Burmese zodiac
The Burmese zodiac (Burmese: ဇာတာ ရာသီခွင် [zàdà jàðì ɡwɪ̀ɰ̃]) is the traditional Burmese system of astronomy and astrology. While it is still an important component of the Burmese calendar, today, the zodiac is closely identified with Burmese astrology, called Baydin (ဗေဒင်). Largely derived from Hindu astronomy and Vedic astrology, the Burmese zodiac consists of not only the same 12 signs of the Western zodiac but also 27 lunar mansions of the month and eight weekday signs.
Structure edit
Seasons edit
The Burmese zodiac, like the Western zodiac, is divided into 12 signs called yathi (ရာသီ [jàðì]). The Burmese signs are identical to Indian and Western signs as they were derived from Indian and ultimately Western zodiac. Each yathi is divided into 30 degrees (အင်္သာ [ɪ̀ɰ̃ðà]); each degree into 60 minutes (လိတ္တာ [leiʔtà]); and each minute into 60 seconds (ဝိလိတ္တာ [wḭleiʔtà]).[1]
| Longitude အင်္သာ | Sign ရာသီ | Sanskrit | Latin | Ruling planet ရာသီခွင် |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0° | Meittha မိဿ | Meṣa मेष | Aries | Mars |
| 30° | Pyeittha ပြိဿ | Vṛṣabha वृषभ | Taurus | Venus |
| 60° | Mehton မေထုန် | Mithuna मिथुन | Gemini | Mercury |
| 90° | Karakat ကရကဋ် | Karkaṭa कर्कट | Cancer | Moon |
| 120° | Thein သိဟ် | Siṃha सिंह | Leo | Sun |
| 150° | Kan ကန် | Kanyā कन्या | Virgo | Mercury |
| 180° | Tu တူ | Tulā तुला | Libra | Venus |
| 210° | Byeissa ဗြိစ္ဆာ | Vṛścika वृश्चिक | Scorpio | Mars |
| 240° | Danu ဓနု | Dhanuṣa धनुष | Sagittarius | Jupiter |
| 270° | Makara မကာရ | Makara मकर | Capricorn | Saturn |
| 300° | Kon ကုံ | Kumbha कुम्भ | Aquarius | Saturn |
| 330° | Mein မိန် | Mīna मीन | Pisces | Jupiter |
Lunar mansions edit
The zodiac month consists of 27 days, approximating the mean sidereal month of 27.321661 days. Thus each zodiac day, called nekkhat (နက္ခတ် [nɛʔkʰaʔ]), represents a lunar mansion, or a segment of the ecliptic along which the Moon revolves around the Earth. Though the names are Burmese adaptations of Sanskrit names, the Burmese system is not the same as the modern Indian system. The Burmese system uses unequal spaces for each segment (from 5° to 26°), and the first segment, Athawani, begins at 350° longitude. The modern Indian system uses equal segments of 13° 20' (360° divided by 27), and the first segment, Asvini, begins at 0°.[2] (The zodiac also recognizes a lost 28th constellation, called Abizi (အဘိဇိ; Sanskrit: Abhijit), which apparently made one revolution among these stars in 27 to 28 days.[3])
The nekkhats are usually used to calculate the zata (horoscope) of a person or an event. Many historical dates were represented with the nekkhat position, not with the more common calendrical date.[note 1]
| Day | Burmese | Sanskrit | Extent | Range |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Athawani အဿဝဏီ | Aśvinī | 18° | 350°–8° |
| 2 | Barani ဘရဏီ | Bharaṇī | 10° | 8°–18° |
| 3 | Kyattika ကြတ္တိကာ | Kṛttikā | 16° | 18°–34° |
| 4 | Yawhani ရောဟဏီ | Rohiṇī | 12° | 34°–46° |
| 5 | Migathi မိဂသီ | Mṛgaśira | 14° | 46°–60° |
| 6 | Adra အဒြ | Ārdrā | 5° | 60°–65° |
| 7 | Ponnahpukshu ပုဏ္ဏဖုသျှု | Punarvasu | 27° | 65°–92° |
| 8 | Hpusha ဖုသျှ | Puṣya | 14° | 92°–106° |
| 9 | Athaleiktha အသလိဿ | Āśleṣā | 12° | 106°–118° |
| 10 | Maga မာဃ | Māgha | 11° | 118°–129° |
| 11 | Pyobba Baragonni ပြုဗ္ဗာ ဘရဂုဏ္ဏီ | Pūrva Phālgunī | 16° | 129°–145° |
| 12 | Ottara Baragonni ဥတ္တရာ ဘရဂုဏ္ဏီ | Uttara Phālgunī | 9° | 145°–154° |
| 13 | Hathada ဟဿဒ | Hasta | 10° | 154°–164° |
| 14 | Seiktra စိတြ | Citra | 15° | 164°–179° |
| 15 | Thwati သွာတိ | Svāti | 13° | 179°–192° |
| 16 | Withaka ဝိသာခါ | Viśākhā | 21° | 192°–213° |
| 17 | Anuyada အနုရာဓ | Anurādha | 11° | 213°–224° |
| 18 | Zehta ဇေဋ္ဌ | Jyeṣṭha | 5° | 224°–229° |
| 19 | Mula မူလ | Mula | 13° | 229°–242° |
| 20 | Pyobba Than ပြုဗ္ဗာသဠ် | Pūrva Āṣādhā | 15° | 242°–257° |
| 21 | Ottara Than ဥတ္တရာသဠ် | Uttara Āṣādhā | 5° | 257°–262° |
| 22 | Tharawun သရဝဏ် | Śravaṇa | 13° | 262°–275° |
| 23 | Danatheikda ဓနသိဒ္ဓ | Dhaniṣṭha | 12° | 275°–287° |
| 24 | Thattabeiksha သတ္တဘိသျှ | Satabhiṣā | 26° | 287°–313° |
| 25 | Pyobba Parabaik ပြုဗ္ဗာ ပုရပိုက် | Pūrva Bhādrapadā | 10° | 313°–323° |
| 26 | Ottara Parabaik ဥတ္တရာ ပုရပိုက် | Uttara Bhādrapadā | 16° | 323°–339° |
| 27 | Yewati ရေဝတီ | Revatī | 11° | 339°–350° |
Weekdays edit
The Burmese zodiac employs eight signs in a seven-day week, with each sign representing its own day, cardinal direction, planet (celestial body) and animal;[note 2] it is known as the "Mahabote zodiac".[4] The zodiacs, with slight variations, are also found in Sri Lanka and Thailand.[5]
| Cardinal direction | Burmese | Sanskrit | English | Planet | Sign (Myanmar) | Sign (Sri Lanka) | Sign (Thailand) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Northeast | Taninganwe တနင်္ဂနွေ | Āditya | Sunday | Sun | Garuda ဂဠုန် | Horse අශ්වයා குதிரை | Monkey ลิง[clarification needed] |
| East | Taninla တနင်္လာ | Candra | Monday | Moon | Tiger ကျား | Elephant අලියා யானை | Horse ม้า |
| Southeast | Inga အင်္ဂါ | Angāraka | Tuesday | Mars | Lion ခြင်္သေ့ | Peacock මොනරා மயில் | Buffalo ควาย |
| South | Boddahu ဗုဒ္ဓဟူး | Budha | Wednesday a.m. | Mercury | Tusked elephant ဆင် | Buffalo මී හරකෙක් எருமை | Elephant ช้าง |
| Northwest | Rahu ရာဟု | Rāhu | Wednesday p.m. | Ascending Lunar node | Tuskless elephant ဟိုင်း | Donkey බූරුවා கழுதை | Garuda ครุฑ |
| West | Kyathabade ကြာသပတေး | Bṛhaspati | Thursday | Jupiter | Rat ကြွက် | Lion සිංහයා சிங்கம் | Deer กวาง |
| North | Thaukkya သောကြာ | Śukra | Friday | Venus | Guinea pig[note 3] ပူး | Bull ගොනා காளை | Ox วัว |
| Southwest | Sanay စနေ | Śani | Saturday | Saturn | Nāga နဂါး | Crow/Raven කපුට காகம் | Tiger เสือ |
While the eight signs are the most prevalent in modern Burmese zodiac, the zodiac officially also recognizes a ninth sign called Ketu (ကိတ် [keiʔ]), which rules over all of the signs[citation needed]. The same sign also appears in Sri Lanka and Thailand under the same name. Ketu's sign is a mythical Animal of Five Beauties called pyinsarupa (ပဉ္စရူပ [pjɪ̀ɴsa̰ jùpa̰]) with the antlers of a deer, the tusks and the trunk of an elephant, the mane of a lion, the body of a naga serpent, and the tail of a fish. Moreover, Rahu and Ketu, while borrowed from Hindu astrology, are different from their original versions. Hindu astrology considers Rahu and Ketu to be the ascending and descending lunar nodes but Burmese astrology considers them distinct planets.[6]
At any rate, the inclusion of Ketu is not due to astronomical necessity but rather cultural. (J.C. Eade points out that "there is no astronomical necessity" for Ketu, whose orbit can be derived from the value of Rahu, and suggests that Ketu was "superfluous to the system, and perhaps even as an entity that owes its origin to a mistake".[7] Htin Aung says the use of Rahu and Ketu in Burmese zodiac and astrology is for cultural, not necessarily astronomical, value, noting that the nine signs neatly fit the Nine Gods of Burmese animist tradition and indeed are an essential part of the "Ceremony of the Nine Gods" usually held when there is sickness in the house.[6])
The signs can be represented in a nine-square diagram. The exact arrangement is used to place the planetary figurines in the "Ceremony of the Nine Gods", with Ketu in the center, right behind a statue of the Buddha. All the planetary figures face the Buddha (as the animist practice has been absorbed into Burmese Buddhism).[6]
| Northwest Wednesday evening Rahu Tuskless elephant | North Friday Venus Guinea pig | Northeast Sunday Sun Garuda |
| West Thursday Jupiter Rat | Center Week Ketu Pyinsa Rupa | East Monday Moon Tiger |
| Southwest Saturday Saturn Naga | South Wednesday morning Mercury Tusked elephant | Southeast Tuesday Mars Lion |
The Sunday, Tuesday, Saturday and Rahu planets are considered to be Malefics, or planets with an evil influence while the Monday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday planets are considered Benefics, or planets with benign influence. Ketu is considered to be the most powerful and a Benefic but as the chief planet, it cannot be grouped with any other planet.[8] However, modern Burmese astrology rarely uses Ketu, and tends to use only the other eight planets.[8]
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ See the Zatadawbon Yazawin chronicle (Zata 1960) to see how nekkhats are used to represent kings' birthdays and important events.
- ^ Certain letters of the Burmese alphabet are assigned to these 7 days, and names starting with the respective letter are given to children born on the respective day.
- ^ (Htin Aung 1959: 12): In Shan tradition, Friday's sign is the Ox.
References edit
- ^ Irwin 1909: 7–8
- ^ Irwin 1909: 10–11
- ^ Luce 1970: 333
- ^ What's your Myanmar Zodiac sign? This is your Myanmar Zodiac sign
- ^ The History and Doctrine of Budhism: Popularly Illustrated: with Notices of the Kappooism, Or Demon Worship, and of the Bali, Or Planetary Incantations, of Ceylon
- ^ a b c Htin Aung 1959: 11–13
- ^ Eade 1989: 18–19
- ^ a b Htin Aung 1959: 15
Bibliography edit
- Eade, J.C. (1989). Southeast Asian Ephemeris: Solar and Planetary Positions, A.D. 638–2000. Ithaca: Cornell University. ISBN 0-87727-704-4.
- Eade, J.C. (1995). The Calendrical Systems of Mainland South-East Asia (illustrated ed.). Brill. ISBN 9789004104372.
- Htin Aung, Maung (1959). Folk Elements in Burmese Buddhism. Rangoon: Department of Religious Affairs.
- Irwin, Sir Alfred Macdonald Bulteel (1909). The Burmese and Arakanese calendars. Rangoon: Hanthawaddy Printing Works.
- Luce, G.H. (1970). Old Burma: Early Pagan. Vol. 2. Locust Valley, NY: Artibus Asiae and New York University.