CPRE

For other uses, see CPRE (disambiguation).

CPRE, The Countryside Charity,^[2] formerly known by names such as the Council for the Preservation of Rural England and the Campaign to Protect Rural England,^[3] is a charity in England with over 40,000 members and supporters. Formed in 1926 by Patrick Abercrombie to limit urban sprawl and ribbon development, the CPRE claims to be one of the longest running environmental groups in the UK. CPRE campaigns for a "sustainable future" for the English countryside. They state it is "a vital but undervalued environmental, economic and social asset to the nation." They aim to "highlight threats and promote positive solutions." They campaign using their own research to lobby the public and all levels of government.

CPRE, the countryside charity

Abbreviation	CPRE
Predecessor	Council for the Preservation of Rural England
Formation	1926
Founder	Sir Patrick Abercrombie
Type	Charitable organisation
Registration no.	Registered charity number: 1089685
Headquarters	15-21 Provost St, London N1 7NH
Region	England
Membership	40,000
Patron	Elizabeth II
Chair	Simon Murray ^[1]
Chief Executive	Roger Mortlock
Staff	40
Volunteers	1,200
Website	www.cpre.org.uk

History

CPRE was formed following the publication of “The Preservation of Rural England” by Sir Patrick Abercrombie in 1926. Abercrombie became its Honorary Secretary. The inaugural meeting was held in December 1926 at the London offices of the Royal Institute of British Architects and was addressed by Neville Chamberlain, a future prime minister.^[4] Various groups were involved in its formation including the National Trust, the Women's Institute and the Commons Preservation Society. Molly Trevelyan was the WI representative and she served on the founding committee.^[5]

The early years

In CPRE's first years, it campaigned for rural planning, for the creation of national parks in especially beautiful areas and used for the recreation of those living in cities, for the reservation of farming belt zones around towns and cities so as to keep fresh produce close to urban markets and against urban sprawl and uncontrolled ribbon development.^[6] It also began arguing the case for protecting areas of England's most beautiful countryside, and for setting up green belts to preserve the character of towns and to give town dwellers easy access to the countryside.

In the war years, CPRE was identified as a stakeholder that government ministries were required to consult with over proposed use of land in rural areas for airfields, training camps and war industries.^[7]

1941-1960

CPRE campaigning helped lead to the Town and Country Planning Act 1947 and the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949. There were also CPRE campaigns for subsidies for rural housing and for adequate publicity for planning enquiries. This period also saw the 'Best Kept Village' and 'Keep Britain Tidy' initiatives.^[8]

When England's first motorway the M1 was proposed in 1957, CPRE successfully campaigned for it to avoid the heart of Charnwood Forest in Leicestershire (the road was put into a cutting).

1961-1980

CPRE worked on the issues of indestructible plastics, loss of hedgerows, energy infrastructure and the UK coastline. When the M4 was built in 1963 CPRE successfully fought to protect the Berkshire Downs. It also began to seek for tighter control on advertising hoardings along roadsides.^[9]

1981-1990

This era saw the creation of protected Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, something CPRE had campaigned for along with others. Attention was also paid to campaigns for sustainable energy generation and the use of brownfield land for building. In 1985 in a campaign to reform the EC's Agricultural Structures Directive, CPRE stopped funding for many damaging agricultural activities and secured the first “green” farm payments. In 1988 it helped persuade the Chancellor of the Exchequer to scrap tax incentives favouring blanket conifer plantations in upland areas.^[10]

1990 onwards

In 1990 the Government's first ever Environment White Paper accepted the case for hedgerow protection, 20 years after CPRE's campaign was first launched, and in 1997 laws to protect hedgerows finally came into force.

In 1995 CPRE published “tranquillity” maps which show the diminishing areas of the countryside not disturbed by man-made noise, visual intrusion or light pollution. These were updated using a pioneering new methodology in 2006. CPRE also published similar maps focusing solely on light pollution in 2003.

In 1996, English composer John Rutter wrote the words and music for an anthem entitled "Look at the World" in celebration of the 70th anniversary of the CPRE.

In April 2006 CPRE Peak District & South Yorkshire sought to clarify its identity across its vast territory by operating under two distinct identities. Due to its long association with Peak District National Park, the organisation operates as the Friends of the Peak District in the Peak District National Park, High Peak Borough and six parishes of North East Derbyshire (Eckington, Unstone, Holmesfield, Killamarsh, Dronfield, Barlow).

In 2007 CPRE published a series of intrusion maps which are in development^[11] which highlighted areas disturbed by the presence of noise and visual intrusion from major infrastructure. The resulting maps show the extent of intrusion in the early 1960s, early 1990s and 2007. They cannot be reproduced.^[11]

Campaigns

In 2013 there was agreement to place electricity transmission lines underground in some National Parks, something CPRE is still campaigning for.^[12]

In 2018 after CPRE's 10-year campaign against drink-container litter, the Government announced that it is considering the introduction of a deposit return scheme to increase recycling rates. It is hoped by CPRE that the scheme will include all single use drink-containers, whether plastic, glass or metal.^[13]

According to the main CPRE website, campaigns in 2022 are now grouped under the broad headlines, Dark Skies, Hedgerows, What gets built where, and the Climate Emergency.^[14]

Under the Dark Skies heading, in 2013, Star Count was launched. This is a campaign to stop light pollution by involving the public in star-counting in order to map light pollution across the UK and raise awareness.^[15] A related idea is reducing the impact of light pollution, reducing carbon budgets and saving money by pushing councils to adjust street lighting.^[16]

Under the What gets built where heading, CPRE's includes influencing development plans at local, regional and national level. There is also a focus on reducing “clutter” in the form of unnecessary road signs and advertising billboards in the countryside and seeking ways to protect quiet rural roads.^[12] Tools to map tranquility in the countryside are being developed for use by local and regional planners. Effort is put into reform of the Common Agricultural Policy and the fight for farmers to be recognised for the work they do in protecting the character of the countryside. Planners are lobbied to ensure that as many new developments as possible are built on Brownfield (rather than Greenfield) land. In particular CPRE is fighting for the protection of green belts.^[12] There is emphasis on reducing litter in rural areas across England via local action and events and lobbying government.^[12]

Under the Climate emergency heading, support is given to campaigns against 'surface' or opencast mining.^[17] CPRE has challenged the government to modify HS2 rail plans to remove all planned out-of-town interchange ("parkway") stations ^[18] as well as challenging the potential Oxford–Cambridge Expressway.^[19] Suggestions have been offered for a range of practical measures to be adopted by central and local government in order to support local food businesses so that they can provide fair and affordable prices. Preliminary work consisted of a five-year research – 'Mapping Local Food Webs' (2007–2012).^[20] Campaigns support farming funding that will stem loss of smaller farms and the diversity they provide (2017).^[21] There is campaigning against large-scale fracking operation in the UK, that will destroy large areas of the countryside and exacerbate the global plastic binge (2018).^[22]

A photography competition was started in 2016 to celebrate the beauty of Dorset's countryside (2016).^[23]

Structure

CPRE's national office is at 5–11, Lavington Street, Southwark, London. It also has offices in the eight other regions of England.

In addition there are CPRE branches in each of England's counties and groups in over 200 districts. All but two of the 43 CPRE branches are independent charities of their own. CPRE Durham and CPRE Northumberland are subsidiaries of national CPRE. Each CPRE branch has its own website.^[24]

Publications

Members receive a quarterly magazine entitled 'Countryside Voices', and can opt to receive 'Fieldwork' which contains details of campaigns around the UK.

The CPRE promotes a large number of rural attractions such as gardens, houses and museums, by means of its annual Members' Guide.^[25] The 2012 Members Guide was supported by the National Farmers Union.^[26]

In 2015, CPRE published the 'Warm and Green' report, which sheds new light on the scale of the energy problems and the solutions needed to tackle them.^[27] During the same year CPRE earned the Bankside Star by contributing significantly to the Together at Christmas gift collection campaign for the homeless, vulnerably housed and elderly people.^[28]

Influence

CPRE has influenced public policy relating to town and country planning in England, most notably in the formation of the National Parks and AONBs in 1949, and of green belts in 1955.^[29]

It claims some credit for the slow shift of agricultural policies across Europe away from a price-support philosophy to one of environmental stewardship, a policy shift begun in England.^[30][31] Campaigns against noise and light pollution have been pursued over recent years, and CPRE is now focusing on "tranquillity" as a key aspect of the countryside which CPRE wants to see protected in England's planning policies.

CPRE joined the 10:10 project in 2010 in a bid to reduce their carbon footprint. One year later they announced that they had reduced their carbon emissions (according to 10:10's criteria) by 12%.^[32]

Criticisms and countercriticisms

In the UK, there are competing demands on the use of land for biodiversity, food production, housing, recreation, health and well-being. Movements of populations and climate change exacerbate the pressure of these demands.^[33] It is thus to be expected that tensions will arise between and among food producers, residents, planners, builders, industrialists, environmentalists and others. Points of view vary significantly and CPRE thus has its critics.

Some critics characterise CPRE as being:

• A proponent of a drawbridge mentality (i.e. "I've moved to the countryside but I don't want others to do likewise")^[34] This is sometimes characterised as betraying a NIMBY approach. CPRE counters this by saying that what is needed in rural areas is low-cost rental accommodation or genuinely affordable homes.^[35]
• Motivated by Luddite nostalgia.^[36]
• A supporter of exclusionary planning practices to keep low-income residents out of rural areas.^[37]

CPRE has changed its positions on issues over time. For example, in December 2008 George Monbiot of The Guardian interviewed the then CPRE head, Shaun Spiers, about the organisation's opposition to wind farms but not opencast coal mines. George Monbiot asked why he couldn't find any opposition of the CPRE to surface coal mining over the past five years, and pointed out that the negative effects that coal mines cause by removing the soil from large areas are much greater than the negative effects wind energy might have on the countryside.^[38] However, perhaps as a result of this pressure, in 2010, campaigning against inappropriate mineral extraction by opencast mining started to be featured under the 'Climate change and natural resources' section of CPRE's website.^[39]

In 2011, the CPRE argued that not enough public consultation had been done on HS2^[40] though a 5 month public consultation was currently being run at the time.^[41]

The CPRE has been accused by some of exaggerating the threat to rural England and of being alarmist by warning that the Green Belt is in danger of being 'concreted over'.^[42] According to a right-wing think tank, the Institute for Economic Affairs, only about one-tenth of the English surface area, (rather than the Green Belt) is 'developed' in the broadest sense; about half of this 'development' consists of domestic gardens, leaving only one-twentieth which is really 'under concrete' (including roads, railways, car parks, etc.).^[43] It is nevertheless the case that in 2017/18, 8.9 km² of previously undeveloped Green Belt land changed to a developed use, of which 2.9 km² turned into residential use.^[44]

Figures from the British YIMBY movement have criticised the CPRE, accusing it of denying the British housing crisis and significantly underestimating housing need in high-cost areas to justify the inviolability of the Greenbelt.^[45] YIMBYs have claimed that this policy denies both rural and urban communities the housing that, if planned correctly, they would want to build. The alleged success of CPRE's campaign to restrict housing on the rural-urban fringe has led John Myers, co-founder of London YIMBY, to describe it as 'the NRA of the UK' (referring to the National Rifle Association of America, rather than the unrelated British NRA).^[46] A CPRE report admits more housing is needed but challenges the government statistics on numbers, stating they are based on aspiration rather than observed need.^[47]

Criticism has also been targeted at the CPRE's emphasis on the use of brownfield sites over greenfield sites as a first choice for building, accusing it of overstating their ability to meet Britain's housing need. According to the YIMBY movement, this is a distraction from the necessary infill development in and around major urban centres, which is claimed to offer significantly more potential to meet housing need inside urban areas.^[48] In October 2020 however, a CPRE report revealed that there is enough brownfield land for 1.3 million new homes and over half a million already have planning permission.^[49]

CPRE people

• Patron: Queen Elizabeth II
• Chair: Simon Murray^[50]
• Chief Executive: Crispin Truman

Other CPRE people

• Neville Chamberlain – life member, spoke at the launch of CPRE in 1926
• Sir Guy Dawber - first President 1926
• Sir Herbert J G Griffin – General Secretary 1926–1965
• Michael Francis Eden, 7th Baron Henley - President 1973–1977
• Sir Colin Buchanan – President 1980–1985
• David Puttnam, Baron Puttnam – President 1985–1992
• Jonathan Dimbleby – President 1992–1997
• Prunella Scales – President 1997–2002
• Sir Max Hastings - President 2002–2007
• Bill Bryson - President 2007–2012
• Andrew Motion - President 2012–2016
• Emma Bridgewater CBE - President 2016-

See also

• Campaign for the Protection of Rural Wales

References

1. "Simon Murray elected as new Chair of CPRE". CPRE.
2. "Campaign to Protect Rural England announces new name and strategy".
3. CPRE. "CPRE History".
4. "Rural England". The Times. 8 December 1926. p. 13. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
5. Adsley, Colin. . northumberland.cprelocalgroups.org.uk. Archived from the original on 4 May 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
6. "The early years". CPRE. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
7. Willis, Gary (10 September 2018). "'An Arena of Glorious Work': The Protection of the Rural Landscape Against the Demands of Britain's Second World War Effort". Rural History. 29 (2): 259–280. doi:10.1017/S0956793318000134. hdl:1983/38495884-cd4c-4a98-8d73-faa1f1bf787e. ISSN 0956-7933. S2CID 165684914 – via Cambridge University Press.
8. "1941 – 1960: from National Parks to Green Belts". CPRE. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
9. "1961 – 1980: from plastics to power". CPRE. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
10. "1981 – 1990: from energy to brownfield". CPRE. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
11. "Developing an Intrusion Map of England". CPRE. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
12. Waine, Peter (2016). 22 ideas that saved the English countryside. Oliver Hilliam. London. ISBN 978-0-7112-3689-9. OCLC 953028602.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
13. "Deposit return scheme in fight against plastic". GOV.UK. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
14. "Current campaigns". CPRE. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
15. . www.skyatnightmagazine.com. Archived from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
16. "Reduce light pollution, campaign argues | The Planner". www.theplanner.co.uk. 6 May 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
17. Climate change and natural resources: Minerals [1] 19 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine
18. In depth: High Speed 2, CPRE
19. "New £3.5bn Oxford-Cambridge Expressway route could pass through protected Green Belt". Oxford Mail.
20. PoliticsHome.com (11 June 2012). "CPRE: Focus should be on local food". PoliticsHome.com. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
21. PoliticsHome.com (9 August 2017). "Smaller farms heading towards a cliff edge, warns CPRE". PoliticsHome.com. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
22. Taylor, Matthew (22 August 2018). "UK fracking push could fuel global plastics crisis, say campaigners". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
23. "Calling all photographers! New competition celebrating best of Dorset is launched". Bournemouth Echo. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
24. "In your area". CPRE. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
25. "Members Guide 2021" (PDF). cpre.org.uk.
26. Members Guide 2012, published by CPRE, 2012
27. Manager, Digital Communications. "Warm and Green - Campaign to Protect Rural England". www.cpre.org.uk. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
28. . www.betterbankside.co.uk. Archived from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
29. Making our mark - 80 years of campaigning for the countryside by Tristram Hunt
30. Living Landscapes: Hidden Costs of Managing the Countryside, available from the CPRE website 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
31. "House of Commons - Environment, Food and Rural Affairs - Minutes of Evidence". Retrieved 17 January 2015.
32. "10:10 stories". Google My Maps.
33. "Land as a scarce resource | Croner-i". app.croneri.co.uk. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
34. CPRE? “Ok, but don’t turn Cornwall into replica of England”, Andrew George MP, 16 December 2013
35. Halfpenny, Benjamin. "Starter homes policy will not help those who need rural affordable housing - CPRE, the countryside charity". www.oldsite.cpre.org.uk. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
36. Andrew Motion: 'Once you develop land, it is gone forever as countryside', Tim Adams, The Observer, 1 December 2012
37. . Archived from the original on 9 September 2019.
38. "George Monbiot meets ... Shaun Spiers". The Guardian. London. 18 December 2008. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
39. . cpre.org.uk. Archived from the original on 15 November 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
40. "HS2: Charities urge high-speed rail rethink". BBC News. 7 April 2011.
41. "High speed rail: investing in Britain's future". GOV.UK. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
42. James Kirkup, Political Correspondent (7 May 2008). . Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on 15 October 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
43. "Abundance of land, shortage of housing". iea.org.uk. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
44. "House of Commons Library".
45. "CPRE cannot go on denying the scale of the housing crisis - CapX". 26 March 2019.
46. . Archived from the original on 28 September 2019.
47. CPRE (2019). Set up to fail: why housing targets based on flawed numbers threaten our countryside (PDF). CPRE.
48. . Archived from the original on 27 March 2019.
49. "Enough brownfield land for 1.3 million new homes, CPRE report reveals". CPRE. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
50. "Simon Murray elected as new Chair of CPRE".

External links

• "CPRE, registered charity no. 1089685". Charity Commission for England and Wales.
• Regional and Local CPRE Groups
• "Preservation of rural England". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media. 3 September 1926. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 17 March 2011.