Legal Code (Muluki Ain) of Nepal, Chhetris are the social group among the sacred thread bearers (Tagadhari) and twice-born people of the Hindu tradition.[10][11] Almost all Chhetris are Hindu.[12]

History

 
Kalu Pande wearing Khukuri, a Pande Chhetri aristocrat; Kaji (Prime Minister and Army Chief) of Gorkha Kingdom.

They are thought to be connected to the Khasas mentioned in the ancient Indian literature and the medieval Khasa kingdom.[13]

In the early modern history of Nepal, Chhetris played a key role in the Unification of Nepal, providing the core of the Gorkhali army of the mid-18th century.[14] Bir Bhadra Thapa was a Thapa of Chhetri group[15] and leading Bharadar during Unification of Nepal.[16] His grandson Bhimsen Thapa became Mukhtiyar (Prime Minister) of Nepal.[16] Swarup Singh Karki, a leading politician and military officer, belonged to Chhetri family.[17] Abhiman Singh Basnyat of Basnyat dynasty and Damodar Pande of Pande dynasty were both members of Chhetri caste.[18] Jung Bahadur Rana, founder of Rana dynasty also belonged to the Chhetri community.[19]

 
Bhimsen Thapa, a leading Chhetri Mukhtiyar (Prime Minister).

During the monarchy, Chhetris continued to dominate the ranks of the Nepalese government, Nepalese Army, Nepalese Police and administration.[14]

Chhetri noble families

The most prominent feature of Nepalese Chhetri society has been the ruling Shah dynasty (1768–2008)[note 1], the Rana Prime Ministers (1846–1953), Pande family, Thapa family, Basnyat family,.[6] that marginalized the monarchy, and the Chhetri presence in the armed forces, police, and Government of Nepal. In traditional and administrative professions, Chhetris were given favorable treatment by the royal government.[21][22]

Chhetri and premiership

The nobility of Gorkha were mainly from Chhetri families and they had a strong presence in civil administration affairs.[6] All of the Prime Minister of Nepal between 1768 and 1950 were Chhetris with the exception of Ranga Nath Poudyal, being a Brahmin.[23] These number varied after the democratization of Nepal. Between 1951 and 1997, out of the 16 Prime Ministers of Nepal, 5 of them were Chhetris.[24]

Military achievements

 
Bir Shamsher JBR, a Rana Kshetri Maharaja, and Prime Minister and C-in-C of Nepal

Chhetri had dominated high military positions and monopolized the military force at the times of Chhetri autocratic administrators like PM Bhimsen Thapa and PM Jung Bahadur Rana. There were 12 Basnyats, 16 Pandes, 6 Thapas and 3 Kunwar officers totalling to 51 Chhetri officers in the year 1841  A.D.[19] The most prominent officers at Shah administration were the Kazis which had control over civil and military functions like a Minister and Military officer combined. Rana Jang Pande, the leader of Pande faction, was the Prime Minister of Nepal in 1841  A.D.[25] which might have caused large Pande officers at 1841. After the rise Rana dynasty(Kunwars), the number changed to 10 Basnyats, 1 Pandes, 3 Thapas and 26 Kunwar officers totaling to 61 Chhetri officers in the year 1854  A.D.[19]

Chhetris dominated the position of the senior officers of the Nepali Army comprising 74.4% of total senior officers in 1967. Similarly, Chhetris composed of 38.1%, 54.3% and 55.3% of the senior officers in the year 2003, 2004 and 2007 respectively.[26]

Clans & surnames

Clans of the Chhetri include:[27]

Demographics

The 2011 Nepal census recorded Chhetris as the largest Hindu adherents in the nation with 4,365,113 people which is 99.3% of total Chhetri population.[1] In Nepal's hill districts the Chhetri population rises to 41% compared to 31% Brahmin and 27% other castes. This greatly exceeds the Kshatriya portion in most regions with predominantly Hindu populations.[28][29]

Chhetris are largest caste group in 21 districts of Nepal as per 2001 Nepal census and 24 districts as per 2011 Nepal census. These twenty four districts are - Dhankuta district, Sankhuwasabha district, Okhaldhunga district, Udayapur district, Ramechhap district, Dolakha District, Salyan district, Surkhet district, Dailekh district, Jajarkot district, Dolpa district, Jumla district, Mugu district, Humla district, Bajura district, Bajhang district, Achham district, Doti district, Kailali district, Dadeldhura district, Baitadi district, Darchula district, Kalikot district and Kanchanpur district.[1] Among them, the district with largest Chhetri population is Kathmandu district with 347,754 (i.e. 19.9% of the total district population).[1] The literacy rate among Chhetris is 72.3% as per 2011 Nepal census.[1]

As per the Public Service Commission of Nepal, Brahmins (33.3%) and Chhetris (20.01%) were two largest caste group to obtain governmental jobs in the fiscal year 2017–18, even though 45% governmental seats are reserved for women, Madhesis, lower caste and tribes, and other marginalized groups.[30]

Present day

 
A 21st century Chhetri family

Chhetri together with Bahun and thakuri falls under Khas Arya, who are denied quota and reservations in civil services and other sectors due to their history of socio-political dominance in Nepal.[31] There are no quotas for the Khas community who fall under Bahun-Chhetri-thakuri hierarchy.[32] As per the explanation of legal provisions of Constitution of Nepal, Khas Arya comprises the Brahmin, Kshetri, Thakur and Sanyasi (Dashnami) communities.[33] But they are allowed reservation in federal parliament and provincial legislature.[34] The European Union has been accused of direct interference, creating ethnic strife and negative discrimination towards Khas Arya due to their recommendation to remove the reservation for Khas Aryas.[35][34]

Notable people

See also

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ Shah monarchs were placed among Thakuri caste instead of Chhetri.[20]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-09-18. Retrieved 2017-04-09.
  2. ^ a b Dhungel 1998, p. 5.
  3. ^ a b Lawoti 2005, p. 91.
  4. ^ Bista, Dor Bahadur (1980). People of Nepal (4 ed.). Ratna Pustak Bhandar. pp. 2–4.
  5. ^ Pradhan 2012, pp. 20–21.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Pahari 1995, p. 632.
  7. ^ Hitchcock 1978, pp. 116–119.
  8. ^ Burghart 1984, p. 119.
  9. ^ Gurung 1996, p. 33.
  10. ^ Sherchan 2001, p. 14.
  11. ^ Gurung, H. (2005). Social exclusion and Maoist insurgency. Paper presented at National Dialogue Conference on ILO Convention 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples, Kathmandu, 19–20 January 2005.
  12. ^ Dhungel 1998, p. 8.
  13. ^ Kumar Pradhan (1984). A History of Nepali Literature. Sahitya Akademi. p. 5.
  14. ^ a b Gurung 1996, pp. 1–33, passim.
  15. ^ a b c d Regmi 1995, p. 44.
  16. ^ a b Pradhan 2012, p. 22.
  17. ^ a b Singh 1997, p. 142.
  18. ^ a b c Regmi 1975, p. 73.
  19. ^ a b c d e Adhikari 2015, p. 120.
  20. ^ Pahari 1995, p. 631.
  21. ^ Burbank, Jon (2002). Nepal. Cultures of the World (2 ed.). Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 0-7614-1476-2.
  22. ^ Bajracharya, Bhadra Ratha; Sharma, Shri Ram; Bakshi, Shiri Ram (1993). Cultural History of Nepal. Anmol Publications. pp. 286–8. ISBN 81-7041-840-2.
  23. ^ Raj 1996, p. 5.
  24. ^ Gurung 1998, p. 129.
  25. ^ Joshi & Rose 1966, p. 27.
  26. ^ Adhikari 2015, p. 123.
  27. ^ Subba, Tanka Bahadur (1989). Dynamics of a hill society: Nepalis in Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas. Mittal Publications. ISBN 9788173041143. Some of the Chhetri clans are Adhikari, Baniya, Basnet, Bist, Bohra, Bura or Burathoki, Gharti, Karki, Khadka, Khatri, Khulal, Mahat, Raut, Rana, Roka, Thapa, etc.
  28. ^ Dahal, Dilli Ram (2002-12-30). (PDF). Government of Nepal, Central Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-19. Retrieved 2011-04-02.
  29. ^ (PDF). Government of Nepal, Central Bureau of Statistics. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2011-04-03.
  30. ^ "Brahmins and Chhetris land most government jobs".
  31. ^ "Khas Arya quota provision in civil services opposed". thehimalayantimes.com. 10 November 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  32. ^ Aryal, Trailokya Raj (24 May 2017). "The Bahun narrative". Myrepublica.
  33. ^ "Nepal-India Relations: Need for Urgent Paradigm Shift - Mainstream Weekly". www.mainstreamweekly.net. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
  34. ^ a b "Next Door Nepal: The nationalist's hour". indianexpress.com. 26 March 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
  35. ^ Rai, Om Astha. "Hail to the chiefs". www.nepalitimes.com. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
  36. ^ Pradhan 2012, p. 12.
  37. ^ Shaha 1990, p. 201.
  38. ^ Yadav, P. (2016). Social Transformation in Post-conflict Nepal: A Gender Perspective. Taylor & Francis. p. 39. ISBN 9781317353904.
  39. ^ Choudhuri, Poynder & Stevens 1984, p. 147.
  40. ^ a b c Institute of Constitutional and Parliamentary Studies (1980), Journal of Constitutional and Parliamentary Studies, vol. 14, Institute of Constitutional and Parliamentary Studies

Sources

  • Adhikari, Indra (2015), Military and Democracy in Nepal, Routledge, ISBN 9781317589068
  • Burghart, Richard (1984), "The Formation of the Concept of Nation-State in Nepal", The Journal of Asian Studies, 44 (1): 101–125, doi:10.2307/2056748, JSTOR 2056748, S2CID 154584368
  • Choudhuri, P.; Poynder, F. S.; Stevens, Lt. Col. (1984), 9 Gurkha Rifles: a regimental history, 1817-1947, vol. 4, Vision Books
  • Dhungel, Dwarika Nath (1998), Contemporary Nepal, Vikas, ISBN 9788125904113
  • Gurung, Harka B. (1996). Faces of Nepal. Himal Books. ISBN 9789993343509.
  • Gurung, Harka B. (1998), Nepal: Social Demography and Expressions, New Era, ISBN 9780785574422
  • Hitchcock, John T. (1978), "An Additional Perspective on the Nepali Caste System", in Fisher, James F. (ed.), Himalayan Anthropology: The Indo-Tibetan Interface, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-90-279-7700-7
  • Joshi, Bhuwan Lal; Rose, Leo E. (1966), Democratic Innovations in Nepal: A Case Study of Political Acculturation, University of California Press, p. 551
  • Lawoti, Mahendra (2005), Towards A Democratic Nepal: Inclusive Political Institutions for a Multicultural Society, SAGE publications India, ISBN 9788132103431
  • Pahari, Anup (1995), The Origins, Growth and Dissolution of Feudalism in Nepal: A Contribution to the Debate on Feudalism in Non-European Societies, vol. 4, University of Wisconsin--Madison
  • Pradhan, Kumar L. (2012), Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839, New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, p. 278, ISBN 9788180698132
  • Raj, Prakash A. (1996), Brahmins of Nepal, Nabeen Publications, ISBN 9780785573661
  • Regmi, Mahesh Chandra (1995), Kings and political leaders of the Gorkhali Empire, 1768-1814, Orient Longman, ISBN 9788125005117
  • Regmi, Mahesh Chandra (1975), Regmi Research Series, vol. 7, Regmi Research Centre
  • Shaha, Rishikesh (1990), 1769-1885, Manohar, ISBN 9788185425030
  • Singh, Nagendra Kr (1997), Nepal: Refugee to Ruler: A Militant Race of Nepal, APH Publishing, p. 142, ISBN 9788170248477
  • Sherchan, Sanjaya (2001), Democracy, pluralism and change: an inquiry in the Nepalese context, Chhye Pahuppe, ISBN 9789993354390

Further reading

  • Debra Skinner; et al. (1998), Selves in time and place: Identities, Experience and History in Nepal, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, ISBN 978-1-46171-142-1
  • Lall, Keshar (1987), Nepalese Language, Folklore and Practices for Foreigners, Himalayan Book Centre
  • Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (2007), Indo-Aryan languages, Routledge, ISBN 9781135797119
  • Negi, S. S. (2002), Discovering the Himalaya, Indus Publishing House, ISBN 978-8-17387-079-8

January 16, 2023
chhetri, kshetriya, redirects, here, military, ruling, class, hinduism, kshatriya, kshetri, kshettri, kshetry, chhettri, nepali, pronounced, tsʰet, iast, kṣetrī, historically, called, kshettriya, kshetriya, khas, nepali, speakers, khas, community, some, whom, . Kshetriya redirects here For military and ruling class in Hinduism see Kshatriya Chhetri Kshetri Kshettri Kshetry or Chhettri Nepali क ष त र pronounced tsʰet ri IAST Kṣetri historically called Kshettriya or Kshetriya or Khas are Nepali speakers of Khas community some of whom trace their origin to migration from medieval India 3 4 Chhetri was a caste of administrators governor and military elites in the medieval Khas Kingdom and Gorkha Kingdom later unified Kingdom of Nepal 5 The nobility of the Gorkha Kingdom mainly originated from Chhetri families They also had a strong presence in civil administration affairs 6 The bulk of prime ministers of Nepal before the democratization of Nepal belonged to this caste as a result of the old Gorkhali aristocracy Gorkha based aristocratic Chhetri families included the Pande dynasty the Basnyat dynasty the Kunwar family and the Thapa dynasty Rana dynasty and other Kunwars Chhetri Kshetriक ष त र खसNepali Khas Chhetri women in Nepal 1900Regions with significant populations Nepal4 398 053 16 6 of Nepal 2011 1 LanguagesNepali Khas Kura Dotyali 2 ReligionHinduism 99 25 2011 Related ethnic groupsBahun Thakuri Kumaoni Magar Other Indo Aryan peoplesKhas Chhetris were traditionally considered a division of the Khas people with Khas Brahmin commonly called Khas Bahun 7 They make up 16 6 of Nepal s population according to the 2011 Nepal census making them the most populous caste or ethnic community in Nepal 1 Chhetris speak an Indo Aryan Nepali language Khas Kura as mother tongue 2 3 Contents 1 Etymology and background 2 History 2 1 Chhetri noble families 2 2 Chhetri and premiership 3 Military achievements 4 Clans amp surnames 5 Demographics 6 Present day 7 Notable people 8 See also 9 References 9 1 Footnotes 9 2 Notes 9 3 Sources 10 Further readingEtymology and backgroundChhetri is considered a direct derivative of the Sanskrit word Kshatriya 8 9 According to the 1854 Legal Code Muluki Ain of Nepal Chhetris are the social group among the sacred thread bearers Tagadhari and twice born people of the Hindu tradition 10 11 Almost all Chhetris are Hindu 12 History Kalu Pande wearing Khukuri a Pande Chhetri aristocrat Kaji Prime Minister and Army Chief of Gorkha Kingdom They are thought to be connected to the Khasas mentioned in the ancient Indian literature and the medieval Khasa kingdom 13 In the early modern history of Nepal Chhetris played a key role in the Unification of Nepal providing the core of the Gorkhali army of the mid 18th century 14 Bir Bhadra Thapa was a Thapa of Chhetri group 15 and leading Bharadar during Unification of Nepal 16 His grandson Bhimsen Thapa became Mukhtiyar Prime Minister of Nepal 16 Swarup Singh Karki a leading politician and military officer belonged to Chhetri family 17 Abhiman Singh Basnyat of Basnyat dynasty and Damodar Pande of Pande dynasty were both members of Chhetri caste 18 Jung Bahadur Rana founder of Rana dynasty also belonged to the Chhetri community 19 Bhimsen Thapa a leading Chhetri Mukhtiyar Prime Minister During the monarchy Chhetris continued to dominate the ranks of the Nepalese government Nepalese Army Nepalese Police and administration 14 Chhetri noble families Abhiman Singh Basnyat a Basnyat Kshetri Mulkaji Prime Minister The most prominent feature of Nepalese Chhetri society has been the ruling Shah dynasty 1768 2008 note 1 the Rana Prime Ministers 1846 1953 Pande family Thapa family Basnyat family 6 that marginalized the monarchy and the Chhetri presence in the armed forces police and Government of Nepal In traditional and administrative professions Chhetris were given favorable treatment by the royal government 21 22 Chhetri and premiership The nobility of Gorkha were mainly from Chhetri families and they had a strong presence in civil administration affairs 6 All of the Prime Minister of Nepal between 1768 and 1950 were Chhetris with the exception of Ranga Nath Poudyal being a Brahmin 23 These number varied after the democratization of Nepal Between 1951 and 1997 out of the 16 Prime Ministers of Nepal 5 of them were Chhetris 24 Military achievements Bir Shamsher JBR a Rana Kshetri Maharaja and Prime Minister and C in C of Nepal Chhetri had dominated high military positions and monopolized the military force at the times of Chhetri autocratic administrators like PM Bhimsen Thapa and PM Jung Bahadur Rana There were 12 Basnyats 16 Pandes 6 Thapas and 3 Kunwar officers totalling to 51 Chhetri officers in the year 1841 A D 19 The most prominent officers at Shah administration were the Kazis which had control over civil and military functions like a Minister and Military officer combined Rana Jang Pande the leader of Pande faction was the Prime Minister of Nepal in 1841 A D 25 which might have caused large Pande officers at 1841 After the rise Rana dynasty Kunwars the number changed to 10 Basnyats 1 Pandes 3 Thapas and 26 Kunwar officers totaling to 61 Chhetri officers in the year 1854 A D 19 Chhetris dominated the position of the senior officers of the Nepali Army comprising 74 4 of total senior officers in 1967 Similarly Chhetris composed of 38 1 54 3 and 55 3 of the senior officers in the year 2003 2004 and 2007 respectively 26 Clans amp surnamesClans of the Chhetri include 27 Adhikari Baniya Basnet Bisht Bhandari Bohra Burathoki Chauhan Gharti Karki Khadka Khatri Khatri Chhetri K C Khulal Kunwar Pande प ड not to be mistaken with Brahmin Pande Rana Raut Rawal Rayamajhi Rokka ThapaDemographicsThe 2011 Nepal census recorded Chhetris as the largest Hindu adherents in the nation with 4 365 113 people which is 99 3 of total Chhetri population 1 In Nepal s hill districts the Chhetri population rises to 41 compared to 31 Brahmin and 27 other castes This greatly exceeds the Kshatriya portion in most regions with predominantly Hindu populations 28 29 Chhetris are largest caste group in 21 districts of Nepal as per 2001 Nepal census and 24 districts as per 2011 Nepal census These twenty four districts are Dhankuta district Sankhuwasabha district Okhaldhunga district Udayapur district Ramechhap district Dolakha District Salyan district Surkhet district Dailekh district Jajarkot district Dolpa district Jumla district Mugu district Humla district Bajura district Bajhang district Achham district Doti district Kailali district Dadeldhura district Baitadi district Darchula district Kalikot district and Kanchanpur district 1 Among them the district with largest Chhetri population is Kathmandu district with 347 754 i e 19 9 of the total district population 1 The literacy rate among Chhetris is 72 3 as per 2011 Nepal census 1 As per the Public Service Commission of Nepal Brahmins 33 3 and Chhetris 20 01 were two largest caste group to obtain governmental jobs in the fiscal year 2017 18 even though 45 governmental seats are reserved for women Madhesis lower caste and tribes and other marginalized groups 30 Present day A 21st century Chhetri family Chhetri together with Bahun and thakuri falls under Khas Arya who are denied quota and reservations in civil services and other sectors due to their history of socio political dominance in Nepal 31 There are no quotas for the Khas community who fall under Bahun Chhetri thakuri hierarchy 32 As per the explanation of legal provisions of Constitution of Nepal Khas Arya comprises the Brahmin Kshetri Thakur and Sanyasi Dashnami communities 33 But they are allowed reservation in federal parliament and provincial legislature 34 The European Union has been accused of direct interference creating ethnic strife and negative discrimination towards Khas Arya due to their recommendation to remove the reservation for Khas Aryas 35 34 Notable peopleBir Bhadra Thapa 15 and Thapa dynasty 6 Swarup Singh Karki 17 Abhiman Singh Basnyat 18 and Basnyat dynasty 6 Damodar Pande 18 and Pande dynasty 6 Jung Bahadur Rana 19 and Rana dynasty 6 Amar Singh Thapa sanu 15 Queen Subarna Prabha Devi 36 Bhimsen Thapa 15 19 Gagan Singh Bhandari 37 Mohan Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana 38 Sher Bahadur Thapa 39 Kunwar Inderjit Singh 40 Subarna Shamsher Rana 40 Surya Bahadur Thapa 40 Sunil Chhetri football playerSee alsoCaste system in Nepal Ethnic groups in Nepal Kshatriya Caste system in India Varna Hinduism ReferencesFootnotes Shah monarchs were placed among Thakuri caste instead of Chhetri 20 Notes a b c d e f Nepal Census 2011 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2017 09 18 Retrieved 2017 04 09 a b Dhungel 1998 p 5 a b Lawoti 2005 p 91 Bista Dor Bahadur 1980 People of Nepal 4 ed Ratna Pustak Bhandar pp 2 4 Pradhan 2012 pp 20 21 a b c d e f g Pahari 1995 p 632 Hitchcock 1978 pp 116 119 Burghart 1984 p 119 Gurung 1996 p 33 Sherchan 2001 p 14 Gurung H 2005 Social exclusion and Maoist insurgency Paper presented at National Dialogue Conference on ILO Convention 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Kathmandu 19 20 January 2005 Dhungel 1998 p 8 Kumar Pradhan 1984 A History of Nepali Literature Sahitya Akademi p 5 a b Gurung 1996 pp 1 33 passim a b c d Regmi 1995 p 44 a b Pradhan 2012 p 22 a b Singh 1997 p 142 a b c Regmi 1975 p 73 a b c d e Adhikari 2015 p 120 Pahari 1995 p 631 Burbank Jon 2002 Nepal Cultures of the World 2 ed Marshall Cavendish ISBN 0 7614 1476 2 Bajracharya Bhadra Ratha Sharma Shri Ram Bakshi Shiri Ram 1993 Cultural History of Nepal Anmol Publications pp 286 8 ISBN 81 7041 840 2 Raj 1996 p 5 Gurung 1998 p 129 Joshi amp Rose 1966 p 27 Adhikari 2015 p 123 Subba Tanka Bahadur 1989 Dynamics of a hill society Nepalis in Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas Mittal Publications ISBN 9788173041143 Some of the Chhetri clans are Adhikari Baniya Basnet Bist Bohra Bura or Burathoki Gharti Karki Khadka Khatri Khulal Mahat Raut Rana Roka Thapa etc Dahal Dilli Ram 2002 12 30 Chapter 3 Social composition of the Population Caste Ethnicity and Religion in Nepal PDF Government of Nepal Central Bureau of Statistics Archived from the original PDF on 2011 05 19 Retrieved 2011 04 02 Nepal in Figures 2008 PDF Government of Nepal Central Bureau of Statistics 2008 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 07 23 Retrieved 2011 04 03 Brahmins and Chhetris land most government jobs Khas Arya quota provision in civil services opposed thehimalayantimes com 10 November 2017 Retrieved 1 May 2018 Aryal Trailokya Raj 24 May 2017 The Bahun narrative Myrepublica Nepal India Relations Need for Urgent Paradigm Shift Mainstream Weekly www mainstreamweekly net Retrieved 8 June 2018 a b Next Door Nepal The nationalist s hour indianexpress com 26 March 2018 Retrieved 8 June 2018 Rai Om Astha Hail to the chiefs www nepalitimes com Retrieved 8 June 2018 Pradhan 2012 p 12 Shaha 1990 p 201 Yadav P 2016 Social Transformation in Post conflict Nepal A Gender Perspective Taylor amp Francis p 39 ISBN 9781317353904 Choudhuri Poynder amp Stevens 1984 p 147 a b c Institute of Constitutional and Parliamentary Studies 1980 Journal of Constitutional and Parliamentary Studies vol 14 Institute of Constitutional and Parliamentary Studies Sources Adhikari Indra 2015 Military and Democracy in Nepal Routledge ISBN 9781317589068 Burghart Richard 1984 The Formation of the Concept of Nation State in Nepal The Journal of Asian Studies 44 1 101 125 doi 10 2307 2056748 JSTOR 2056748 S2CID 154584368 Choudhuri P Poynder F S Stevens Lt Col 1984 9 Gurkha Rifles a regimental history 1817 1947 vol 4 Vision Books Dhungel Dwarika Nath 1998 Contemporary Nepal Vikas ISBN 9788125904113 Gurung Harka B 1996 Faces of Nepal Himal Books ISBN 9789993343509 Gurung Harka B 1998 Nepal Social Demography and Expressions New Era ISBN 9780785574422 Hitchcock John T 1978 An Additional Perspective on the Nepali Caste System in Fisher James F ed Himalayan Anthropology The Indo Tibetan Interface Walter de Gruyter ISBN 978 90 279 7700 7 Joshi Bhuwan Lal Rose Leo E 1966 Democratic Innovations in Nepal A Case Study of Political Acculturation University of California Press p 551 Lawoti Mahendra 2005 Towards A Democratic Nepal Inclusive Political Institutions for a Multicultural Society SAGE publications India ISBN 9788132103431 Pahari Anup 1995 The Origins Growth and Dissolution of Feudalism in Nepal A Contribution to the Debate on Feudalism in Non European Societies vol 4 University of Wisconsin Madison Pradhan Kumar L 2012 Thapa Politics in Nepal With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa 1806 1839 New Delhi Concept Publishing Company p 278 ISBN 9788180698132 Raj Prakash A 1996 Brahmins of Nepal Nabeen Publications ISBN 9780785573661 Regmi Mahesh Chandra 1995 Kings and political leaders of the Gorkhali Empire 1768 1814 Orient Longman ISBN 9788125005117 Regmi Mahesh Chandra 1975 Regmi Research Series vol 7 Regmi Research Centre Shaha Rishikesh 1990 1769 1885 Manohar ISBN 9788185425030 Singh Nagendra Kr 1997 Nepal Refugee to Ruler A Militant Race of Nepal APH Publishing p 142 ISBN 9788170248477 Sherchan Sanjaya 2001 Democracy pluralism and change an inquiry in the Nepalese context Chhye Pahuppe ISBN 9789993354390Further readingDebra Skinner et al 1998 Selves in time and place Identities Experience and History in Nepal Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers ISBN 978 1 46171 142 1 Lall Keshar 1987 Nepalese Language Folklore and Practices for Foreigners Himalayan Book Centre Jain Danesh Cardona George 2007 Indo Aryan languages Routledge ISBN 9781135797119 Negi S S 2002 Discovering the Himalaya Indus Publishing House ISBN 978 8 17387 079 8 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chhetri amp oldid 1121072498, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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