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Canadian Military Pattern truck

Canadian Military Pattern (CMP) trucks were mutually coherent ranges of military trucks, made in large numbers, in several classes and numerous versions, by Canada's branches of the U.S. 'Big Three' auto-makers during World War II, compliant to British Army specifications,[nb 1] primarily intended for use in the armies of the British Commonwealth allies, but also serving in other units of the British Empire.

Ford F15
A Ford F15 (4x2) leading an RAF convoy in North Africa
Type3 ton 4x4 Cargo
Place of originGeneral Motors of Canada Limited Ford and Chrysler Canada
Service history
In serviceFrom 1940
WarsWorld War II
Production history
DesignerGeneral Motors Canada and Ford Canada
Designed1936–1940
ManufacturerChevrolet in Oshawa and Ford
Produced1940–1945
No. built500,000+ Service Flag 3298 for Employees of Canada's Armed Forces
Specifications (Ford F15)
Mass7,875 lb (3.572 t)
Length204 in (5.18 m)
Width84 in (2.13 m)
Height116 in (2.95 m)

EngineChevrolet GM 216 216 cu in (3.5 L) petrol I6 or Ford 239 239 cu in (3.9 L) petrol V8
GM: 85 hp (63 kW)
Ford: 95 hp (71 kW)
SuspensionWheel 4x4
Maximum speed 50 mph (80 km/h)
Ford F8 CMP truck with Type 11 cab

Canadian factories produced some 850,000 vehicles in World War II, including some 50,000 armoured vehicles, self-propelled guns and tanks,[1][2] but the greatest significance is given to the vast majority – over 800,000 – of trucks and light wheeled vehicles, produced by Ford, GM and Chrysler of Canada.[3][nb 2]

Until the currency restrictions of the late 1940s, the Canadian automotive industry's output provided a major part of British Empire countries vehicles. These territories levied reduced "Imperial preference" duties on Canadian products, usually made by Canadian subsidiaries of the big U.S. auto manufacturers. In the late 1930s, Canada started drawing up standard designs, to prepare for the beginning of the war, which involved a unique and historic design-and-production collaboration between rival giant car-makers, especially Ford Canada and GM of Canada.

Canadian Military Pattern trucks not only motorized the militaries of Britain, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, but were also sent to the Soviet Union after the Nazi invasion, as part of Canada's Gift and Mutual Aid program to the Allies, comparable to the U.S. Lend-Lease Act.

During the war, CMP trucks saw service around the world in the North African campaign, the Allied invasion of Sicily, the Italian Campaign, the Eastern Front, the Burma campaign, the Philippines, the liberation of Northwest Europe, and the Western Allied invasion of Germany. CMP trucks also served in post-war conflicts in Indonesia, French Indochina, and the Portuguese colonies in Africa.

The United Kingdom's official History of the Second World War called Canada's war-time production of soft-skinned trucks, including the CMP class, the country's most important contribution to Allied victory.[5] Canada's trucks are considered to have "put the British Army on wheels". In the North African Campaign, the British Eighth Army fought Panzer Army Africa using almost exclusively CMP trucks, and the Allied progress from Sicily through Italy and France depended heavily on the Canadian trucks.[3][1] By the end of the war, Canada's vast supply of trucks provided a vehicle for every three soldiers in the field — compared to one vehicle per seven American soldiers — making it the most mobile army in the world.[1]

History edit

The rise to power in Germany of Hitler and the Nazi party in 1933 led to discussions in the mid-1930s between the British War Office and the Canadian Army concerning the possible production of military vehicles in Canada. During the First World War, Canadian land forces had participated as a corps in the British Army. In any future conflict it was assumed that Canadian forces would again be tightly integrated with those of the Mother Country, and so it would be essential that Canadian-manufactured equipment be compatible with British standards and specifications.

Early in 1937, the Ford Motor Company of Canada and General Motors of Canada Ltd were each invited by the Canadian Department of National Defence to produce a Canadian prototype of a 15-hundredweight (cwt) ¾-ton U.S.) payload rating, light infantry truck similar to the Morris CS8 that had then been recently adopted by the British War Office.[6] By 1938, Canadian military authorities had shifted their interest to heavier 4x4 and 6x4 designs. In that year, Ford and General Motors of Canada Limited were invited to produce prototypes of a 6x4 medium artillery tractor derived from the British 6x4 Scammell Pioneer. By 1939, plans had been prepared for the mass production in Canada of a range of military vehicles based on fairly strict CMP British specifications. These trucks were originally designated "Department of National Defence (DND) Pattern"; however, when production volumes increased and it became clear that the Canadian-built vehicles were to serve widely in the forces of other countries, the class of trucks was redesignated "Canadian Military Pattern" (CMP). At the outbreak of World War II, Canada's large and modern automobile industry was shifted over to the production of military vehicles, outproducing Germany.

Initially intended for Canadian military use, the vehicles were soon taken on by all British and Commonwealth forces. While the Dunkirk evacuation in the spring of 1940 succeeded in rescuing close to 340,000 Allied soldiers who had been encircled by the invading German army, the British Expeditionary Force had been forced to abandon most of its military vehicles in France. There then arose an urgent need to replace those losses and to provide new vehicles to equip the rapidly expanding armed forces of the Commonwealth. The logical answer was CMP vehicles, based on the British specification and with large manufacturing capacity.

Production edit

 
Ford F15A with opened windscreen panel on driver side
 
GM / Chevy C60X 6x6 in front; smaller 'bowtie' behind it.
 
Chevrolet C60L formerly of the Netherlands Marine Corps.

Canadian factories produced around 850,000 vehicles in World War II, including some 50,000 armoured vehicles, self-propelled guns, and tanks.[1][2] But of greater significance was the much larger number – more than 800,000 units – of trucks and light wheeled vehicles, produced by Ford, General Motors, and Chrysler of Canada.[3][7] Thanks to a large pre-war automotive sector, Canada's great wartime achievement was to build more military trucks than the main Axis nations – Germany, Italy, and Japan – combined, matching the demands of mobile warfare in the age of blitzkrieg.[1]

Canada's military truck production focused predominantly on a broad range of medium-rated vehicles. Light jeeps and trucks over 3 tons capacity, required by the Canadian Army, were purchased from outside suppliers.[8] Canadian industry production included both modified civilian commercial designs (306,000 of which were classified as "Modified Conventional Pattern", MCP),[2] as well as dedicated military-purpose designs, conforming to the Canadian Military Pattern specification, in roughly equal numbers.

Most CMP trucks were manufactured by the Canadian Chevrolet division of General Motors, and Ford Motor Company of Canada. The two manufacturers quickly ramped up their Canadian production utilizing the reserve production capacity that had remained idle ever since the Great Depression, and through an unusual act of collaboration between the two rival companies — the use of interchangeable components. A smaller number of CMP trucks were assembled from Canadian-made chassis and parts, typically first built on Canadian production lines, then broken (knocked) down, crated, shipped overseas, and re-assembled in Britain, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa (2,600), India (9,500), Italy, and Egypt.[1] Following British convention, CMP trucks had right hand drive even though most of them were built in Canada, which primarily used left-hand drive vehicles. The CMP specification proved versatile, and it formed the basis of a wide variety of different truck types and even some armoured vehicles. There were no less than ninety types of CMP army vehicles on twelve different chassis, including three different types of wireless trucks, four ambulance types, and thirteen field-workshop vehicle types.[3] In Australian service (almost always with the No. 13 cab), the vehicles were known as the "Chev Blitz" or the "Ford Blitz".[citation needed]

Around 410,000 CMP trucks were manufactured in Canada,[2][9] with GM contributing 201,000 and Ford making the remainder.[7] The most prevalent models were 4x4, 3-ton trucks (common types were the Chevrolet C60S and C60L, and the equivalent Ford F60S and F60L), with just over 209,000 vehicles made. Additionally, Chrysler was enlisted to produce another 180,000 Dodge trucks, just over three quarters of which were 3-ton trucks. These were to also be used in the CMP role,[3] although they differed somewhat from the CMP pattern, being fitted with standard Dodge control cabins, on 2-inch (50 mm) longer wheelbases, and mostly being two-wheel drive. Furthermore, roughly 9,500 additional bare 4x4 CMP chassis were made, mainly for conversion to armoured cars and other vehicles in Allied countries.

Canada's production of CMP trucks alone exceeded the total military truck production of Nazi Germany. The British History of the Second World War (the United Kingdom's official history of the war) argues that the production of soft-skinned trucks, including the CMP truck class, was Canada's most important contribution to the eventual Allied victory.[5]

After 1945, newly manufactured and modified war surplus CMP trucks were used in several European armies (e.g. the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Spain), and around the world (e.g., South Africa, Argentina, Jordan, South Vietnam, and Malaya). CMP trucks were adapted after the war for a variety of civilian roles including forestry, grain transport, fire-fighting, and snowplowing. In Malaysia, after the Malayan Emergency, many CMP trucks were converted to log transporters or off-road trucks at construction sites with upgraded brake systems and more powerful engines.

Canadian Military Pattern types edit

 
Ford F60S with cargo body
 
Ford Australia CMP "Blitz" Field Artillery Tractor (FAT) at the National Military Vehicle Museum
 
Two early Chevrolet trucks – CMP left and 'Modified Conventional Pattern' on right, 1942.
 
Chevrolet CMP with No.13 cab and chassis
 
Dutch armoured personnel carrier (GM C15TA) used during the Indonesian Revolution

The Ford-built CMP trucks used a 95 bhp (71 kW), 239 cu in (3.9 L) Ford V8 Flathead engine while most of the Chevrolet-built CMP trucks had an 85 bhp (63 kW), 216 cu in (3.5 L), straight-6 overhead-valve engine. An American-made 270 cu in (4.4 L) GMC straight-6 engine powered the C60X 3-ton truck.

The Ford and Chevrolet trucks shared a standard cab design, which evolved over the years of production. The first (designed at Ford by Sid Swallow), second and third cab designs were called No. 11, 12 and 13, respectively. The first two types were similar, the main difference being a two-part radiator grille in the No. 12 cab (its upper part was opened with a bonnet, which was known as the "Alligator cab"). The final No. 13 cab, an entirely Canadian design made from late 1941 until the end of the war, had the two flat panes of the windscreen angled slightly downward to minimize the glare from the sun and to avoid causing strong reflections that would be observable from aircraft.

All the CMP cab designs had a short, "cab forward" configuration that gave CMP trucks their distinctive pug-nosed profile. This design was required to meet the original British specifications for a compact truck design that would be more efficient to transport by ship. The specifications also demanded right-hand drive.

Internally the cab had to accommodate the comparatively large North American engines and it was generally cramped.[10] The standard cabs were then matched up with a variety of standard chassis, drive trains and body designs. Chevrolet-built vehicles could be recognised by the radiator grille mesh being of a diamond pattern, whereas Ford-built ones had grilles formed of a square mesh.

Dodge production started later. Early prototypes used the No. 13 cab, but production vehicles retained a commercial cab and longer conventional control similar to MCP vehicles. This enabled more rapid production, while retaining similar specifications for chassis, drive, and mounting of vehicle rear bodies.

The production of CMP truck bodies in Canada was subcontracted out to smaller companies in Ontario and Manitoba, organized into the wartime "Steel Body Manufacturers Association" by the Department of Munitions and Supply.[11] The wide variety of truck body designs included general service (GS) / troop carrier, fuel / water tanker, vehicle recovery (tow truck), field ambulance, dental clinic, mobile laundry, wireless house (radio HQ), machinery (machine shop / welding station), folding-boat transport, artillery tractor, and anti-tank gun portee.[1]

In the list below, a drive specification of NxM means that the vehicle has a total of N wheels and that M of those wheels are driven. The military specifications did not permit more than two wheels per axle.[nb 3] The British standard load capacities of 8 cwt (400 kg), 15 cwt (760 kg), 30 cwt (1,525 kg) and 60 cwt (3,050 kg) correspond roughly to the American loads of 1/2, 3/4 ton, 1.5, and 3 short tons, respectively. The 60-cwt CMP trucks were usually called 3-ton lorries or trucks (60 cwt being 3 long tons).

Chevrolet, General Motors edit

  • Chevrolet C8 (4x2, 101-inch wheelbase, 8 cwt)
  • Chevrolet C8A Heavy Utility Truck (4x4, 101-inch wheelbase, 8 cwt)
    Produced in Wireless (HUW), Ambulance (HUA), Personnel (HUP), Machinery ZL (mobile radio repair shop) and Computer (accounting, payroll) configurations
  • Chevrolet C15 (4x2, 101-inch wheelbase, 15 cwt)
  • Chevrolet C15A (4x4, 101-inch wheelbase, 15 cwt)
  • Chevrolet C15TA Armoured Truck (4x4, 101-inch wheelbase, 15 cwt)
  • Chevrolet C30 (4x4, 134-inch wheelbase, 30 cwt)
  • Chevrolet C60S (4x4, 134-inch wheelbase, 3 ton)
  • Chevrolet C60L (4x4, 158-inch wheelbase, 3 ton)
  • Chevrolet C60X – C60 chassis with 6x6 drive, 160 inch +52 inch wheelbase, 3 ton, 270 cu in GMC straight-6 engine)
  • Chevrolet CGT Field Artillery tractor (4x4, 101-inch wheelbase)

As well as trucks, CMP chassis were used for the Fox Armoured Car, the design of the British Humber Armoured Car adapted for production by GM.[12] General Motors Canada built 1,761 Otter Light Reconnaissance Cars, which were an adaption of the Humber Light Reconnaissance Car Mark III for a C15 chassis[13]

Ford edit

Ford Canada CMP trucks[14]
Model Drive Wheelbase Rating Notes
Ford F8 4x2 101 in (2.6 m) 8 cwt
Ford F15 4x2 101 inch 15 cwt
Ford F15A 4x4 101 inch 15 cwt
Ford F30 4x4 drive 134.25 in (3.41 m) 30 cwt
Ford F60S 4x4 115 in (2.92 m) 3 ton "short" wheelbase variant
Ford F60L 4x4 158.25 in (4.02 m) 3 ton "long" wheelbase
Ford F60T 4x4 115 inch 3 ton tractor unit
Ford F60H 6x4, rear axle undriven 160.25 in (4.07 m) +52 inch 3 ton
Ford FGT 4x4, 101.25 inch Field artillery tractor

The Ford Lynx Scout Car, also known as ""Car, Scout, Ford Mark I", (4x4, 101-inch wheelbase), was the hull of a Daimler Dingo on a CMP chassis.[15]

Dodge (Chrysler Canada) edit

 
British Dodge D60 supply trucks crossing a Bailey bridge over the river Meuse in full flood. Maaseik on Dutch border, 25 November 1944.
 
While retaining the Dodge cab, for CMP specification this D15 is right hand drive, standardised rear body, and has a roof hatch.

Chrysler of Canada built about 180,000 Dodge military trucks from 1939 to 1945, mostly for the CMP role,[3][16] and following the same naming convention. Three quarters of these were 3‑ton models of various D60 (Dodge T-110) types.[17][nb 4]

To achieve a quick increase in production output of trucks providing equal functionality, it was deemed acceptable for the Dodges to forgo the standardized cab used on Fords and Chevrolets; and like the other two automakers, Dodge fitted its own engines. Although regular Dodge cabs were fitted, they were right hand drive (except for those for Canadian domestic use[16]) and had a gunner's hatch in the roof. Initial production D60s had 8.25x20 tires and dual rear wheels; they were subsequently switched over to the larger CMP-specification 10.50x16 size and axles with single rear wheels, as well as being fitted with British-pattern rear bodies. Operator's and technical manuals for the Dodges also mirrored the Ford and GM CMP manuals. Most of Dodge's models were two-wheel drive, with a high and low-range rear axle. Only the 3,000 Dodge WC-1 (T-207)–based D8As and 11,750 units of the 3/4 APT ('Air Portable'; T-236), Canadian-built versions of the 34‑ton WC-52 were equipped with four-wheel drive.

All Dodges were powered by the Chrysler straight-six flathead gasoline engines – the D60 models' 236 cu in (3,870 cm3) engine delivered 95 hp (71 kW) at 3,600 rpm.[16]

Dodge trucks[18]
Model Drive Wheelbase Rating Notes
Dodge D8A 4x4 8 cwt
Dodge D15 4x2 128 in 15 cwt
Dodge D60S 4x2 136 inch 60-cwt short wheelbase
Dodge D60S/DD 4x2 136 inch 60 cwt short wheelbase, dual rear tyres
Dodge D60L 4x2 160 inch 60 cwt long wheelbase
Dodge D60L/D 4x2 160 inch 60 cwt
Dodge D60L/DD 4x2 160 inch 60 cwt long wheelbase, dual rear tyres

The initial 60 cwt (3-ton) Dodge types (engineering codes T110L-S, T110L-3, T110L-4, as well as the later T110L-14) were not formally D60s,[18][nb 5] leaving 124,961 (91% of the 3‑ton trucks) with a CMP-type name-code (based on serial numbers). Including the D8As and D15 units, a total of 156,829 (87%) of Canada's Dodge trucks received a CMP type-code.

The D3/4 APT (for 'Air Portable') was based on the U.S. Dodge WC-52, but was powered by a 25 in (64 cm) long engine-block, like the 3‑tonners, rated at 92+12 bhp (69.0 kW). The first batch of 5,000[nb 6] were 6 ft 11+18 in (2.11 m) wide, but this presented an issue with their air-portability, so the second batch of 6,750[nb 7] were built with narrower beds of 6 ft 5+18 in (1.96 m) width. Winch capacity of the D3/4 was 7,500 lb (3,400 kg) The first, wider batch were also referred to as 2M1A, and the second, narrower series as the 2M2A.[citation needed]

Outside Canada edit

Chassis and vehicle production was licensed to Australia, allowing local production, while other vehicles were shipped to Britain in part-assembled "knocked down" form. These were delivered as kits, and had final assembly in factories in Britain. Air-portable versions had the top half of the cab superstructure and exterior components stowed — to allow the vehicles to fit in the hold of transport aircraft — and could easily be re-fitted on receipt in theatre.

Bare chassis were created for alternative bodies to be fitted, reducing the shipping requirement to India. Bodies for these vehicles were locally produced in India from available materials, frequently built entirely from wood, creating a diverse range of "Indian Pattern" vehicles.

To meet the pressing demand for military vehicles during World War II, several Commonwealth countries designed light armoured vehicles based on Canadian-made CMP chassis. Special chassis were created to aid in this purpose, featuring rear mounted engines and central steering positions. Armoured cars used these or standard chassis depending on design and availability.

A number of Indian Pattern vehicles also had armoured bodies built, creating armoured trucks.

See also edit

Footnotes edit

  1. ^ though Ford's and GM's more so than Chrysler's[citation needed]
  2. ^ About one third of U.S. production of some 2.4 million trucks across all payload classes, from ~650,000 14-ton trucks (jeeps) to 20-ton trucks.[4]
  3. ^ This restriction could have several possible benefits. First, a standard axle length would simplify the use of standard loading ramps, partial bridge decks, and bridge decks in which the road bearing girders protrude above the road surface on the top side. Second, the load of trucks of a standard axle length is more directly and safely transmitted down to the longitudinal spans supporting the bridge under the bridge deck by positioning the spans apart to match the standard axle length. Third, allowing only one wheel at each end of an axle would ensure that all wheels would be fast to change. Finally, minimizing the tread width would very slightly reduce a vehicle's vulnerability in minefields while following other vehicles of the same standard axle length.[citation needed]
  4. ^ Chrysler's internal annual publication of starting and ending serials of all models shows production of 137,127 three‑ton T-110 (D60) variants:[17][18] 1,500 T110L-S (3-ton SWB), 3,000 T110L-3 (3-ton LWB), 3,000 T110L-4 (3-ton LWB), 80,384 T110L-5 (D60L), 11,670 T110L-6 (D60S), 15,539 T110L-9 (D60L/D), 11,690 T110L-12 (D60L/DD), 5,678 T110L-13 (D60S/DD), 4,666 T110L-14 (3-ton LWB). Plus an additional 43,618 other models: 3,002 T212 (D8A), 28,866 T222 (D15), 11,750 T236 (3/4APT – Canadian WC-52s). A total of 180,745 trucks.
  5. ^ Initial units came with smaller wheels and tires, and dual rear wheels,[16]
  6. ^ (serial nrs. 91,151,283 to 91,156,282)
  7. ^ {serial nrs. 91,166,034 to 91,172,783)

References edit

Notes
  1. ^ a b c d e f g Taylor, Peter Shawn (19 April 2016). "The Trucks that Beat Hitler". National Post. Postmedia Network. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d Winnington-Ball, Geoff (10 March 2002). "CMP Softskin Trucks". Maple Leaf Up.net. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Granatstein, Jack (27 May 2005). (PDF) (Report). Canadian Council of Chief Executives. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
  4. ^ Hyde, Charles K. (2013). Arsenal of Democracy; The American Automobile Industry in World War II (Ebook ed.). Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 152. ISBN 9780814339510. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
  5. ^ a b Hall, H. Duncan; Wrigley, C. C. (1956), Studies of Overseas Supply, History of the Second World War, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office and Longmans, Green and Co., pp. 51–52
  6. ^ Blueprint for Victory..[page needed]
  7. ^ a b "General Motors of Canada", US Auto Industry in World War Two
  8. ^ Blueprint for Victory..[page needed]
  9. ^ Stubblebine, David. "CMP Primary Role Transport". World War II Database. Lava Development, LLC. LCCN 2011214255. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
  10. ^ Fletcher, David British Military Transport 1829–1956 London 1998 HMSO
  11. ^ Blueprint for Victory..[page needed]
  12. ^ "Car, Armoured, Mark I, Fox I", Made in Canada – Canadian Military Pattern vehicles, 22 October 2002, archived from the original on 15 September 2013
  13. ^ canadiansoldiers.com article
  14. ^ "Ford CMP Specification Sheet". The Canadian Army Overseas 1939-1945. Maple Leaf Up.
  15. ^ "Daimler Dingo/Ford Lynx Scout Car", War Wheels
  16. ^ a b c d Vanderveen, Bart (1972). "British Commonwealth – Trucks, 3‑Ton, 4x2". Observer's Fighting Vehicle Directory, WW II. London: F. Warne. p. 236. ISBN 978-0723214694. from the original on 3 March 2018 – via Maple Leaf.
  17. ^ a b Wilson, Gerald. "1928-1957 Chrysler, Dodge, Plymouth, Fargo, and DeSoto Car, Truck, and Military Vehicle Model Data Guide". Allpar.com. VerticalScope Inc. from the original on 18 June 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
  18. ^ a b c Dodge Manual page listing of model codes
Bibliography
  • Gregg, William, (ed.), Blueprint for Victory: The story of military vehicle design and production in Canada from 1937–45, The Canadian Military Historical Society, Rockwood, Ontario, 1981, ISBN 0-9690943-2-9.
  • Ware, Pat (2010). The World Encyclopedia of Military Vehicles. Lorenz Books. pp. 108–109. ISBN 978-0-7548-2052-9.

External links edit

  • Maple Leaf Up's extensive website on CMP Trucks
  • Old CMP.net Archived 20 January 2003 at archive.today
  • CMP Trucks at the War&Peace Show 2008 7 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine

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This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this article Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Canadian Military Pattern truck news newspapers books scholar JSTOR March 2009 Learn how and when to remove this message Canadian Military Pattern CMP trucks were mutually coherent ranges of military trucks made in large numbers in several classes and numerous versions by Canada s branches of the U S Big Three auto makers during World War II compliant to British Army specifications nb 1 primarily intended for use in the armies of the British Commonwealth allies but also serving in other units of the British Empire Ford F15A Ford F15 4x2 leading an RAF convoy in North AfricaType3 ton 4x4 CargoPlace of originGeneral Motors of Canada Limited Ford and Chrysler CanadaService historyIn serviceFrom 1940WarsWorld War IIProduction historyDesignerGeneral Motors Canada and Ford CanadaDesigned1936 1940ManufacturerChevrolet in Oshawa and FordProduced1940 1945No built500 000 Service Flag 3298 for Employees of Canada s Armed ForcesSpecifications Ford F15 Mass7 875 lb 3 572 t Length204 in 5 18 m Width84 in 2 13 m Height116 in 2 95 m EngineChevrolet GM 216 216 cu in 3 5 L petrol I6 or Ford 239 239 cu in 3 9 L petrol V8GM 85 hp 63 kW Ford 95 hp 71 kW SuspensionWheel 4x4Maximum speed50 mph 80 km h Ford F8 CMP truck with Type 11 cab Canadian factories produced some 850 000 vehicles in World War II including some 50 000 armoured vehicles self propelled guns and tanks 1 2 but the greatest significance is given to the vast majority over 800 000 of trucks and light wheeled vehicles produced by Ford GM and Chrysler of Canada 3 nb 2 Until the currency restrictions of the late 1940s the Canadian automotive industry s output provided a major part of British Empire countries vehicles These territories levied reduced Imperial preference duties on Canadian products usually made by Canadian subsidiaries of the big U S auto manufacturers In the late 1930s Canada started drawing up standard designs to prepare for the beginning of the war which involved a unique and historic design and production collaboration between rival giant car makers especially Ford Canada and GM of Canada Canadian Military Pattern trucks not only motorized the militaries of Britain Canada Australia and New Zealand but were also sent to the Soviet Union after the Nazi invasion as part of Canada s Gift and Mutual Aid program to the Allies comparable to the U S Lend Lease Act During the war CMP trucks saw service around the world in the North African campaign the Allied invasion of Sicily the Italian Campaign the Eastern Front the Burma campaign the Philippines the liberation of Northwest Europe and the Western Allied invasion of Germany CMP trucks also served in post war conflicts in Indonesia French Indochina and the Portuguese colonies in Africa The United Kingdom s official History of the Second World War called Canada s war time production of soft skinned trucks including the CMP class the country s most important contribution to Allied victory 5 Canada s trucks are considered to have put the British Army on wheels In the North African Campaign the British Eighth Army fought Panzer Army Africa using almost exclusively CMP trucks and the Allied progress from Sicily through Italy and France depended heavily on the Canadian trucks 3 1 By the end of the war Canada s vast supply of trucks provided a vehicle for every three soldiers in the field compared to one vehicle per seven American soldiers making it the most mobile army in the world 1 Contents 1 History 2 Production 3 Canadian Military Pattern types 3 1 Chevrolet General Motors 3 2 Ford 3 3 Dodge Chrysler Canada 4 Outside Canada 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 External linksHistory editThe rise to power in Germany of Hitler and the Nazi party in 1933 led to discussions in the mid 1930s between the British War Office and the Canadian Army concerning the possible production of military vehicles in Canada During the First World War Canadian land forces had participated as a corps in the British Army In any future conflict it was assumed that Canadian forces would again be tightly integrated with those of the Mother Country and so it would be essential that Canadian manufactured equipment be compatible with British standards and specifications Early in 1937 the Ford Motor Company of Canada and General Motors of Canada Ltd were each invited by the Canadian Department of National Defence to produce a Canadian prototype of a 15 hundredweight cwt ton U S payload rating light infantry truck similar to the Morris CS8 that had then been recently adopted by the British War Office 6 By 1938 Canadian military authorities had shifted their interest to heavier 4x4 and 6x4 designs In that year Ford and General Motors of Canada Limited were invited to produce prototypes of a 6x4 medium artillery tractor derived from the British 6x4 Scammell Pioneer By 1939 plans had been prepared for the mass production in Canada of a range of military vehicles based on fairly strict CMP British specifications These trucks were originally designated Department of National Defence DND Pattern however when production volumes increased and it became clear that the Canadian built vehicles were to serve widely in the forces of other countries the class of trucks was redesignated Canadian Military Pattern CMP At the outbreak of World War II Canada s large and modern automobile industry was shifted over to the production of military vehicles outproducing Germany Initially intended for Canadian military use the vehicles were soon taken on by all British and Commonwealth forces While the Dunkirk evacuation in the spring of 1940 succeeded in rescuing close to 340 000 Allied soldiers who had been encircled by the invading German army the British Expeditionary Force had been forced to abandon most of its military vehicles in France There then arose an urgent need to replace those losses and to provide new vehicles to equip the rapidly expanding armed forces of the Commonwealth The logical answer was CMP vehicles based on the British specification and with large manufacturing capacity Production edit nbsp Ford F15A with opened windscreen panel on driver side nbsp GM Chevy C60X 6x6 in front smaller bowtie behind it nbsp Chevrolet C60L formerly of the Netherlands Marine Corps Canadian factories produced around 850 000 vehicles in World War II including some 50 000 armoured vehicles self propelled guns and tanks 1 2 But of greater significance was the much larger number more than 800 000 units of trucks and light wheeled vehicles produced by Ford General Motors and Chrysler of Canada 3 7 Thanks to a large pre war automotive sector Canada s great wartime achievement was to build more military trucks than the main Axis nations Germany Italy and Japan combined matching the demands of mobile warfare in the age of blitzkrieg 1 Canada s military truck production focused predominantly on a broad range of medium rated vehicles Light jeeps and trucks over 3 tons capacity required by the Canadian Army were purchased from outside suppliers 8 Canadian industry production included both modified civilian commercial designs 306 000 of which were classified as Modified Conventional Pattern MCP 2 as well as dedicated military purpose designs conforming to the Canadian Military Pattern specification in roughly equal numbers Most CMP trucks were manufactured by the Canadian Chevrolet division of General Motors and Ford Motor Company of Canada The two manufacturers quickly ramped up their Canadian production utilizing the reserve production capacity that had remained idle ever since the Great Depression and through an unusual act of collaboration between the two rival companies the use of interchangeable components A smaller number of CMP trucks were assembled from Canadian made chassis and parts typically first built on Canadian production lines then broken knocked down crated shipped overseas and re assembled in Britain Australia New Zealand South Africa 2 600 India 9 500 Italy and Egypt 1 Following British convention CMP trucks had right hand drive even though most of them were built in Canada which primarily used left hand drive vehicles The CMP specification proved versatile and it formed the basis of a wide variety of different truck types and even some armoured vehicles There were no less than ninety types of CMP army vehicles on twelve different chassis including three different types of wireless trucks four ambulance types and thirteen field workshop vehicle types 3 In Australian service almost always with the No 13 cab the vehicles were known as the Chev Blitz or the Ford Blitz citation needed Around 410 000 CMP trucks were manufactured in Canada 2 9 with GM contributing 201 000 and Ford making the remainder 7 The most prevalent models were 4x4 3 ton trucks common types were the Chevrolet C60S and C60L and the equivalent Ford F60S and F60L with just over 209 000 vehicles made Additionally Chrysler was enlisted to produce another 180 000 Dodge trucks just over three quarters of which were 3 ton trucks These were to also be used in the CMP role 3 although they differed somewhat from the CMP pattern being fitted with standard Dodge control cabins on 2 inch 50 mm longer wheelbases and mostly being two wheel drive Furthermore roughly 9 500 additional bare 4x4 CMP chassis were made mainly for conversion to armoured cars and other vehicles in Allied countries Canada s production of CMP trucks alone exceeded the total military truck production of Nazi Germany The British History of the Second World War the United Kingdom s official history of the war argues that the production of soft skinned trucks including the CMP truck class was Canada s most important contribution to the eventual Allied victory 5 After 1945 newly manufactured and modified war surplus CMP trucks were used in several European armies e g the Netherlands Belgium Denmark Norway Portugal Spain and around the world e g South Africa Argentina Jordan South Vietnam and Malaya CMP trucks were adapted after the war for a variety of civilian roles including forestry grain transport fire fighting and snowplowing In Malaysia after the Malayan Emergency many CMP trucks were converted to log transporters or off road trucks at construction sites with upgraded brake systems and more powerful engines Canadian Military Pattern types edit nbsp Ford F60S with cargo body nbsp Ford Australia CMP Blitz Field Artillery Tractor FAT at the National Military Vehicle Museum nbsp Two early Chevrolet trucks CMP left and Modified Conventional Pattern on right 1942 nbsp Chevrolet CMP with No 13 cab and chassis nbsp Dutch armoured personnel carrier GM C15TA used during the Indonesian Revolution The Ford built CMP trucks used a 95 bhp 71 kW 239 cu in 3 9 L Ford V8 Flathead engine while most of the Chevrolet built CMP trucks had an 85 bhp 63 kW 216 cu in 3 5 L straight 6 overhead valve engine An American made 270 cu in 4 4 L GMC straight 6 engine powered the C60X 3 ton truck The Ford and Chevrolet trucks shared a standard cab design which evolved over the years of production The first designed at Ford by Sid Swallow second and third cab designs were called No 11 12 and 13 respectively The first two types were similar the main difference being a two part radiator grille in the No 12 cab its upper part was opened with a bonnet which was known as the Alligator cab The final No 13 cab an entirely Canadian design made from late 1941 until the end of the war had the two flat panes of the windscreen angled slightly downward to minimize the glare from the sun and to avoid causing strong reflections that would be observable from aircraft All the CMP cab designs had a short cab forward configuration that gave CMP trucks their distinctive pug nosed profile This design was required to meet the original British specifications for a compact truck design that would be more efficient to transport by ship The specifications also demanded right hand drive Internally the cab had to accommodate the comparatively large North American engines and it was generally cramped 10 The standard cabs were then matched up with a variety of standard chassis drive trains and body designs Chevrolet built vehicles could be recognised by the radiator grille mesh being of a diamond pattern whereas Ford built ones had grilles formed of a square mesh Dodge production started later Early prototypes used the No 13 cab but production vehicles retained a commercial cab and longer conventional control similar to MCP vehicles This enabled more rapid production while retaining similar specifications for chassis drive and mounting of vehicle rear bodies The production of CMP truck bodies in Canada was subcontracted out to smaller companies in Ontario and Manitoba organized into the wartime Steel Body Manufacturers Association by the Department of Munitions and Supply 11 The wide variety of truck body designs included general service GS troop carrier fuel water tanker vehicle recovery tow truck field ambulance dental clinic mobile laundry wireless house radio HQ machinery machine shop welding station folding boat transport artillery tractor and anti tank gun portee 1 In the list below a drive specification of NxM means that the vehicle has a total of N wheels and that M of those wheels are driven The military specifications did not permit more than two wheels per axle nb 3 The British standard load capacities of 8 cwt 400 kg 15 cwt 760 kg 30 cwt 1 525 kg and 60 cwt 3 050 kg correspond roughly to the American loads of 1 2 3 4 ton 1 5 and 3 short tons respectively The 60 cwt CMP trucks were usually called 3 ton lorries or trucks 60 cwt being 3 long tons Chevrolet General Motors edit Chevrolet C8 4x2 101 inch wheelbase 8 cwt Chevrolet C8A Heavy Utility Truck 4x4 101 inch wheelbase 8 cwt Produced in Wireless HUW Ambulance HUA Personnel HUP Machinery ZL mobile radio repair shop and Computer accounting payroll configurations Chevrolet C15 4x2 101 inch wheelbase 15 cwt Chevrolet C15A 4x4 101 inch wheelbase 15 cwt Chevrolet C15TA Armoured Truck 4x4 101 inch wheelbase 15 cwt Chevrolet C30 4x4 134 inch wheelbase 30 cwt Chevrolet C60S 4x4 134 inch wheelbase 3 ton Chevrolet C60L 4x4 158 inch wheelbase 3 ton Chevrolet C60X C60 chassis with 6x6 drive 160 inch 52 inch wheelbase 3 ton 270 cu in GMC straight 6 engine Chevrolet CGT Field Artillery tractor 4x4 101 inch wheelbase As well as trucks CMP chassis were used for the Fox Armoured Car the design of the British Humber Armoured Car adapted for production by GM 12 General Motors Canada built 1 761 Otter Light Reconnaissance Cars which were an adaption of the Humber Light Reconnaissance Car Mark III for a C15 chassis 13 Ford edit Ford Canada CMP trucks 14 Model Drive Wheelbase Rating Notes Ford F8 4x2 101 in 2 6 m 8 cwt Ford F15 4x2 101 inch 15 cwt Ford F15A 4x4 101 inch 15 cwt Ford F30 4x4 drive 134 25 in 3 41 m 30 cwt Ford F60S 4x4 115 in 2 92 m 3 ton short wheelbase variant Ford F60L 4x4 158 25 in 4 02 m 3 ton long wheelbase Ford F60T 4x4 115 inch 3 ton tractor unit Ford F60H 6x4 rear axle undriven 160 25 in 4 07 m 52 inch 3 ton Ford FGT 4x4 101 25 inch Field artillery tractor The Ford Lynx Scout Car also known as Car Scout Ford Mark I 4x4 101 inch wheelbase was the hull of a Daimler Dingo on a CMP chassis 15 Dodge Chrysler Canada edit nbsp British Dodge D60 supply trucks crossing a Bailey bridge over the river Meuse in full flood Maaseik on Dutch border 25 November 1944 nbsp While retaining the Dodge cab for CMP specification this D15 is right hand drive standardised rear body and has a roof hatch Chrysler of Canada built about 180 000 Dodge military trucks from 1939 to 1945 mostly for the CMP role 3 16 and following the same naming convention Three quarters of these were 3 ton models of various D60 Dodge T 110 types 17 nb 4 To achieve a quick increase in production output of trucks providing equal functionality it was deemed acceptable for the Dodges to forgo the standardized cab used on Fords and Chevrolets and like the other two automakers Dodge fitted its own engines Although regular Dodge cabs were fitted they were right hand drive except for those for Canadian domestic use 16 and had a gunner s hatch in the roof Initial production D60s had 8 25x20 tires and dual rear wheels they were subsequently switched over to the larger CMP specification 10 50x16 size and axles with single rear wheels as well as being fitted with British pattern rear bodies Operator s and technical manuals for the Dodges also mirrored the Ford and GM CMP manuals Most of Dodge s models were two wheel drive with a high and low range rear axle Only the 3 000 Dodge WC 1 T 207 based D8As and 11 750 units of the 3 4 APT Air Portable T 236 Canadian built versions of the 3 4 ton WC 52 were equipped with four wheel drive All Dodges were powered by the Chrysler straight six flathead gasoline engines the D60 models 236 cu in 3 870 cm3 engine delivered 95 hp 71 kW at 3 600 rpm 16 Dodge trucks 18 Model Drive Wheelbase Rating Notes Dodge D8A 4x4 8 cwt Dodge D15 4x2 128 in 15 cwt Dodge D60S 4x2 136 inch 60 cwt short wheelbase Dodge D60S DD 4x2 136 inch 60 cwt short wheelbase dual rear tyres Dodge D60L 4x2 160 inch 60 cwt long wheelbase Dodge D60L D 4x2 160 inch 60 cwt Dodge D60L DD 4x2 160 inch 60 cwt long wheelbase dual rear tyres The initial 60 cwt 3 ton Dodge types engineering codes T110L S T110L 3 T110L 4 as well as the later T110L 14 were not formally D60s 18 nb 5 leaving 124 961 91 of the 3 ton trucks with a CMP type name code based on serial numbers Including the D8As and D15 units a total of 156 829 87 of Canada s Dodge trucks received a CMP type code The D3 4 APT for Air Portable was based on the U S Dodge WC 52 but was powered by a 25 in 64 cm long engine block like the 3 tonners rated at 92 1 2 bhp 69 0 kW The first batch of 5 000 nb 6 were 6 ft 11 1 8 in 2 11 m wide but this presented an issue with their air portability so the second batch of 6 750 nb 7 were built with narrower beds of 6 ft 5 1 8 in 1 96 m width Winch capacity of the D3 4 was 7 500 lb 3 400 kg The first wider batch were also referred to as 2M1A and the second narrower series as the 2M2A citation needed Outside Canada editChassis and vehicle production was licensed to Australia allowing local production while other vehicles were shipped to Britain in part assembled knocked down form These were delivered as kits and had final assembly in factories in Britain Air portable versions had the top half of the cab superstructure and exterior components stowed to allow the vehicles to fit in the hold of transport aircraft and could easily be re fitted on receipt in theatre Bare chassis were created for alternative bodies to be fitted reducing the shipping requirement to India Bodies for these vehicles were locally produced in India from available materials frequently built entirely from wood creating a diverse range of Indian Pattern vehicles To meet the pressing demand for military vehicles during World War II several Commonwealth countries designed light armoured vehicles based on Canadian made CMP chassis Special chassis were created to aid in this purpose featuring rear mounted engines and central steering positions Armoured cars used these or standard chassis depending on design and availability Ruskin Motor Bodies Pty Ltd and Ford Motor Company of Australia Rover Light Armoured Car 4x4 134 25 inch and 158 25 inch wheelbases built on Ford 3 ton CMP chassis General Motors Holden Ltd Rhino Heavy Armoured Car 4x4 101 inch wheelbase prototype only General Motors Holden Ltd 6x6 Heavy Armoured Car 6x6 158 inch wheelbase Indian Railways Armoured Carrier Wheeled Indian Pattern ACV IP 4x4 101 inch wheelbase most used CMP chassis South African Reconnaissance Car also called the Marmon Herrington Armoured Car 4x4 various wheelbases Beaverette NZ the New Zealand version of the British Standard Beaverette armoured car C8AX Puddlejumper 4x4 101 inch wheelbase 8 cwt variant created in New Zealand based on the C8A chassis A number of Indian Pattern vehicles also had armoured bodies built creating armoured trucks See also editList of military equipment of the Canadian Army during the Second World War CMP FAT Morris C8 Field Artillery Tractor Military history of Canada during the Second World WarFootnotes edit though Ford s and GM s more so than Chrysler s citation needed About one third of U S production of some 2 4 million trucks across all payload classes from 650 000 1 4 ton trucks jeeps to 20 ton trucks 4 This restriction could have several possible benefits First a standard axle length would simplify the use of standard loading ramps partial bridge decks and bridge decks in which the road bearing girders protrude above the road surface on the top side Second the load of trucks of a standard axle length is more directly and safely transmitted down to the longitudinal spans supporting the bridge under the bridge deck by positioning the spans apart to match the standard axle length Third allowing only one wheel at each end of an axle would ensure that all wheels would be fast to change Finally minimizing the tread width would very slightly reduce a vehicle s vulnerability in minefields while following other vehicles of the same standard axle length citation needed Chrysler s internal annual publication of starting and ending serials of all models shows production of 137 127 three ton T 110 D60 variants 17 18 1 500 T110L S 3 ton SWB 3 000 T110L 3 3 ton LWB 3 000 T110L 4 3 ton LWB 80 384 T110L 5 D60L 11 670 T110L 6 D60S 15 539 T110L 9 D60L D 11 690 T110L 12 D60L DD 5 678 T110L 13 D60S DD 4 666 T110L 14 3 ton LWB Plus an additional 43 618 other models 3 002 T212 D8A 28 866 T222 D15 11 750 T236 3 4APT Canadian WC 52s A total of 180 745 trucks Initial units came with smaller wheels and tires and dual rear wheels 16 serial nrs 91 151 283 to 91 156 282 serial nrs 91 166 034 to 91 172 783 References editNotes a b c d e f g Taylor Peter Shawn 19 April 2016 The Trucks that Beat Hitler National Post Postmedia Network Retrieved 9 May 2018 a b c d Winnington Ball Geoff 10 March 2002 CMP Softskin Trucks Maple Leaf Up net Retrieved 9 May 2018 a b c d e f Granatstein Jack 27 May 2005 Arming the Nation Canada s Industrial War Effort 1939 1945 PDF Report Canadian Council of Chief Executives p 12 Archived from the original PDF on 13 December 2017 Retrieved 6 March 2018 Hyde Charles K 2013 Arsenal of Democracy The American Automobile Industry in World War II Ebook ed Detroit Wayne State University Press p 152 ISBN 9780814339510 Retrieved 28 December 2018 a b Hall H Duncan Wrigley C C 1956 Studies of Overseas Supply History of the Second World War London Her Majesty s Stationery Office and Longmans Green and Co pp 51 52 Blueprint for Victory page needed a b General Motors of Canada US Auto Industry in World War Two Blueprint for Victory page needed Stubblebine David CMP Primary Role Transport World War II Database Lava Development LLC LCCN 2011214255 Retrieved 9 May 2018 Fletcher David British Military Transport 1829 1956 London 1998 HMSO Blueprint for Victory page needed Car Armoured Mark I Fox I Made in Canada Canadian Military Pattern vehicles 22 October 2002 archived from the original on 15 September 2013 canadiansoldiers com article Ford CMP Specification Sheet The Canadian Army Overseas 1939 1945 Maple Leaf Up Daimler Dingo Ford Lynx Scout Car War Wheels a b c d Vanderveen Bart 1972 British Commonwealth Trucks 3 Ton 4x2 Observer s Fighting Vehicle Directory WW II London F Warne p 236 ISBN 978 0723214694 Archived from the original on 3 March 2018 via Maple Leaf a b Wilson Gerald 1928 1957 Chrysler Dodge Plymouth Fargo and DeSoto Car Truck and Military Vehicle Model Data Guide Allpar com VerticalScope Inc Archived from the original on 18 June 2017 Retrieved 21 May 2018 a b c Dodge Manual page listing of model codes Bibliography Gregg William ed Blueprint for Victory The story of military vehicle design and production in Canada from 1937 45 The Canadian Military Historical Society Rockwood Ontario 1981 ISBN 0 9690943 2 9 Ware Pat 2010 The World Encyclopedia of Military Vehicles Lorenz Books pp 108 109 ISBN 978 0 7548 2052 9 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to CMP trucks Maple Leaf Up s extensive website on CMP Trucks Old CMP net Archived 20 January 2003 at archive today CMP Trucks at the War amp Peace Show 2008 Archived 7 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Canadian Military Pattern truck amp oldid 1187795761, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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