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Cheng Qian

Cheng Qian (simplified Chinese: 程潜; traditional Chinese: 程潛; pinyin: Chéng Qián; Wade–Giles: Ch'eng Ch'ien; 31 March 1882 – 5 April 1968) was a Chinese army officer and politician who held very important military and political positions in both the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China.[1][2] Educated at the Imperial Japanese Army Academy and Waseda University, he first met Sun Yat-sen in Tokyo, becoming an early supporter. Later, under Chiang Kai-shek, he was one of the most powerful members of the Kuomintang, notably serving as Chief of Staff of the Military Affairs Commission during the Second Sino–Japanese War.

Cheng Qian
Cheng Qian
Native name
程潛
Born(1882-03-31)March 31, 1882
Liling, Hunan, Qing dynasty, China
DiedApril 5, 1968(1968-04-05) (aged 86)
Beijing, People's Republic of China
Allegiance Republic of China
 People's Republic of China
Rank General
AwardsOrder of Blue Sky and White Sun
Order of the Sacred Tripod

In August 1949, as Governor of Hunan, he peacefully surrendered to Mao Zedong's advancing Communist forces, joined the Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang and, after the founding of the People's Republic shortly after, went on to serve as Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission (1949–1968), Governor of Hunan (1952–1967) and Vice Chairman of the National People's Congress (1954–1968), among other posts.[1][2]

Early life and education edit

Born into a prosperous landlord family in Liling, Hunan, Cheng received a classical Confucian education and at the age of the 16 he obtained the xiucai (the first degree in the imperial civil service examination), and then studied at the Yuelu Academy in Changsha. Here he began to understand the current political situation and decided to give up a civil career in favor of the military, and so entered the Hunan Military Academy, being then sent to study in Japan at the Tokyo Shimbu Gakko, a military official preparatory academy. While in Tokyo, he met Huang Xing, Li Liejun, and Song Jiaoren, future nationalist leaders, who fascinated him with their ideas.

 
Magnifying glass Cheng Qian used during the Northern Expedition

In 1905 Cheng met Sun Yat-sen and joined the Tongmenghui, a secret revolutionary society, committed to overthrow the Qing Dynasty and modernize China. In 1907, Cheng graduated from the Imperial Japanese Army Academy as an artillery lieutenant (artillery, especially field artillery was to be his specialty throughout his military career). One of his classmates was Tang Jiyao.

Cheng then returned in China, where he was assigned by the Qing imperial government to train a New Army in Sichuan Province under the overall command of Zhu Qinglan.

Republic of China edit

 
Chen Qian

After the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution, Cheng took part in the Wuchang Uprising and immediately after he participated in the Battle of Changsha.

With the establishment of the Republic of China, Cheng was appointed military commander of Hunan. However, as Yuan Shikai staged his coup to control the Republic,[when?] Cheng tried to revolt, but then fled to Japan, where he joined the Kuomintang and entered Waseda University, studying for a degree in Political Economy.

Shortly after, Yuan Shikai tried to proclaim himself Emperor, causing the National Protection War. Cheng returned to Hunan to enlist rebel soldiers in Cai E's army. During the Constitutional Protection Movement he was first appointed military commander of Changsha, then Deputy Minister of War in Sun Yat-sen's Guangzhou Government. He was put in charge of training troops in Guangzhou, and then took part in the Northern Expedition. From 1925 to 1927 he was the General commanding the 6th Army, and briefly served as Chairman of the Government of the Hunan Province in 1928. In 1926 he was elected a member of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang. It was in these years that Cheng first met and collaborated with Mao Zedong, as the Kuomintang and the Communists were working together during this time under the direction of the Soviet Union (namely, the First United Front), with Mao at one time serving as Cheng's assistant in political and propaganda affairs.

In the following years, Cheng served in several capacities, including Chief of General Staff of the Military Affairs Commission (which was chaired by Chiang Kai-shek himself) from 1935 to 1937. When the Second Sino–Japanese War began, Cheng Qian was made Commander in Chief of the 1st War Zone in July 1937, responsible for defending Beijing (then named Beiping), Hebei and the strategic Beijing–Hankou railway, while also concurrently serving as Governor of Henan Province from 1937 to 1939.

Cheng Qian was recalled from the 1st War Zone in 1938 to serve as Director of the Generalissimo's Headquarters. From 1940 to 1944 he was Vice Chairman and Deputy Chief of Staff of the Military Affairs Commission, and from 1944 to 1945 he was acting Chief of Staff.

After the war ended, Cheng sided with the conciliatory faction in the Kuomintang. In 1947 he was elected in the Legislative Yuan (in the first election after 14 years) and contested the Vice Presidency of the Republic of China in March 1948, barely losing it to Li Zongren, supported by Chiang Kai-shek. Afterwards, he was appointed Governor of his native Hunan once again.[1][2]

People's Republic of China edit

 
Cheng rowing with Mao Zedong in Zhongnanhai, September 1952

As the Communist Party of China forces gained ground, Chiang Kai-shek stepped down in January 1949; after the collapse of peace talks in April, the People's Liberation Army crossed the Yangtze River. Cheng Qian in early August decided to surrender, and so Hunan was peacefully handed over to Mao Zedong's forces.[1][2]

Invited by Mao to Beijing to attend the Inaugural Session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, Cheng was then appointed to very significant offices in the new Communist People's Republic. Notably, he served as:[1][2]

During the Cultural Revolution, Cheng Qian was among the non-communists that Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai prevented from being attacked. In Hunan, he was succeeded by Li Yuan after a revolutionary committee under Li Yuan's chairmanship was formed there. He died in Beijing on 15 April 1968 aged 86.

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e Wolfgang Bartke, Who was Who in the People's Republic of China: With more than 3100 Portraits, Volume 1 (A-O) p.p. 64-65, KG Saur, Munich 1997
  2. ^ a b c d e Yuwu Song, Biographical Dictionary of the People's Republic of China, p. 47, McFarland & Company, 2013
Government offices
Preceded by
Wang Dongyuan
Governor of Hunan
1948–1949
Succeeded by
Preceded by Governor of Hunan
1952–1967
Succeeded by

cheng, qian, simplified, chinese, 程潜, traditional, chinese, 程潛, pinyin, chéng, qián, wade, giles, march, 1882, april, 1968, chinese, army, officer, politician, held, very, important, military, political, positions, both, republic, china, people, republic, chin. Cheng Qian simplified Chinese 程潜 traditional Chinese 程潛 pinyin Cheng Qian Wade Giles Ch eng Ch ien 31 March 1882 5 April 1968 was a Chinese army officer and politician who held very important military and political positions in both the Republic of China and the People s Republic of China 1 2 Educated at the Imperial Japanese Army Academy and Waseda University he first met Sun Yat sen in Tokyo becoming an early supporter Later under Chiang Kai shek he was one of the most powerful members of the Kuomintang notably serving as Chief of Staff of the Military Affairs Commission during the Second Sino Japanese War Cheng QianCheng QianNative name程潛Born 1882 03 31 March 31 1882Liling Hunan Qing dynasty ChinaDiedApril 5 1968 1968 04 05 aged 86 Beijing People s Republic of ChinaAllegiance Republic of China People s Republic of ChinaRankGeneralAwardsOrder of Blue Sky and White SunOrder of the Sacred Tripod In August 1949 as Governor of Hunan he peacefully surrendered to Mao Zedong s advancing Communist forces joined the Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang and after the founding of the People s Republic shortly after went on to serve as Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission 1949 1968 Governor of Hunan 1952 1967 and Vice Chairman of the National People s Congress 1954 1968 among other posts 1 2 Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Republic of China 3 People s Republic of China 4 ReferencesEarly life and education editBorn into a prosperous landlord family in Liling Hunan Cheng received a classical Confucian education and at the age of the 16 he obtained the xiucai the first degree in the imperial civil service examination and then studied at the Yuelu Academy in Changsha Here he began to understand the current political situation and decided to give up a civil career in favor of the military and so entered the Hunan Military Academy being then sent to study in Japan at the Tokyo Shimbu Gakko a military official preparatory academy While in Tokyo he met Huang Xing Li Liejun and Song Jiaoren future nationalist leaders who fascinated him with their ideas nbsp Magnifying glass Cheng Qian used during the Northern ExpeditionIn 1905 Cheng met Sun Yat sen and joined the Tongmenghui a secret revolutionary society committed to overthrow the Qing Dynasty and modernize China In 1907 Cheng graduated from the Imperial Japanese Army Academy as an artillery lieutenant artillery especially field artillery was to be his specialty throughout his military career One of his classmates was Tang Jiyao Cheng then returned in China where he was assigned by the Qing imperial government to train a New Army in Sichuan Province under the overall command of Zhu Qinglan Republic of China edit nbsp Chen Qian After the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution Cheng took part in the Wuchang Uprising and immediately after he participated in the Battle of Changsha With the establishment of the Republic of China Cheng was appointed military commander of Hunan However as Yuan Shikai staged his coup to control the Republic when Cheng tried to revolt but then fled to Japan where he joined the Kuomintang and entered Waseda University studying for a degree in Political Economy Shortly after Yuan Shikai tried to proclaim himself Emperor causing the National Protection War Cheng returned to Hunan to enlist rebel soldiers in Cai E s army During the Constitutional Protection Movement he was first appointed military commander of Changsha then Deputy Minister of War in Sun Yat sen s Guangzhou Government He was put in charge of training troops in Guangzhou and then took part in the Northern Expedition From 1925 to 1927 he was the General commanding the 6th Army and briefly served as Chairman of the Government of the Hunan Province in 1928 In 1926 he was elected a member of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang It was in these years that Cheng first met and collaborated with Mao Zedong as the Kuomintang and the Communists were working together during this time under the direction of the Soviet Union namely the First United Front with Mao at one time serving as Cheng s assistant in political and propaganda affairs In the following years Cheng served in several capacities including Chief of General Staff of the Military Affairs Commission which was chaired by Chiang Kai shek himself from 1935 to 1937 When the Second Sino Japanese War began Cheng Qian was made Commander in Chief of the 1st War Zone in July 1937 responsible for defending Beijing then named Beiping Hebei and the strategic Beijing Hankou railway while also concurrently serving as Governor of Henan Province from 1937 to 1939 Cheng Qian was recalled from the 1st War Zone in 1938 to serve as Director of the Generalissimo s Headquarters From 1940 to 1944 he was Vice Chairman and Deputy Chief of Staff of the Military Affairs Commission and from 1944 to 1945 he was acting Chief of Staff After the war ended Cheng sided with the conciliatory faction in the Kuomintang In 1947 he was elected in the Legislative Yuan in the first election after 14 years and contested the Vice Presidency of the Republic of China in March 1948 barely losing it to Li Zongren supported by Chiang Kai shek Afterwards he was appointed Governor of his native Hunan once again 1 2 People s Republic of China edit nbsp Cheng rowing with Mao Zedong in Zhongnanhai September 1952 As the Communist Party of China forces gained ground Chiang Kai shek stepped down in January 1949 after the collapse of peace talks in April the People s Liberation Army crossed the Yangtze River Cheng Qian in early August decided to surrender and so Hunan was peacefully handed over to Mao Zedong s forces 1 2 Invited by Mao to Beijing to attend the Inaugural Session of the Chinese People s Political Consultative Conference Cheng was then appointed to very significant offices in the new Communist People s Republic Notably he served as 1 2 Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission 1949 1968 Governor of Hunan 1952 1967 Vice Chairman of the National People s Congress 1954 1968 Vice Chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang 1956 1968 Vice Chairman of the Central South Military and Government Administration Council responsible for overseeing political and military affairs in Guangdong Hainan Henan Hubei Hunan and Guangxi 1949 1954 During the Cultural Revolution Cheng Qian was among the non communists that Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai prevented from being attacked In Hunan he was succeeded by Li Yuan after a revolutionary committee under Li Yuan s chairmanship was formed there He died in Beijing on 15 April 1968 aged 86 References edit a b c d e Wolfgang Bartke Who was Who in the People s Republic of China With more than 3100 Portraits Volume 1 A O p p 64 65 KG Saur Munich 1997 a b c d e Yuwu Song Biographical Dictionary of the People s Republic of China p 47 McFarland amp Company 2013 Government offices Preceded byWang Dongyuan Governor of Hunan1948 1949 Succeeded byChen Mingren Preceded byWang Shoudao Governor of Hunan1952 1967 Succeeded byLi Yuan Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cheng Qian amp oldid 1127771008, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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