fbpx
Wikipedia

National symbols of Catalonia

The national symbols of Catalonia are flags, icons or cultural expressions that are emblematic, representative or otherwise characteristic of Catalonia or Catalan culture.

The oldest Catalan symbol is the coat of arms of Catalonia, based on the royal arms of the Crown of Aragon, though a number of theories trace its origin to even older times. It is one of the oldest coats of arms in Europe.[1][2][3][4] A legend, considered non-historical, says that the four red bars (Quatre Pals or Quatre Barres) are the result of Charles the Bald, known also as Charles II, king of West Francia, smearing four bloodied fingers over Wilfred the Hairy's golden shield, after the latter had fought against the Normans.

Catalonia's national symbols as defined in the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia[5] are the flag, Catalonia's day, and the anthem. These symbols have often a political and revindicative significance. Other symbols may not have official status, for different reasons, but are likewise recognised at a national or international level. One of the highest civil distinctions awarded in Catalonia is the St George's Cross (Creu de Sant Jordi).

Official national symbols edit

Image Name Description Officially adopted
 
The flag of Catalonia or Senyera (its name in Catalan), based on the coat of arms, is the most representative official symbol. It consists of four red stripes on a golden background. Its use dates from the 12th century, when it was the symbol of the kings of Aragon and counts of Barcelona. Proportions of the flag are 2:3. May 25, 1933
 
The National Day of Catalonia, commonly called La Diada[6] is on 11 September. It commemorates the 1714 Siege of Barcelona defeat during the War of the Spanish Succession. June 12, 1980
"Els Segadors" (The Reapers) is the national anthem of Catalonia. Is an adaptation of a popular song of the 18th century based on the Reapers' War (1640-1659). It has been an unofficial Catalan anthem since the late 19th century, and officially recognized by law in 1993. January 19, 1993

Other official symbols and distinctions edit

Image Name Description Officially adopted
 
Derived from the coat of arms, it is the official emblem of the Generalitat, the institution of self-government of Catalonia, adopted in 1932, during the Second Spanish Republic. It is one of the few republican symbols to remain official in Spain. 1932
 
The Gold Medal of the Generalitat is the highest civil distinction awarded in Catalonia. May 17, 1978
 
It is one of the most valued distinctions awarded in Catalonia, based on the St George's Cross, historic Catalan symbol. It was established by the Generalitat by virtue of the Decree 457/1981 of 18 December 1981. The medal was designed by goldsmith Joaquim Capdevila. December 18, 1981

Historical edit

  The Catalan constitutions (Constitucions catalanes) were the legislation of the Principality of Catalonia promulgated by the monarch as Count of Barcelona and approved by the Catalan Courts. The first ones were promulgated in 1283, the last ones in 1706. They had pre-eminence over the other legal rules and could only be revoked by the Courts themselves.
  St George's Cross
  Palau de la Generalitat is a historic building located in Barcelona. It hosted the government and the presidency of the Generalitat, the institution of self-government of Catalonia.
  Poblet Abbey
  Timbaler del Bruc
  The sickle is an agricultural tool particularly associated with the Reapers' War (1640-1652) and other Catalan popular uprisings.

Certain institutions from the former Principality of Catalonia, like the Catalan constitutions, the Usatges, the Consell de Cent, the Catalan Courts and the Generalitat are valued as historical symbols of ancient local forms of government by Catalans.

Owing to a common history and shared experiences, as well as interactions at different levels along the centuries, many of the traditional Catalan symbols overlap with those of Aragon, Valencia and the Balearic Islands. This is often cause of controversies, as it is often difficult to resolve conflicts regarding differing perceptions of the culture, the history and the language issues surrounding what was the former Crown of Aragon and the culturally Catalan geographic areas. Places like the Poblet Monastery where the ancient kings lie buried are especially revered as common symbols that helped consolidate Catalonia in the 12th century.[7]

Historical symbols of a military nature edit

In former times the existence and very survival of Catalonia depended on being victorious in the constant battles against the Saracens. Therefore, many ancient Catalan symbols are of a warlike nature, like Otger Cataló, also known as Pare de la Pàtria ("Father of the Country"), the Nou Barons de la Fama, James the Conqueror, the Almogavars, Bernat de Rocafort and the Comte Tallaferro. Present-day "moros i cristians" popular festivals still commemorate the battles against the Moors (or Muslims) that allowed the Catalans to endure the invasions.[8]

The national anthem of Els Segadors, as well as the sickle, date back to the Reapers' War (1640 - 1659), while the Timbaler del Bruc (drummer of El Bruc) commemorates the resistance against Napoleon I's troops in Catalonia during the Peninsular War (1808 - 1814).

Folkloric and popular symbols edit

 
The Castellers
 
The Sardana dance

Aside of the symbols of a historic, political and religious character, there are other popular Catalan symbols which are more or less serious according to the case and the context.

Many of these symbols come from the local folklore, like the sardana dance, the Castellers and the gegants i capgrossos, as well as the dragon, and its derivations, the cucafera, the vibria and the bat. The choosing of a "Pubilla" in the summer fairs comes from an old tradition based on the transmission of hereditary patrimony in rural Catalonia.

Still, certain traditional and "typical" symbols deserve mention, like Patufet, the St George's Day red rose, the Nit de Sant Joan bonfires, the correfoc, the barretina traditional hat, the porró, the Tió de Nadal and the caganer.

One of the most famous international symbols of Catalonia is FC Barcelona. The area's footballing branch is supported with a passion by its fans, the culés. Each season Barça engages in one of La Liga's most famous rivalries, El Clàssic against long-time rivals Real Madrid. To a lesser extent the USAP Perpignan rugby team is also considered, especially by some Catalan nationalists, as an unofficial national team of Catalonia.

Religious edit

 
The Virgin of Montserrat
 
Sant Jordi (Saint George), the patron saint of Catalonia.[9] Fountain in the Palau de la Generalitat, Barcelona

Ancestral symbols, like the Virgin of Montserrat, Saint George, other Virgins and Saints, as well as the Pessebre, the Nit de Reis and the Christmas celebrations, are derived from the Christian doctrine. These symbols were fruit of a time when churches or cathedrals were in the centre of Catalan towns and respect for priests was not questioned. The Christian cross and the colors of the sacrifice of Christ, white and red for "body and blood", inspired a great part of the Catalan traditional emblems. Some old Christian symbols are now subject to controversy,[10] for present-day society in Catalonia is in a state of Postchristianity, seeing itself as more secular than its traditional ancestry.

The names of many villages, cities and mountains all over Catalonia, like Santa Susanna, Sant Sadurní d'Anoia, or Sant Llorenç del Munt, as well as a great number of chapels and hermitages spread all over the territory, remain as a testimony of the ancestral faith of the Catalans. In recent times, however, these symbols have seen their meaning much reduced. While until the 19th century all Catalans felt represented by their symbols of Christianity, nowadays only a few consider them relevant.[11] Already in 1905 writer and bishop Josep Torras i Bages (1846–1916), convinced that the Catalan nation had to be Christian in order to establish itself as something enduring and meaningful in the future, strongly criticized the secularism displayed by the "militant nationalism" of Enric Prat de la Riba (1870–1917).

According to Torras i Bages, the seny (a kind of good sense and wisdom), another Catalan symbol, was based in ancient Catalan traditions.[12] Analyzing this controversy, Mossèn Gaietà Soler i Perejoan (1863–1914) came to the conclusion that "there are two "opposing visions" in Catalonia, from one side the Catholic (one), based on "seny" and tradition, aiming to promote benevolent social restoration ... of the faith and social and legal customs of Catalonia...", and on the other side "the unconcerned (vision), based on what is politically convenient, in order to achieve, rather than social improvement, (merely) the political prestige of a nation-state."[13]

Geographic edit

Mountains like the Canigó, Montserrat and the striking double-peaked Pedraforca, are ancestral symbols endowed with mythical attributes according to the local folklore.

Certain cities of the Catalan cultural area have a symbolic significance as the most extreme geographic points of the spoken Catalan language or one of its variants. These are: Salses, the northernmost, Guardamar (Valencian), the southernmost, Maó (Menorquí), the easternmost, and Fraga, the westernmost.

Gastronomy edit

  Pa amb tomàquet (bread with tomato) is considered the quintessential dish of Catalonia. It consists of toasted bread with tomato rubbed over and seasoned with olive oil and salt.
  The Calçot is a type of scallion or green onion. A "calçotada" is an annual event in Tarragona celebrating the harvest of Calçot. It is grilled on high fire and eaten after peeling with bare hands by dipping one by one in romesco sauce along with an accompaniment of red wine and bread.
  A botifarra is a sausage made from the large intestine of a pig filled with minced and marinated meat from the same animal, seasoned with salt and pepper. Botifarra amb mongetes ("botifarra with beans") is perhaps one of the most representative Catalan dish.
  Escudella i carn d'olla is a traditional meat and vegetable stew and soup. It is characterized by the use of a pilota, a big meatball spiced with garlic and parsley; it also contains vegetables as celery, cabbage, carrots, etc. and, additionally, bones, botifarra, and other types of meat. In Christmas it included a snail-shaped pasta known as galet.
  Crema catalana ("Catalan cream") is a dessert similar to a French crème brûlée. It is made from egg yolks, milk, sugar, cornflour (in modern recipes), and aromatics, typically lemon zest, cinnamon, or vanilla, with a crisp caramel crust.[14]
  Cava is an iconic sparkling wine mainly produced in the Penedès region. It may be white (blanc) or rosé (rosat).

Flora and fauna edit

  The "ruc català" or "burro català" (Catalan donkey) is a breed of large domestic donkeys from Catalonia and the Roussillon. As a national symbol, is a relatively recent creation when the need was felt to produce something Catalan to oppose to the Central Spanish Osborne bull, widely perceived by many Catalans as a centralistic symbol.[15]
  Víbria ("wyvern") is a mythical dragon with two legs, chiropteran wings, sometimes with marked feminine characters (like two prominent breasts) and bird-like, like an eagle's beak with claws and wings. The kings of the Crown of Aragon used it in their personal heraldry as crest. Today, it is frequently represented at traditional local Catalan festivals.
  The yellow weaver's broom (ginesta in Catalan) has often been regarded as the national flower of Catalonia, specially in combination with red poppies.[16]
  The Pi de les Tres Branques is an individual pine tree located in the municipality of Castellar del Riu. Since the late 19th century it has been seen as a symbol of the unity of the three "Catalan countries" and been a venue for political and cultural gatherings.
  The Catalan Sheepdog (Catalan: Gos d'atura català) is a breed of Catalan Pyrenean dog used as a sheepdog.
  The Phoenix is a mythical creature particularly related with the Renaixença, the 19th century Romantic revivalist movement of the Catalan language and culture.[17]

Gallery edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ " Léon Jéquier. Actes du II Colloque international d'héraldique". Breassone.1981. Académie internationale d'héraldique. Les Origines des armoiries. Paris. ISBN 2-86377-030-6.
  2. ^ Paul Adam Even."L'heraldique catalane au moyen age" in Hidalguia, 22, Mayo-Junio 1957. Madrid. p465.
  3. ^ Martí de Riquer. "Heràldica catalana: des l'any 1150 al 1550". Quaderns Crema.1982. ISBN 84-85704-34-7
  4. ^ Michel Pastoureau. L'origine des armoiries de la Catalogne" in II Simposi numismàtic de Barcelona. 1980.E.Cymys SCEN ISBN 84-85060-16-4
  5. ^ "Statute of Catalonia (Article 8)". Gencat.cat. Retrieved 2018-07-11. modified by the Spanish Constitutional Tribunal Judgment STC 31/2010 of June 28, 2010
  6. ^ Law 1/1980 where the Parliament of Catalonia declares that 11th of September is the National Day of Catalonia
  7. ^ Joan Bassegoda i Nonell, Història de la restauració de Poblet: destrucció i reconstrucció de Poblet, Poblet, Abadia de Poblet, 1983
  8. ^ . Archived from the original on 2010-10-02. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
  9. ^ Christian Roy, 2005, Traditional Festivals ISBN 978-1-57607-089-5 page 408
  10. ^ Vicenç Villatoro. Paisatges d'hivern (La barbaritat de fer un pessebre sense pessebre o una truita sense ou). AVUI, diumenge 2 de gener 2005
  11. ^ El Barça tolera un escut sense la creu en un acte al Marroc
  12. ^ Josep Torras i Bages, La tradició catalana, 1892
  13. ^ Josep Massot i Muntaner Església i societat a la Catalunya contemporània
  14. ^ Marijo Jordan (2020-03-20). "Los 10 errores que cometes al hacer crema catalana y natillas" [The 10 mistakes you commit when making crema catalana and custards]. La Vanguardia (in Spanish).
  15. ^ Ruc català - (Catalan donkey)
  16. ^ (in Catalan) La ginesta, flor nacional de Catalunya
  17. ^ Jordi Falgàs i d'altres, Barcelona and Modernity, Picasso Gaudí Miró Dalí, ISBN 0-300-12106-7, 2006.

national, symbols, catalonia, national, symbols, catalonia, flags, icons, cultural, expressions, that, emblematic, representative, otherwise, characteristic, catalonia, catalan, culture, oldest, catalan, symbol, coat, arms, catalonia, based, royal, arms, crown. The national symbols of Catalonia are flags icons or cultural expressions that are emblematic representative or otherwise characteristic of Catalonia or Catalan culture The oldest Catalan symbol is the coat of arms of Catalonia based on the royal arms of the Crown of Aragon though a number of theories trace its origin to even older times It is one of the oldest coats of arms in Europe 1 2 3 4 A legend considered non historical says that the four red bars Quatre Pals or Quatre Barres are the result of Charles the Bald known also as Charles II king of West Francia smearing four bloodied fingers over Wilfred the Hairy s golden shield after the latter had fought against the Normans Catalonia s national symbols as defined in the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia 5 are the flag Catalonia s day and the anthem These symbols have often a political and revindicative significance Other symbols may not have official status for different reasons but are likewise recognised at a national or international level One of the highest civil distinctions awarded in Catalonia is the St George s Cross Creu de Sant Jordi Contents 1 Official national symbols 2 Other official symbols and distinctions 3 Historical 3 1 Historical symbols of a military nature 4 Folkloric and popular symbols 5 Religious 6 Geographic 7 Gastronomy 8 Flora and fauna 9 Gallery 10 See also 11 ReferencesOfficial national symbols editImage Name Description Officially adopted nbsp Flag of Catalonia or Senyera The flag of Catalonia or Senyera its name in Catalan based on the coat of arms is the most representative official symbol It consists of four red stripes on a golden background Its use dates from the 12th century when it was the symbol of the kings of Aragon and counts of Barcelona Proportions of the flag are 2 3 May 25 1933 nbsp National Day of Catalonia The National Day of Catalonia commonly called La Diada 6 is on 11 September It commemorates the 1714 Siege of Barcelona defeat during the War of the Spanish Succession June 12 1980 source source track track track track track track track track track track Els Segadors Els Segadors The Reapers is the national anthem of Catalonia Is an adaptation of a popular song of the 18th century based on the Reapers War 1640 1659 It has been an unofficial Catalan anthem since the late 19th century and officially recognized by law in 1993 January 19 1993Other official symbols and distinctions editImage Name Description Officially adopted nbsp Seal of the Generalitat de Catalunya Derived from the coat of arms it is the official emblem of the Generalitat the institution of self government of Catalonia adopted in 1932 during the Second Spanish Republic It is one of the few republican symbols to remain official in Spain 1932 nbsp Gold Medal of the Generalitat of Catalonia The Gold Medal of the Generalitat is the highest civil distinction awarded in Catalonia May 17 1978 nbsp St George s Cross Award It is one of the most valued distinctions awarded in Catalonia based on the St George s Cross historic Catalan symbol It was established by the Generalitat by virtue of the Decree 457 1981 of 18 December 1981 The medal was designed by goldsmith Joaquim Capdevila December 18 1981Historical edit nbsp The Catalan constitutions Constitucions catalanes were the legislation of the Principality of Catalonia promulgated by the monarch as Count of Barcelona and approved by the Catalan Courts The first ones were promulgated in 1283 the last ones in 1706 They had pre eminence over the other legal rules and could only be revoked by the Courts themselves nbsp St George s Cross nbsp Palau de la Generalitat is a historic building located in Barcelona It hosted the government and the presidency of the Generalitat the institution of self government of Catalonia nbsp Poblet Abbey nbsp Timbaler del Bruc nbsp The sickle is an agricultural tool particularly associated with the Reapers War 1640 1652 and other Catalan popular uprisings Certain institutions from the former Principality of Catalonia like the Catalan constitutions the Usatges the Consell de Cent the Catalan Courts and the Generalitat are valued as historical symbols of ancient local forms of government by Catalans Owing to a common history and shared experiences as well as interactions at different levels along the centuries many of the traditional Catalan symbols overlap with those of Aragon Valencia and the Balearic Islands This is often cause of controversies as it is often difficult to resolve conflicts regarding differing perceptions of the culture the history and the language issues surrounding what was the former Crown of Aragon and the culturally Catalan geographic areas Places like the Poblet Monastery where the ancient kings lie buried are especially revered as common symbols that helped consolidate Catalonia in the 12th century 7 Historical symbols of a military nature edit In former times the existence and very survival of Catalonia depended on being victorious in the constant battles against the Saracens Therefore many ancient Catalan symbols are of a warlike nature like Otger Catalo also known as Pare de la Patria Father of the Country the Nou Barons de la Fama James the Conqueror the Almogavars Bernat de Rocafort and the Comte Tallaferro Present day moros i cristians popular festivals still commemorate the battles against the Moors or Muslims that allowed the Catalans to endure the invasions 8 The national anthem of Els Segadors as well as the sickle date back to the Reapers War 1640 1659 while the Timbaler del Bruc drummer of El Bruc commemorates the resistance against Napoleon I s troops in Catalonia during the Peninsular War 1808 1814 Folkloric and popular symbols edit nbsp The Castellers nbsp The Sardana dance Aside of the symbols of a historic political and religious character there are other popular Catalan symbols which are more or less serious according to the case and the context Many of these symbols come from the local folklore like the sardana dance the Castellers and the gegants i capgrossos as well as the dragon and its derivations the cucafera the vibria and the bat The choosing of a Pubilla in the summer fairs comes from an old tradition based on the transmission of hereditary patrimony in rural Catalonia Still certain traditional and typical symbols deserve mention like Patufet the St George s Day red rose the Nit de Sant Joan bonfires the correfoc the barretina traditional hat the porro the Tio de Nadal and the caganer One of the most famous international symbols of Catalonia is FC Barcelona The area s footballing branch is supported with a passion by its fans the cules Each season Barca engages in one of La Liga s most famous rivalries El Classic against long time rivals Real Madrid To a lesser extent the USAP Perpignan rugby team is also considered especially by some Catalan nationalists as an unofficial national team of Catalonia Religious edit nbsp The Virgin of Montserrat nbsp Sant Jordi Saint George the patron saint of Catalonia 9 Fountain in the Palau de la Generalitat Barcelona Ancestral symbols like the Virgin of Montserrat Saint George other Virgins and Saints as well as the Pessebre the Nit de Reis and the Christmas celebrations are derived from the Christian doctrine These symbols were fruit of a time when churches or cathedrals were in the centre of Catalan towns and respect for priests was not questioned The Christian cross and the colors of the sacrifice of Christ white and red for body and blood inspired a great part of the Catalan traditional emblems Some old Christian symbols are now subject to controversy 10 for present day society in Catalonia is in a state of Postchristianity seeing itself as more secular than its traditional ancestry The names of many villages cities and mountains all over Catalonia like Santa Susanna Sant Sadurni d Anoia or Sant Llorenc del Munt as well as a great number of chapels and hermitages spread all over the territory remain as a testimony of the ancestral faith of the Catalans In recent times however these symbols have seen their meaning much reduced While until the 19th century all Catalans felt represented by their symbols of Christianity nowadays only a few consider them relevant 11 Already in 1905 writer and bishop Josep Torras i Bages 1846 1916 convinced that the Catalan nation had to be Christian in order to establish itself as something enduring and meaningful in the future strongly criticized the secularism displayed by the militant nationalism of Enric Prat de la Riba 1870 1917 According to Torras i Bages the seny a kind of good sense and wisdom another Catalan symbol was based in ancient Catalan traditions 12 Analyzing this controversy Mossen Gaieta Soler i Perejoan 1863 1914 came to the conclusion that there are two opposing visions in Catalonia from one side the Catholic one based on seny and tradition aiming to promote benevolent social restoration of the faith and social and legal customs of Catalonia and on the other side the unconcerned vision based on what is politically convenient in order to achieve rather than social improvement merely the political prestige of a nation state 13 Geographic edit nbsp Montserrat nbsp Canigo nbsp Pedraforca Mountains like the Canigo Montserrat and the striking double peaked Pedraforca are ancestral symbols endowed with mythical attributes according to the local folklore Certain cities of the Catalan cultural area have a symbolic significance as the most extreme geographic points of the spoken Catalan language or one of its variants These are Salses the northernmost Guardamar Valencian the southernmost Mao Menorqui the easternmost and Fraga the westernmost Gastronomy editMain article Catalan cuisine nbsp Pa amb tomaquet bread with tomato is considered the quintessential dish of Catalonia It consists of toasted bread with tomato rubbed over and seasoned with olive oil and salt nbsp The Calcot is a type of scallion or green onion A calcotada is an annual event in Tarragona celebrating the harvest of Calcot It is grilled on high fire and eaten after peeling with bare hands by dipping one by one in romesco sauce along with an accompaniment of red wine and bread nbsp A botifarra is a sausage made from the large intestine of a pig filled with minced and marinated meat from the same animal seasoned with salt and pepper Botifarra amb mongetes botifarra with beans is perhaps one of the most representative Catalan dish nbsp Escudella i carn d olla is a traditional meat and vegetable stew and soup It is characterized by the use of a pilota a big meatball spiced with garlic and parsley it also contains vegetables as celery cabbage carrots etc and additionally bones botifarra and other types of meat In Christmas it included a snail shaped pasta known as galet nbsp Crema catalana Catalan cream is a dessert similar to a French creme brulee It is made from egg yolks milk sugar cornflour in modern recipes and aromatics typically lemon zest cinnamon or vanilla with a crisp caramel crust 14 nbsp Cava is an iconic sparkling wine mainly produced in the Penedes region It may be white blanc or rose rosat Flora and fauna edit nbsp The ruc catala or burro catala Catalan donkey is a breed of large domestic donkeys from Catalonia and the Roussillon As a national symbol is a relatively recent creation when the need was felt to produce something Catalan to oppose to the Central Spanish Osborne bull widely perceived by many Catalans as a centralistic symbol 15 nbsp Vibria wyvern is a mythical dragon with two legs chiropteran wings sometimes with marked feminine characters like two prominent breasts and bird like like an eagle s beak with claws and wings The kings of the Crown of Aragon used it in their personal heraldry as crest Today it is frequently represented at traditional local Catalan festivals nbsp The yellow weaver s broom ginesta in Catalan has often been regarded as the national flower of Catalonia specially in combination with red poppies 16 nbsp The Pi de les Tres Branques is an individual pine tree located in the municipality of Castellar del Riu Since the late 19th century it has been seen as a symbol of the unity of the three Catalan countries and been a venue for political and cultural gatherings nbsp The Catalan Sheepdog Catalan Gos d atura catala is a breed of Catalan Pyrenean dog used as a sheepdog nbsp The Phoenix is a mythical creature particularly related with the Renaixenca the 19th century Romantic revivalist movement of the Catalan language and culture 17 Gallery editNational symbols gallery nbsp The Senyera nbsp Memorial to the Battles of the Bruch nbsp Front cover from Lo verdader catala The True Catalan A man wearing barretina sitting by the Catalan shield nbsp Catalan men wearing barretinaSee also edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Symbols of Catalonia History of Catalonia Traditions of Catalonia Auca cartoon SenyReferences edit Leon Jequier Actes du II Colloque international d heraldique Breassone 1981 Academie internationale d heraldique Les Origines des armoiries Paris ISBN 2 86377 030 6 Paul Adam Even L heraldique catalane au moyen age in Hidalguia 22 Mayo Junio 1957 Madrid p465 Marti de Riquer Heraldica catalana des l any 1150 al 1550 Quaderns Crema 1982 ISBN 84 85704 34 7 Michel Pastoureau L origine des armoiries de la Catalogne in II Simposi numismatic de Barcelona 1980 E Cymys SCEN ISBN 84 85060 16 4 Statute of Catalonia Article 8 Gencat cat Retrieved 2018 07 11 modified by the Spanish Constitutional Tribunal Judgment STC 31 2010 of June 28 2010 Law 1 1980 where the Parliament of Catalonia declares that 11th of September is the National Day of Catalonia Joan Bassegoda i Nonell Historia de la restauracio de Poblet destruccio i reconstruccio de Poblet Poblet Abadia de Poblet 1983 Ramon Cuellar i Sorribes Auca de N Otger Catalo Archived from the original on 2010 10 02 Retrieved 2009 02 05 Christian Roy 2005 Traditional Festivals ISBN 978 1 57607 089 5 page 408 Vicenc Villatoro Paisatges d hivern La barbaritat de fer un pessebre sense pessebre o una truita sense ou AVUI diumenge 2 de gener 2005 El Barca tolera un escut sense la creu en un acte al Marroc Josep Torras i Bages La tradicio catalana 1892 Josep Massot i Muntaner Esglesia i societat a la Catalunya contemporania Marijo Jordan 2020 03 20 Los 10 errores que cometes al hacer crema catalana y natillas The 10 mistakes you commit when making crema catalana and custards La Vanguardia in Spanish Ruc catala Catalan donkey in Catalan La ginesta flor nacional de Catalunya Jordi Falgas i d altres Barcelona and Modernity Picasso Gaudi Miro Dali ISBN 0 300 12106 7 2006 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title National symbols of Catalonia amp oldid 1214392272, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.