Geotrichum
Geotrichum is a genus of fungi found worldwide in soil, water, air, and sewage, as well as in plants, cereals, and dairy products; it is also commonly found in normal human flora and is isolated from sputum and feces. It was first described in 1809 by Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link.[1]
| Geotrichum | |
|---|---|
| Geotrichum candidum | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Saccharomycetes |
| Order: | Saccharomycetales |
| Family: | Dipodascaceae |
| Genus: | Geotrichum Link, 1809 |
| Species | |
| See text | |
The genus Geotrichum includes over 100 species. Some are welcome and even considered desirable. For example, skilled cheesemakers create conditions favorable for the formation of a Geotrichum candidum rind on certain goat's milk and cow's milk cheeses, proudly declaring the rind to be the most flavorful part of such cheeses. Another example is the presence of some Geotrichum species in fermented poi.
The most clinically relevant species is Saprochaeta capitata, formerly known as Geotrichum capitatum, with most cases occurring in Europe.[2][3]
Saprochaete clavata, formerly known as Geotrichum clavatum, is an uncommon infection that has been associated with sporadic outbreaks.[4] Geotrichum candidum is closely related to Saprochaeta sp., rarely isolated but may cause invasive and disseminated disease with high mortality Yeast-like and mold-like strains have been identified.[5]
The most important risk factor for invasive fungal infection related to Geotrichum is severe immunosuppression, especially in hematological malignancies as acute leukemia, associated with profound and prolonged neutropenia.[2][6]
Fungemia is very common, often with deep organ involvement (lung, liver, spleen, and central nervous system) and also skin and mucous membranes lesions.[7] There is no optimal treatment for Geotrichum infections but based on existing data guidelines recommend amphotericin B with or without co-administered flucytosine or with voriconazole showing good in vitro susceptibility.
Mortality associated with Geotrichum-related infections is high, ranging from 57% to 80%.[8]
Increasing the knowledge on Geotrichum related invasive fungal infections may improve early diagnosis and adequate treatment of these severe infections.
History
The genus Geotrichum was described by Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link in 1809 to accommodate the species G. candidum found on decaying leaves. Since then, over 130 taxa have been described in the genus, and hundreds of synonyms have been generated.[9] For example G. candidum was misclassified as the Oidium lactis in much early literature.[10] Species of Geotrichum resemble the genera Trichosporon and Protendomycopsis; however, Geotrichum is of ascomycetous affiliation whereas the latter are members of the Basidiomycota. Species of Geotrichum are occasionally mistaken for fast growing members of the genus Dipodascus, which are characterized by irregularly branched, 10-14 μm wide hyphae and the production of single-spored asci. However, unlike Geotrichum, members of the genus Dipodascus lack dichotomous branching of the peripheral hyphae and their growth rates are generally less than 3 mm per day.[11]
Species
Species in this genus include the following:[12]
- Geotrichum amycelicum
- Geotrichum armillariae
- Geotrichum asteroides
- Geotrichum beigelii
- Geotrichum bipunctatum
- Geotrichum bogolepoffii
- Geotrichum bostonense
- Geotrichum brasiliense
- Geotrichum brocianum
- Geotrichum brocqii
- Geotrichum brocquii
- Geotrichum bryndzae
- Geotrichum byssinum
- Geotrichum candidum Link 1809
- Geotrichum candidum var. citri-aurantii (Ferraris) Cif. & F. Cif. 1955
- Geotrichum caoi
- Geotrichum capitatum
- Geotrichum carabidarum
- Geotrichum cerebrinum
- Geotrichum cinereum
- Geotrichum cinnamomeum
- Geotrichum citri-aurantii
- Geotrichum clavatum
- Geotrichum coccophilum
- Geotrichum coremiiforme
- Geotrichum cuboideum
- Geotrichum cucujoidarum
- Geotrichum cutaneum
- Geotrichum cyphellae
- Geotrichum decipiens
- Geotrichum dermatitidis
- Geotrichum doliiforme
- Geotrichum dombrayi
- Geotrichum dulcitum
- Geotrichum eriense
- Geotrichum europaeum
- Geotrichum famatum
- Geotrichum fermentans
- Geotrichum fici
- Geotrichum flavobrunneum
- Geotrichum flexuosum
- Geotrichum fragrans
- Geotrichum funiculosum
- Geotrichum ghanense
- Geotrichum giganteum
- Geotrichum gigas
- Geotrichum gracile
- Geotrichum hirtum
- Geotrichum histeridarum
- Geotrichum immite
- Geotrichum infestans
- Geotrichum ingens
- Geotrichum issavi
- Geotrichum javanense
- Geotrichum keratinophilum
- Geotrichum kieta
- Geotrichum klebahnii (Stautz) Morenz 1960
- Geotrichum linkii
- Geotrichum loubieri
- Geotrichum louisianoideum
- Geotrichum ludwigii
- Geotrichum ludwigii
- Geotrichum lutescens
- Geotrichum magnum
- Geotrichum malti-juniperini
- Geotrichum matalense
- Geotrichum membranogenes
- Geotrichum microsporum
- Geotrichum muisa
- Geotrichum multifermentans
- Geotrichum muyaga
- Geotrichum mycoderma
- Geotrichum nobile
- Geotrichum novakii
- Geotrichum nyabisi
- Geotrichum pararugosum
- Geotrichum penicillatum
- Geotrichum phurueaense
- Geotrichum phurueaensis
- Geotrichum proteolyticum
- Geotrichum pseudoalbicans
- Geotrichum pseudocandidum
- Geotrichum pulmonale
- Geotrichum pulmoneum
- Geotrichum purpurascens
- Geotrichum rabesalama
- Geotrichum rectangulatum
- Geotrichum redaelli
- Geotrichum redaellii
- Geotrichum restrictum
- Geotrichum robustum
- Geotrichum roseum
- Geotrichum rotundatum
- Geotrichum rugosum
- Geotrichum sakuranei
- Geotrichum scaettae
- Geotrichum sericeum
- Geotrichum siamense
- Geotrichum siamensis
- Geotrichum silvicola
- Geotrichum sphaeroides
- Geotrichum spheroides
- Geotrichum suaveolens
- Geotrichum suaveolens
- Geotrichum suaveolens
- Geotrichum subtile
- Geotrichum sulfureum
- Geotrichum terrestre
- Geotrichum vanriji
- Geotrichum vanrijiae
- Geotrichum vanryiae
- Geotrichum variabile
- Geotrichum variabilis
- Geotrichum versiforme
- Geotrichum virulens
- Geotrichum vulgare
- Geotrichum vulgaris
- Geotrichum zambettakesii
- Geotrichum zingiberis-saccharati
References
- ^ Carmichael, JW (November 1957). "Geotrichum candidum". Mycologia. 49 (6): 820–830. doi:10.2307/3755804. JSTOR 3755804.
- ^ a b Girmenia C, Pagano L, Martino B, et al. (Apr 2005). "Invasive infections caused by Trichosporon species and Geotrichum capitatum in patients with hematological malignancies: a retrospective multicenter study from Italy and review of the literature". J Clin Microbiol. 43 (4): 1818–28. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.4.1818-1828.2005. PMC 1081342. PMID 15815003.
- ^ García-Ruiz JC, López-Soria L, Olazábal I, et al. (Oct 2013). "Invasive infections caused by Saprochaete capitata in patients with haematological malignancies: report of five cases and review of the antifungal therapy". Rev Iberoam Micol. 30 (4): 248–55. doi:10.1016/j.riam.2013.02.004. PMID 23583265.
- ^ Vaux S, et al. (Nov 2014). "Multicenter outbreak of infections by Saprochaete clavata, an unrecognized opportunistic fungal pathogen". mBio. 5 (6): e02309-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.02309-14. PMC 4271555. PMID 25516620.
- ^ Gente S, Desmasures N, Jacopin C, et al. (June 2002). "Intra-species chromosome-length polymorphism in Geotrichum candidum revealed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis". Int. J. Food Microbiol. 76 (1–2): 127–34. doi:10.1016/S0168-1605(02)00023-5. PMID 12038569.
- ^ Gadea I, et al. (Apr 2004). "Genotyping and antifungal susceptibility profile of Dipodascus capitatus isolates causing disseminated infection in seven hematological patients of a tertiary hospital". J Clin Microbiol. 42 (4): 1832–6. doi:10.1128/JCM.42.4.1832-1836.2004. PMC 387620. PMID 15071063.
- ^ Martino R, et al. (Feb 2004). "Blastoschizomyces capitatus infection in patients with leukemia: report of 26 cases". Clin Infect Dis. 38 (3): 335–41. doi:10.1086/380643. PMID 14727202.
- ^ Rolston K (Nov 2001). "Overview of systemic fungal infections". Oncology. 15 (11): 11–4. PMID 11757845.
- ^ Anonymous. "Geotrichum". MycoBank.
- ^ Boutrou, R; Gueguen, M (2005). "Interests in Geotrichum candidum for Cheese Technology". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 102: 1–20. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.12.028. PMID 15924999.
- ^ Domsch, K.H.; W. Gams, W.; Andersen, T.H. (1980). Compendium of soil fungi (2nd ed.). London, UK: Academic Press. ISBN 9780122204029.
- ^ "Geotrichum". Mycobank. Retrieved 18 November 2018.