C-type lectin domain family 7 member A or Dectin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CLEC7Agene.[5] CLEC7A is a member of the C-type lectin/C-type lectin-like domain (CTL/CTLD) superfamily. The encoded glycoprotein is a small type II membrane receptor with an extracellular C-type lectin-like domain fold and a cytoplasmic domain with a partial immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif. It functions as a pattern-recognition receptor for a variety of β-1,3-linked and β-1,6-linked glucans from fungi and plants, and in this way plays a role in innate immune response. Expression is found on myeloid dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages and B cells. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. This gene is closely linked to other CTL/CTLD superfamily members on chromosome 12p13 in the natural killer gene complex region.[5]
Dectin-1 is a transmembrane protein containing an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation (ITAM)-like motif in its intracellular tail (which is involved in cellular activation) and one C-type lectin-like domain (carbohydrate-recognition domain, CRD) in the extracellular region (which recognizes β-glucans and endogenous ligands on T cells). The CRD is separated from the membrane by a stalk region. CLEC7A contains putative sites of N-linked glycosylation in the stalk region.[6][7]
The C-type lectin receptors are class of signalling pattern recognition receptors which are involved in antifungal immunity, but also play important roles in immune responses to other pathogens such as bacteria, viruses and nematodes.[6] As a member of this receptor family, dectin-1 recognizes β-glucans and carbohydrates found in fungal cell walls, some bacteria and plants, but may also recognize other unidentified molecules (endogenous ligand on T-cells and ligand on mycobacteria).[6] Ligand binding induces intracellular signalling via the ITAM-like motif. CLEC7A can induce both Syk dependent or Syk independent pathways. Dimerization of dectin-1 upon ligand binding leads to tyrosine phosphorylation by Src family kinases and recruitment of Syk. Upon Syk recruitment is PKC-δ activated, which subsequently phosphorylates CARD9 that triggers recruitment of BCL10 and MALT1, leading to a CARD-CC/BCL10/MALT1 (CBM) signaling complex.[10] This signaling complex in turn triggers downstream recruitment of TRAF6 and NF-κB activation. This transcription factor is responsible for the production of numerous inflammatory cytokines[9] and chemokines such as TNF, IL-23, IL-6, IL-2. Other responses include: respiratory burst, production of arachidonic acid metabolites, dendritic cell maturation, and phagocytosis of the ligand.[11]
Antifungal immunityedit
CLEC7A has been shown to recognize species of several fungal genera, including Saccharomyces, Candida, Pneumocystis, Coccidioides, Penicillium and others. Recognition of these organisms triggers many protective pathways, such as fungal uptake by phagocytosis and killing via hypochlorite generation. Activation of dectin-1 also triggers expression of many protecting antifungal cytokines and chemokines (TNF, CXCL2, IL-1β, IL-1α, CCL3, GM-CSF, G-CSF and IL-6) and the development of Th17.[11]
Histoplasma capsulatum can evade recognition of β-glucan via CLEC7A on phagocytic cells by secreting an enzyme that removes exposed β-glucans or by masking the β-glucan with α-glucan.[12]
Co-stimulatory moleculeedit
Also operating as a co-stimulatory molecule via recognition of an endogenous ligand on T-cells, which leads to cellular activation and proliferation, CLEC7A can bind both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.[11]
Referencesedit
^ abcGRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000172243 - Ensembl, May 2017
^ abcGRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000079293 - Ensembl, May 2017
^"Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^"Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ ab"Entrez Gene: CLEC7A C-type lectin domain family 7, member A".
^ abcDrummond RA, Brown GD (August 2011). "The role of Dectin-1 in the host defence against fungal infections". Current Opinion in Microbiology. 14 (4): 392–9. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2011.07.001. PMID 21803640.
^Brown J, O'Callaghan CA, Marshall AS, Gilbert RJ, Siebold C, Gordon S, et al. (June 2007). "Structure of the fungal beta-glucan-binding immune receptor dectin-1: implications for function". Protein Science. 16 (6): 1042–52. doi:10.1110/ps.072791207. PMC2206667. PMID 17473009.
^Taylor PR, Brown GD, Reid DM, Willment JA, Martinez-Pomares L, Gordon S, Wong SY (October 2002). "The beta-glucan receptor, dectin-1, is predominantly expressed on the surface of cells of the monocyte/macrophage and neutrophil lineages". Journal of Immunology. 169 (7): 3876–82. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.169.7.3876. PMID 12244185.
^ abSaijo S, Iwakura Y (August 2011). "Dectin-1 and Dectin-2 in innate immunity against fungi". International Immunology. 23 (8): 467–72. doi:10.1093/intimm/dxr046. PMID 21677049.
^Strasser D, Neumann K, Bergmann H, Marakalala MJ, Guler R, Rojowska A, et al. (January 2012). "Syk kinase-coupled C-type lectin receptors engage protein kinase C-δ to elicit Card9 adaptor-mediated innate immunity". Immunity. 36 (1): 32–42. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2011.11.015. PMC3477316. PMID 22265677.
^ abcHuysamen C, Brown GD (January 2009). "The fungal pattern recognition receptor, Dectin-1, and the associated cluster of C-type lectin-like receptors". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 290 (2): 121–8. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01418.x. PMC2704933. PMID 19025564.
^Ray SC, Rappleye CA (May 2019). "Flying under the radar: Histoplasma capsulatum avoidance of innate immune recognition". Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. 89: 91–98. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.03.009. PMC6150853. PMID 29551572.
External linksedit
Human CLEC7A genome location and CLEC7A gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.
Further readingedit
Drickamer K (October 1999). "C-type lectin-like domains". Current Opinion in Structural Biology. 9 (5): 585–90. doi:10.1016/S0959-440X(99)00009-3. PMID 10508765.
Adams MD, Kerlavage AR, Fleischmann RD, Fuldner RA, Bult CJ, Lee NH, et al. (September 1995). "Initial assessment of human gene diversity and expression patterns based upon 83 million nucleotides of cDNA sequence" (PDF). Nature. 377 (6547 Suppl): 3–174. PMID 7566098.
Ariizumi K, Shen GL, Shikano S, Xu S, Ritter R, Kumamoto T, et al. (June 2000). "Identification of a novel, dendritic cell-associated molecule, dectin-1, by subtractive cDNA cloning". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (26): 20157–67. doi:10.1074/jbc.M909512199. PMID 10779524.
Yokota K, Takashima A, Bergstresser PR, Ariizumi K (July 2001). "Identification of a human homologue of the dendritic cell-associated C-type lectin-1, dectin-1". Gene. 272 (1–2): 51–60. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00528-5. PMID 11470510.
Hermanz-Falcón P, Arce I, Roda-Navarro P, Fernández-Ruiz E (2001). "Cloning of human DECTIN-1, a novel C-type lectin-like receptor gene expressed on dendritic cells". Immunogenetics. 53 (4): 288–95. doi:10.1007/s002510100326. PMID 11491532. S2CID 9553842.
Brown GD, Gordon S (September 2001). "Immune recognition. A new receptor for beta-glucans". Nature. 413 (6851): 36–7. Bibcode:2001Natur.413...36B. doi:10.1038/35092620. PMID 11544516. S2CID 4368009.
Willment JA, Gordon S, Brown GD (November 2001). "Characterization of the human beta -glucan receptor and its alternatively spliced isoforms". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (47): 43818–23. doi:10.1074/jbc.M107715200. PMID 11567029.
Sobanov Y, Bernreiter A, Derdak S, Mechtcheriakova D, Schweighofer B, Düchler M, et al. (December 2001). "A novel cluster of lectin-like receptor genes expressed in monocytic, dendritic and endothelial cells maps close to the NK receptor genes in the human NK gene complex". European Journal of Immunology. 31 (12): 3493–503. doi:10.1002/1521-4141(200112)31:12<3493::AID-IMMU3493>3.0.CO;2-9. PMID 11745369. S2CID 42415487.
Grünebach F, Weck MM, Reichert J, Brossart P (November 2002). "Molecular and functional characterization of human Dectin-1". Experimental Hematology. 30 (11): 1309–15. doi:10.1016/S0301-472X(02)00928-1. PMID 12423684.
Ahrén IL, Eriksson E, Egesten A, Riesbeck K (November 2003). "Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae activates human eosinophils through beta-glucan receptors". American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 29 (5): 598–605. doi:10.1165/rcmb.2002-0138OC. PMID 12689921.
Ebner S, Sharon N, Ben-Tal N (October 2003). "Evolutionary analysis reveals collective properties and specificity in the C-type lectin and lectin-like domain superfamily". Proteins. 53 (1): 44–55. doi:10.1002/prot.10440. PMID 12945048. S2CID 30955198.
Clark HF, Gurney AL, Abaya E, Baker K, Baldwin D, Brush J, et al. (October 2003). "The secreted protein discovery initiative (SPDI), a large-scale effort to identify novel human secreted and transmembrane proteins: a bioinformatics assessment". Genome Research. 13 (10): 2265–70. doi:10.1101/gr.1293003. PMC403697. PMID 12975309.
Taylor PR, Brown GD, Herre J, Williams DL, Willment JA, Gordon S (January 2004). "The role of SIGNR1 and the beta-glucan receptor (dectin-1) in the nonopsonic recognition of yeast by specific macrophages". Journal of Immunology. 172 (2): 1157–62. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.172.2.1157. PMID 14707091.
Mantegazza AR, Barrio MM, Moutel S, Bover L, Weck M, Brossart P, et al. (August 2004). "CD63 tetraspanin slows down cell migration and translocates to the endosomal-lysosomal-MIICs route after extracellular stimuli in human immature dendritic cells". Blood. 104 (4): 1183–90. doi:10.1182/blood-2004-01-0104. PMID 15130945.
de la Rosa G, Yáñez-Mó M, Samaneigo R, Serrano-Gómez D, Martínez-Muñoz L, Fernández-Ruiz E, et al. (May 2005). "Regulated recruitment of DC-SIGN to cell-cell contact regions during zymosan-induced human dendritic cell aggregation". Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 77 (5): 699–709. CiteSeerX10.1.1.490.9674. doi:10.1189/jlb.0904529. PMID 15728245. S2CID 36603012.
Willment JA, Marshall AS, Reid DM, Williams DL, Wong SY, Gordon S, Brown GD (May 2005). "The human beta-glucan receptor is widely expressed and functionally equivalent to murine Dectin-1 on primary cells". European Journal of Immunology. 35 (5): 1539–47. doi:10.1002/eji.200425725. PMID 15816015. S2CID 20018101.
October 30, 2023
clec7a, type, lectin, domain, family, member, dectin, protein, that, humans, encoded, gene, member, type, lectin, type, lectin, like, domain, ctld, superfamily, encoded, glycoprotein, small, type, membrane, receptor, with, extracellular, type, lectin, like, do. C type lectin domain family 7 member A or Dectin 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CLEC7A gene 5 CLEC7A is a member of the C type lectin C type lectin like domain CTL CTLD superfamily The encoded glycoprotein is a small type II membrane receptor with an extracellular C type lectin like domain fold and a cytoplasmic domain with a partial immunoreceptor tyrosine based activation motif It functions as a pattern recognition receptor for a variety of b 1 3 linked and b 1 6 linked glucans from fungi and plants and in this way plays a role in innate immune response Expression is found on myeloid dendritic cells monocytes macrophages and B cells Alternate transcriptional splice variants encoding different isoforms have been characterized This gene is closely linked to other CTL CTLD superfamily members on chromosome 12p13 in the natural killer gene complex region 5 CLEC7AAvailable structuresPDBOrtholog search PDBe RCSBList of PDB id codes2BPD 2BPE 2BPH 2CL8IdentifiersAliasesCLEC7A BGR CANDF4 CLECSF12 DECTIN1 CD369 SCARE2 C type lectin domain family 7 member A C type lectin domain containing 7AExternal IDsOMIM 606264 MGI 1861431 HomoloGene 49606 GeneCards CLEC7AGene location Human Chr Chromosome 12 human 1 Band12p13 2Start10 116 777 bp 1 End10 130 258 bp 1 Gene location Mouse Chr Chromosome 6 mouse 2 Band6 6 F3Start129 438 554 bp 2 End129 449 742 bp 2 RNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse ortholog Top expressed inmonocytebloodperiodontal fiberright lungappendixspleenupper lobe of left lungbone marrowbone marrow cellspalpebral conjunctivaTop expressed inright lung lobebloodbone marrowleft lungmucous cell of stomachsubcutaneous adipose tissuespleenthymuscarotid bodywhite adipose tissueMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular functionMHC protein binding pattern recognition receptor activity metal ion binding protein binding carbohydrate bindingCellular componentcytoplasm integral component of membrane intracellular membrane bounded organelle membrane plasma membrane nucleoplasmBiological processcell recognition immune system process carbohydrate mediated signaling phagocytosis recognition inflammatory response T cell activation defense response to protozoan pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway innate immune response positive regulation of protein containing complex assembly positive regulation of interleukin 1 beta production positive regulation of cysteine type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process positive regulation of phagocytosis positive regulation of killing of cells of other organism positive regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory responseSources Amigo QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez6458156644EnsemblENSG00000172243ENSMUSG00000079293UniProtQ9BXN2V9GXI5RefSeq mRNA NM 022570NM 197947NM 197948NM 197949NM 197950NM 197951NM 197952NM 197953NM 197954NM 020008NM 001309637RefSeq protein NP 072092NP 922938NP 922939NP 922940NP 922941NP 922945NP 001296566NP 064392Location UCSC Chr 12 10 12 10 13 MbChr 6 129 44 129 45 MbPubMed search 3 4 WikidataView Edit HumanView Edit Mouse Contents 1 Structure 2 Function 2 1 Antifungal immunity 2 2 Co stimulatory molecule 3 References 4 External links 5 Further readingStructure editDectin 1 is a transmembrane protein containing an immunoreceptor tyrosine based activation ITAM like motif in its intracellular tail which is involved in cellular activation and one C type lectin like domain carbohydrate recognition domain CRD in the extracellular region which recognizes b glucans and endogenous ligands on T cells The CRD is separated from the membrane by a stalk region CLEC7A contains putative sites of N linked glycosylation in the stalk region 6 7 CLEC7A is expressed by macrophages neutrophils and dendritic cells 8 Expression has also been studied on other immune cells including eosinophils and B cells 9 Function editThe C type lectin receptors are class of signalling pattern recognition receptors which are involved in antifungal immunity but also play important roles in immune responses to other pathogens such as bacteria viruses and nematodes 6 As a member of this receptor family dectin 1 recognizes b glucans and carbohydrates found in fungal cell walls some bacteria and plants but may also recognize other unidentified molecules endogenous ligand on T cells and ligand on mycobacteria 6 Ligand binding induces intracellular signalling via the ITAM like motif CLEC7A can induce both Syk dependent or Syk independent pathways Dimerization of dectin 1 upon ligand binding leads to tyrosine phosphorylation by Src family kinases and recruitment of Syk Upon Syk recruitment is PKC d activated which subsequently phosphorylates CARD9 that triggers recruitment of BCL10 and MALT1 leading to a CARD CC BCL10 MALT1 CBM signaling complex 10 This signaling complex in turn triggers downstream recruitment of TRAF6 and NF kB activation This transcription factor is responsible for the production of numerous inflammatory cytokines 9 and chemokines such as TNF IL 23 IL 6 IL 2 Other responses include respiratory burst production of arachidonic acid metabolites dendritic cell maturation and phagocytosis of the ligand 11 Antifungal immunity edit CLEC7A has been shown to recognize species of several fungal genera including Saccharomyces Candida Pneumocystis Coccidioides Penicillium and others Recognition of these organisms triggers many protective pathways such as fungal uptake by phagocytosis and killing via hypochlorite generation Activation of dectin 1 also triggers expression of many protecting antifungal cytokines and chemokines TNF CXCL2 IL 1b IL 1a CCL3 GM CSF G CSF and IL 6 and the development of Th17 11 Histoplasma capsulatum can evade recognition of b glucan via CLEC7A on phagocytic cells by secreting an enzyme that removes exposed b glucans or by masking the b glucan with a glucan 12 Co stimulatory molecule edit Also operating as a co stimulatory molecule via recognition of an endogenous ligand on T cells which leads to cellular activation and proliferation CLEC7A can bind both CD4 and CD8 T cells 11 References edit a b c GRCh38 Ensembl release 89 ENSG00000172243 Ensembl May 2017 a b c GRCm38 Ensembl release 89 ENSMUSG00000079293 Ensembl May 2017 Human PubMed Reference National Center for Biotechnology Information U S National Library of Medicine Mouse PubMed Reference National Center for Biotechnology Information U S National Library of Medicine a b Entrez Gene CLEC7A C type lectin domain family 7 member A a b c Drummond RA Brown GD August 2011 The role of Dectin 1 in the host defence against fungal infections Current Opinion in Microbiology 14 4 392 9 doi 10 1016 j mib 2011 07 001 PMID 21803640 Brown J O Callaghan CA Marshall AS Gilbert RJ Siebold C Gordon S et al June 2007 Structure of the fungal beta glucan binding immune receptor dectin 1 implications for function Protein Science 16 6 1042 52 doi 10 1110 ps 072791207 PMC 2206667 PMID 17473009 Taylor PR Brown GD Reid DM Willment JA Martinez Pomares L Gordon S Wong SY October 2002 The beta glucan receptor dectin 1 is predominantly expressed on the surface of cells of the monocyte macrophage and neutrophil lineages Journal of Immunology 169 7 3876 82 doi 10 4049 jimmunol 169 7 3876 PMID 12244185 a b Saijo S Iwakura Y August 2011 Dectin 1 and Dectin 2 in innate immunity against fungi International Immunology 23 8 467 72 doi 10 1093 intimm dxr046 PMID 21677049 Strasser D Neumann K Bergmann H Marakalala MJ Guler R Rojowska A et al January 2012 Syk kinase coupled C type lectin receptors engage protein kinase C d to elicit Card9 adaptor mediated innate immunity Immunity 36 1 32 42 doi 10 1016 j immuni 2011 11 015 PMC 3477316 PMID 22265677 a b c Huysamen C Brown GD January 2009 The fungal pattern recognition receptor Dectin 1 and the associated cluster of C type lectin like receptors FEMS Microbiology Letters 290 2 121 8 doi 10 1111 j 1574 6968 2008 01418 x PMC 2704933 PMID 19025564 Ray SC Rappleye CA May 2019 Flying under the radar Histoplasma capsulatum avoidance of innate immune recognition Seminars in Cell amp Developmental Biology 89 91 98 doi 10 1016 j semcdb 2018 03 009 PMC 6150853 PMID 29551572 External links editHuman CLEC7A genome location and CLEC7A gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser Further reading editDrickamer K October 1999 C type lectin like domains Current Opinion in Structural Biology 9 5 585 90 doi 10 1016 S0959 440X 99 00009 3 PMID 10508765 Brown GD January 2006 Dectin 1 a signalling non TLR pattern recognition receptor Nature Reviews Immunology 6 1 33 43 doi 10 1038 nri1745 PMID 16341139 S2CID 1310559 Adams MD Kerlavage AR Fleischmann RD Fuldner RA Bult CJ Lee NH et al September 1995 Initial assessment of human gene diversity and expression patterns based upon 83 million nucleotides of cDNA sequence PDF Nature 377 6547 Suppl 3 174 PMID 7566098 Ariizumi K Shen GL Shikano S Xu S Ritter R Kumamoto T et al June 2000 Identification of a novel dendritic cell associated molecule dectin 1 by subtractive cDNA cloning The Journal of Biological Chemistry 275 26 20157 67 doi 10 1074 jbc M909512199 PMID 10779524 Yokota K Takashima A Bergstresser PR Ariizumi K July 2001 Identification of a human homologue of the dendritic cell associated C type lectin 1 dectin 1 Gene 272 1 2 51 60 doi 10 1016 S0378 1119 01 00528 5 PMID 11470510 Hermanz Falcon P Arce I Roda Navarro P Fernandez Ruiz E 2001 Cloning of human DECTIN 1 a novel C type lectin like receptor gene expressed on dendritic cells Immunogenetics 53 4 288 95 doi 10 1007 s002510100326 PMID 11491532 S2CID 9553842 Brown GD Gordon S September 2001 Immune recognition A new receptor for beta glucans Nature 413 6851 36 7 Bibcode 2001Natur 413 36B doi 10 1038 35092620 PMID 11544516 S2CID 4368009 Willment JA Gordon S Brown GD November 2001 Characterization of the human beta glucan receptor and its alternatively spliced isoforms The Journal of Biological Chemistry 276 47 43818 23 doi 10 1074 jbc M107715200 PMID 11567029 Sobanov Y Bernreiter A Derdak S Mechtcheriakova D Schweighofer B Duchler M et al December 2001 A novel cluster of lectin like receptor genes expressed in monocytic dendritic and endothelial cells maps close to the NK receptor genes in the human NK gene complex European Journal of Immunology 31 12 3493 503 doi 10 1002 1521 4141 200112 31 12 lt 3493 AID IMMU3493 gt 3 0 CO 2 9 PMID 11745369 S2CID 42415487 Grunebach F Weck MM Reichert J Brossart P November 2002 Molecular and functional characterization of human Dectin 1 Experimental Hematology 30 11 1309 15 doi 10 1016 S0301 472X 02 00928 1 PMID 12423684 Ahren IL Eriksson E Egesten A Riesbeck K November 2003 Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae activates human eosinophils through beta glucan receptors American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 29 5 598 605 doi 10 1165 rcmb 2002 0138OC PMID 12689921 Ebner S Sharon N Ben Tal N October 2003 Evolutionary analysis reveals collective properties and specificity in the C type lectin and lectin like domain superfamily Proteins 53 1 44 55 doi 10 1002 prot 10440 PMID 12945048 S2CID 30955198 Clark HF Gurney AL Abaya E Baker K Baldwin D Brush J et al October 2003 The secreted protein discovery initiative SPDI a large scale effort to identify novel human secreted and transmembrane proteins a bioinformatics assessment Genome Research 13 10 2265 70 doi 10 1101 gr 1293003 PMC 403697 PMID 12975309 Taylor PR Brown GD Herre J Williams DL Willment JA Gordon S January 2004 The role of SIGNR1 and the beta glucan receptor dectin 1 in the nonopsonic recognition of yeast by specific macrophages Journal of Immunology 172 2 1157 62 doi 10 4049 jimmunol 172 2 1157 PMID 14707091 Mantegazza AR Barrio MM Moutel S Bover L Weck M Brossart P et al August 2004 CD63 tetraspanin slows down cell migration and translocates to the endosomal lysosomal MIICs route after extracellular stimuli in human immature dendritic cells Blood 104 4 1183 90 doi 10 1182 blood 2004 01 0104 PMID 15130945 de la Rosa G Yanez Mo M Samaneigo R Serrano Gomez D Martinez Munoz L Fernandez Ruiz E et al May 2005 Regulated recruitment of DC SIGN to cell cell contact regions during zymosan induced human dendritic cell aggregation Journal of Leukocyte Biology 77 5 699 709 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 490 9674 doi 10 1189 jlb 0904529 PMID 15728245 S2CID 36603012 Willment JA Marshall AS Reid DM Williams DL Wong SY Gordon S Brown GD May 2005 The human beta glucan receptor is widely expressed and functionally equivalent to murine Dectin 1 on primary cells European Journal of Immunology 35 5 1539 47 doi 10 1002 eji 200425725 PMID 15816015 S2CID 20018101 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title CLEC7A amp oldid 1168205524, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
