Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes
The Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes are a united, federally recognized tribe of Southern Arapaho and Southern Cheyenne people in western Oklahoma.
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 12,185[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Oklahoma, United States | |
| Languages | |
| English, Arapaho language, Cheyenne language | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity, Native American Church, Sun Dance, traditional tribal religions | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Arapaho, Cheyenne, Gros Ventre, Blackfeet, and Suhtai |
History edit
The Cheyennes and Arapahos are two distinct tribes with distinct histories. The Cheyenne (Tsitsistas/ The People) were once agrarian, or agricultural, people located near the Great Lakes in present-day Minnesota. Grinnell notes the Cheyenne language is a unique branch of the Algonquian language family and, The Nation itself, is descended from two related tribes, the Tsitsistas and the Suh' Tai. The latter is believed to have joined the Tsitsistas in the early 18th century (1: 1–2). The Tsitsistas and the Suh' Tai are characterized, and represented by two cultural heroes who received divine articles which shaped the time-honored belief systems of the Southern and Northern families of the Cheyenne Nation. The Suh' Tai, represented by a man named Erect Horns, were blessed with the care of a sacred Buffalo Hat, which is kept among the Northern family. The Tsitsistas, represented by a man named Sweet Medicine, were bestowed with the care of a bundle of sacred Arrows, kept among the Southern Family. Inspired by Erect Horn's vision, they adopted the horse culture in the 18th century and moved westward onto the plains to follow the buffalo. The prophet Sweet Medicine organized the structure of Cheyenne society, including the Council of Forty-four peace chiefs and the warrior societies led by prominent warriors.[2][3]
The Arapaho, also Algonquian speaking, came from Saskatchewan, Montana, Wyoming, eastern Colorado, and western South Dakota in the 18th century. They adopted horse culture and became successful nomadic hunters. In 1800, the tribe began coalescing into northern and southern groups. Although the Arapaho had assisted the Cheyenne and Lakota in driving the Kiowa south from the Northern Plains, in 1840 they made peace with the tribe. They became prosperous traders, until the expansion of American settlers onto their lands after the Civil War.[4]
The Cheyenne and Arapaho formed an alliance in the 18th and 19th centuries. Together they were a formidable military force, successful hunters, and active traders with other tribes. At the height of their alliance, their combined hunting territories spanned from Montana to Texas.[2]
The Arapaho signed the Fort Laramie Treaty with the U.S. in 1851. It recognized and guaranteed their rights to traditional lands in portions of Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, and Wyoming. The U.S. could not enforce the treaty, however, and European-American trespassers overran Indian lands. There were repeated conflicts between settlers and members of the tribes.
The U.S. government brought the tribes to council again in 1867 to achieve peace under the Medicine Lodge Treaty. It promised the Arapaho a reservation in Kansas, but they disliked the location. They accepted a reservation with the Cheyenne in Indian Territory, so both tribes were forced to remove south near Fort Reno at the Darlington Agency in present-day Oklahoma.[2]
The Dawes Act broke up the Cheyenne-Arapaho land base. All land not allotted to individual Indians was opened to settlement in the Land Run of 1892. The Curtis Act of 1898 dismantled the tribal governments in an attempt to have the tribal members assimilate to United States conventions and culture.
After the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act passed in 1936, the Cheyenne and Arapaho organized a single tribal government in 1937.[4] The Indian Self-Determination Act of 1975 further enhanced tribal development.
Economic development edit
The tribe operates three tribal smoke shops and five casinos:[1] the Lucky Star Casino in Clinton, the Lucky Star Casino in Concho, the Lucky Star Casino in Watonga, the Lucky Star Casino in Hammon, and the Lucky Star Casino in Canton.[5] They also issue their own tribal vehicle tags. Their economic impact is estimated at $32 million.[1]
Government edit
The Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes are headquartered in Concho, Oklahoma. Of 12,185 enrolled tribal members, 8,664 live within the state of Oklahoma. The tribal jurisdictional area includes Beckham, Blaine, Canadian, Custer, Dewey, Ellis, Kingfisher, Roger Mills, and Washita Counties.[1]
The tribal government consists of the Tribal Council, Executive Branch, Legislative Branch, and Judicial Branch. The Tribal Council includes all tribal members over the age of 18.[6] The Executive Branch is led by the Governor and Lieutenant Governor. The Legislative Branch is made up of legislators from the four Arapaho districts and four Cheyenne districts. The Judicial Branch includes a Supreme Court, including one Chief Justice and four Associate Justices; a Trial Court, composed of one Chief Judge and at least one Associate Judge; and any lower courts deemed necessary by the Legislature.[7] In 2006 the tribes voted and ratified the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes Constitution which replaced the 1975 constitution.[8]
Institutions edit
The Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribal Tribune is the tribe's newspaper.[5] ''CATV channel 47'' is the tribe's low power FCC licensed television station. CATV's call letters are K35MV-D. The Cheyenne-Arapaho Tribes of Oklahoma Culture and Heritage Program teaches hand games, powwow dancing and songs, horse care and riding, buffalo management, and Cheyenne and Arapaho language, and sponsored several running events.[9]
College edit
In partnership with Southwestern Oklahoma State University, the tribe founded the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribal College on August 25, 2006. Henrietta Mann, enrolled tribal member, was president in 2009. The campus was in Weatherford, Oklahoma and the school offered programs in Tribal Administration, American Indian Studies, and General Studies.[10] The Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribal College Board of Regents voted to dissolve the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribal College at the end of the 2015 spring semester.[11] However, in September of 2019 the tribe developed a replacement by chartering Bacone College in Muskogee, Oklahoma as its school.[12]
Buffalo program edit
For cultural and food sovereignty purposes, a buffalo herd has been established. The herd expanded to 530 bison in 2021 when Denver Parks and Recreation donated 13 animals which will improve the herd's genetic diversity.[13] Bison is the correct taxonomic term for Bison bison, but buffalo is the common vernacular term.
Notable tribal members edit
- Ross Anderson, professional World Cup skier
- William "Hawk" Birdshead, founder of Indigenous Life Movement
- Archie Blackowl (1911–1992), Flatstyle painter
- Chris Eyre, film director and producer, directed the films: Smoke Signals and Skins
- Suzan Shown Harjo, Southern Cheyenne/Muscogee activist, policymaker, journalist, and poet
- Viola Hatch (1930–2019), activist, policymaker, tribal elder, former tribal chairperson[14]
- Lance Henson, poet,[15] painter
- Yvonne Kauger, Oklahoma Supreme Court Justice
- Chief Little Raven (ca. 1810–1889), Arapaho chief and signer of 1867 Medicine Lodge Treaty
- Merlin Little Thunder, Southern Cheyenne artist, noted for miniature paintings
- Henrietta Mann (born 1934) academic and developer of Native American studies curricula at the University of California, Berkeley; University of Montana; and Haskell Indian Nations University[16]
- Chief Niwot (1825–1864), Southern Arapaho leader
- St. David Pendleton Oakerhater, Okuhhatuh, or Making Medicine, Southern Cheyenne (1847–1931), veteran of the Red River War, Fort Marion prisoner of war, ledger artist, deacon of Whirlwind Mission, sun dancer, canonized saint in the Episcopal Church
- Tommy Orange (born 1982), Southern Cheyenne novelist[17]
- Harvey Pratt (Cheyenne-Arapaho), artist, peace chief, forensic artist
- Henry Roman Nose (1856–1917), Southern Cheyenne chief
- W. Richard West Sr., Dick West, or Wahpahnahyah (1912–1996), Southern Cheyenne painter, educator, and Director of Art at Bacone College
- W. Richard West Jr., Cheyenne lawyer and first director of the National Museum of the American Indian
- Wolf Robe (ca. 1840–1910),
- Gilbert Miles, former lieutenant governor of the tribes
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ a b c d 2011 Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory. April 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission. 2011: 7. Retrieved 2 Jan 2012.
- ^ a b c Moore, John H. Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture. (retrieved 7 Feb 2009)
- ^ . Archived from the original on May 12, 2016. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
- ^ a b Fowler, Loretta. Arapaho, Southern. September 22, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture, retrieved 7 Feb 2009
- ^ a b Cheyenne & Arapaho Tribes of Oklahoma. 2011-06-14 at the Wayback Machine 2007 (retrieved 7 Feb 2009)
- ^ Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes Constitution, Article V, Section 1
- ^ Cheyenne-Arapaho Tribes of Oklahoma Constitution and Bylaws. 1975 (retrieved 7 Feb 2009)
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2010-09-23. Retrieved 2010-01-22.
- ^ Culture. Cheyenne & Arapaho Tribes of Oklahoma. 2007 (retrieved 7 Feb 2009)
- ^ General Information. October 29, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribal College. (retrieved 2 Nov 2009)
- ^ . Archived from the original on 22 October 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
- ^ "Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes Agree to Charter Bacone College as a Tribal College". Bacone College, February 12, 2020. 12 February 2020. Retrieved May 3, 2020.
- ^ Sirianni, Anna (April 14, 2021). "Denver Returns 14 Bison To Tribal Land In Reparations, Conservation Effort". NPR News. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
- ^ . Pierce Funeral Home. Canton, Oklahoma: Batesville, Inc. April 22, 2019. Archived from the original on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
- ^ "Henson, Lance David 2004," 2013-03-29 at the Wayback Machine University of Science and Arts of Oklahoma, Accessed June 29, 2015.
- ^ Schontzler, Gail (January 27, 2001). "Henrietta Mann Blazes a Trail for N.A.'s". Bozeman Daily Chronicle. Bozeman, Montana. Archived from the original on August 22, 2020. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
- ^ Orange, Tommy (5 June 2018). There There. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. ISBN 9780525520382. OCLC 1039481247. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
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References edit
- Grinnell, George B. The Cheyenne Indians: Their History and Lifeways Vol 1. Bloomington: World Wisdom, Inc. 2008. Print.
Further reading edit
- Henrietta Mann, "Cheyenne-Arapaho Education 1871–1982", Niwot CO: University Press of Colorado, 1997. ISBN 0-87081-462-1
- Raylene Hinz-Penner, "Searching for Sacred Ground: The Journey of Chief Lawrence Hart, Mennonite", Telford, PA:Cascadia Publishing House, 2007
- John L. Moore, The Cheyenne, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 1996. ISBN 978-0-631-21862-3.
External links edit
- The Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes, official website
- Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes of Oklahoma Constitution and By-Laws