Charles Édouard Guillaume (15 February 1861, in Fleurier, Switzerland – 13 May 1938, in Sèvres, France) was a Swiss physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1920 in recognition of the service he had rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys.[1] In 1919, he gave the fifth Guthrie Lecture at the Institute of Physics in London with the title "The Anomaly of the Nickel-Steels".[2]
Charles-Edouard Guillaume was born in Fleurier, Switzerland, on February 15, 1861.[3] Guillaume received his early education in Neuchâtel, and obtained a doctoral degree in Physics at ETH Zurich in 1883.[3][4]
Guillaume was married in 1888 to A. M. Taufflieb, with whom he had three children.[3]
Guillaume is known for his discovery of nickel–steel alloys he named invar,[7]elinvar and platinite [it], also known as red platinum. Invar has a near-zero coefficient of thermal expansion, making it useful in constructing precision instruments whose dimensions need to remain constant in spite of varying temperature. Elinvar has a near-zero thermal coefficient of the modulus of elasticity, making it useful in constructing instruments with springs that need to be unaffected by varying temperature, such as the marine chronometer. Elinvar is also non-magnetic, which is a secondary useful property for antimagnetic watches.
Space radiation
Guillaume is also known for the earliest estimation of the "radiation of the stars” in his 1896 article "La Température de L'Espace" ("The Temperature of Space"). This publication made him a pioneer in plasma cosmology, the study of conditions far from any particular star.[8] The concept would later be known as the Cosmic microwave background.[9] He was one of the first people in history to estimate the temperature of space, as 5–6 K.[10]
Horology
As the son of a Swiss horologist, Guillaume took an interest in marine chronometers. For use as the compensation balance he developed a slight variation of the invar alloy which had a negative quadratic coefficient of expansion. The purpose of doing this was to eliminate the "middle-temperature" error of the balance wheel.[5] The Guillaume balance (a type of balance wheel) in horology is named after him.[11][12]
1896: La Température de L'Espace (The Temperature of Space)
1886: Études thermométriques (Studies on Thermometry)
1889: Traité de thermométrie de Precision (Treatise on Thermometry) via Internet Archive
1894: Unités et Étalons (Units and Standards)
1896: Les rayons X et la Photographie a traves les corps opaques (X-Rays) via Internet Archive
1898: Recherches sur le nickel et ses alliages (Investigations on Nickel and its Alloys)
1899: La vie de la matière (The Life of Matter)
1902: "La Convention du Mètre et le Bureau international des Poids et Mesures (Metrical Convention and the International Bureau of Weights and Measures)". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
1904: Les applications des aciers au nickel (Applications of Nickel-Steels) via Internet Archive
1907: Des états de la matière (States of Matter)
1909: Initiation à la Mécanique (Introduction to Mechanics) Hathi Trust record
1913: [1907] Les récents progrès du système métrique (Recent progress in the Metric System)
^"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2019-02-27.
^Charles Edouard Guillaume (1919). "The Anomaly of the Nickel-Steels". Proceedings of the Physical Society of London. 32 (1): 374–404. Bibcode:1919PPSL...32..374E. doi:10.1088/1478-7814/32/1/337. ISSN 1478-7814.
^ abc"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2019-02-27.
Charles Édouard Guillaume on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1920 Invar and Elinvar
August 19, 2023
charles, Édouard, guillaume, february, 1861, fleurier, switzerland, 1938, sèvres, france, swiss, physicist, received, nobel, prize, physics, 1920, recognition, service, rendered, precision, measurements, physics, discovery, anomalies, nickel, steel, alloys, 19. Charles Edouard Guillaume 15 February 1861 in Fleurier Switzerland 13 May 1938 in Sevres France was a Swiss physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1920 in recognition of the service he had rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys 1 In 1919 he gave the fifth Guthrie Lecture at the Institute of Physics in London with the title The Anomaly of the Nickel Steels 2 Charles Edouard GuillaumeGuillaume in 1920Born 1861 02 15 15 February 1861Fleurier SwitzerlandDied13 May 1938 1938 05 13 aged 77 Sevres FranceNationalitySwissAlma materETH ZurichKnown forInvar and ElinvarAwardsJohn Scott Medal 1914 Nobel Prize in Physics 1920 Duddell Medal and Prize 1928 Scientific careerFieldsPhysicsInstitutionsBureau International des Poids et Mesures Sevres Contents 1 Personal life 2 Scientific career 2 1 Nickel steel alloy 2 2 Space radiation 2 3 Horology 3 Publications 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksPersonal life EditCharles Edouard Guillaume was born in Fleurier Switzerland on February 15 1861 3 Guillaume received his early education in Neuchatel and obtained a doctoral degree in Physics at ETH Zurich in 1883 3 4 Guillaume was married in 1888 to A M Taufflieb with whom he had three children 3 He died on 13 May 1938 at Sevres aged 77 Scientific career EditGuillaume was head of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures 5 6 He also worked with Kristian Birkeland serving at the Observatoire de Paris Section de Meudon He conducted several experiments with thermostatic measurements at the observatory Nickel steel alloy Edit Guillaume is known for his discovery of nickel steel alloys he named invar 7 elinvar and platinite it also known as red platinum Invar has a near zero coefficient of thermal expansion making it useful in constructing precision instruments whose dimensions need to remain constant in spite of varying temperature Elinvar has a near zero thermal coefficient of the modulus of elasticity making it useful in constructing instruments with springs that need to be unaffected by varying temperature such as the marine chronometer Elinvar is also non magnetic which is a secondary useful property for antimagnetic watches Space radiation Edit Guillaume is also known for the earliest estimation of the radiation of the stars in his 1896 article La Temperature de L Espace The Temperature of Space This publication made him a pioneer in plasma cosmology the study of conditions far from any particular star 8 The concept would later be known as the Cosmic microwave background 9 He was one of the first people in history to estimate the temperature of space as 5 6 K 10 Horology Edit As the son of a Swiss horologist Guillaume took an interest in marine chronometers For use as the compensation balance he developed a slight variation of the invar alloy which had a negative quadratic coefficient of expansion The purpose of doing this was to eliminate the middle temperature error of the balance wheel 5 The Guillaume balance a type of balance wheel in horology is named after him 11 12 Publications Edit 1922 pastel portraiture by Marie Louise Catherine Breslau1896 La Temperature de L Espace The Temperature of Space 1886 Etudes thermometriques Studies on Thermometry 1889 Traite de thermometrie de Precision Treatise on Thermometry via Internet Archive 1894 Unites et Etalons Units and Standards 1896 Les rayons X et la Photographie a traves les corps opaques X Rays via Internet Archive 1898 Recherches sur le nickel et ses alliages Investigations on Nickel and its Alloys 1899 La vie de la matiere The Life of Matter 1902 La Convention du Metre et le Bureau international des Poids et Mesures Metrical Convention and the International Bureau of Weights and Measures a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help 1904 Les applications des aciers au nickel Applications of Nickel Steels via Internet Archive 1907 Des etats de la matiere States of Matter 1909 Initiation a la Mecanique Introduction to Mechanics Hathi Trust record 1913 1907 Les recents progres du systeme metrique Recent progress in the Metric System See also EditCarlos Ibanez e Ibanez de Ibero 1st president of the International Committee for Weights and MeasuresNotes Edit The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920 NobelPrize org Retrieved 2019 02 27 Charles Edouard Guillaume 1919 The Anomaly of the Nickel Steels Proceedings of the Physical Society of London 32 1 374 404 Bibcode 1919PPSL 32 374E doi 10 1088 1478 7814 32 1 337 ISSN 1478 7814 a b c The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920 NobelPrize org Retrieved 2019 02 27 Guillaume Ch Ed Charles Edouard 1861 history aip org Retrieved 2019 02 27 a b Gould p 201 Charles Edouard Guillaume Fondation de la Haute Horlogerie www hautehorlogerie org Retrieved 2019 02 27 Red Platinum Sunday Mail 30 June 1929 Pioneers in the development of the plasma cosmology Guillaume C E 1896 La Nature 24 series 2 p 234 cited in History of the 2 7 K Temperature Prior to Penzias and Wilson Guillaume C E 1896 La Nature 24 series 2 p 234 cited in History of the 2 7 K Temperature Prior to Penzias and Wilson Phillips CH080217 Patek Philippe Phillips Retrieved 2019 02 27 Bond Alexander Russell 1921 Scientific American Monthly References EditNobel Lectures Physics 1901 1921 Charles Edouard Guillaume Biography Elsevier Publishing Company Amsterdam Rupert Thomas Gould 1960 The Marine Chronometer its history and development Holland Press C E Guillaume in Nature 1934Further reading EditRobert W Cahn 2005 An Unusual Nobel Prize Notes and Records 59 2 External links Edit Media related to Charles Edouard Guillaume at Wikimedia Commons Works by or about Charles Edouard Guillaume at Internet Archive Charles Edouard Guillaume on Nobelprize org including the Nobel Lecture December 11 1920 Invar and Elinvar Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Charles Edouard Guillaume amp oldid 1149280942, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
